Understanding the law ВСЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ. The Royal Courts of Justice Vocabulary List
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Answer these questions about the text. 1. In most countries there is only one legal profession. Can you explain what it means? 2. What expression did the author use to underline that there are two types of lawyers in England? 3. What is the main difference between solicitors and barristers? 4. What is the first thing revolutionaries usually do on seizing power and why? 5. What is the reason for lawyers’ unpopularity? 6. In what circumstances do people usually appreciate the role of lawyers? 7. What influence did the lawyers have on the development of personal liberties? 8. What are the main provisions of the lawyers’ codes of professional conduct in respect of the professional secrets? 9. What is the lawyers’ ”duty to the court”? 10. What is a question relating to the legal profession that has troubled people for many years? 11. What was Dr. Johnson’s reply on the question “What do you think of supporting a cause you know to be bad? 12. What are the rules lawyers must obey if they defend someone guilty? 13. What should every lawyer do even if he feels that the defence is unlikely to succeed? 14. Why is it so important for lawyers to remember that they should represent their clients, not to judge them? 15. What does the expression ‘professionally embarrassed” mean? 16. What do the judges and members of the legal profession have in common? 17. Can you give any examples of advances in the civil liberties due to lawyers? 18. Can a solicitor be a barrister and vice versa? 19. What is the difference between fees and costs? 20. Who pays the lawyers’ costs? Is there any order regulating the system of payment? 21. What can litigants do if they can’t afford to pay the fees of their lawyers? 22. Where can people who have legal problems receive free advice? 23. What do you know about legal advice clinics and Law Offices? 24. What new system of payment of fees was introduced? 25. What are the “pros” and the “cons” of this system mentioned in the text? 26. What is the legal privilege given to the clients? 27. In what circumstances can we say there is no legal privilege? 28. What is the essence of the lawyers’ immunity from suit? 29. How was this old law changed? 30. In what circumstances is this change applicable? Give an example. 31. Why is the problem of being sued for professional negligence so regularly discussed?
1. Do you know a lawyer whose career was (or is) so successful that he (or she) became a part of our history? Make a plan of your story and present it to your group-mates. Try to find reasons of his (or her) popularity. Can we say that the development of the law is due to this person? 2. What are the positive and the negative sides of the legal profession? To answer this question, reread the quotations presented on p. 87. 3. Find out some interesting facts about the legal profession in the USA, Canada, Australia. Chapter XIX Human Rights Vocabulary List
Vocabulary notes
Reading Comprehension Exercises
II. Skimming. 1. Look more closely through the first part of the chapter and decide what it is devoted to. a. Human Rights. b. the Human Rights Act origin. c. Convention Rights. 2. Look through the second part of the chapter and decide which of the following statements renders the main idea of the given passage. a. The provisions of the Act affect us all. b. Human rights law is not simple. c. The Act is a result of human rights movement. Vocabulary Work Exercises I. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text. 1. incorporate into the law; 2. a minimum standard of protection; 3. breach the Convention rights; 4. become part of the law; 5. revolutionary document; 6. similar in nature; 7. make smth unlawful; 8. be respected by; 9. be not compatible with; 10. be interpreted liberally; 11. bring cases to the court; 12. confront difficulties; 13. status of an individual; 14. under threat of penalty; 15. lawfulness of one's detention. II. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and use them in your own sentences based on the text. 1. подавляющее большинство; 2. внимание общественности; 3. нарушать права и свободы; 4. четко излагать в едином документе; 5. примеры недавних судебных решений; 6. взвешенное решение; 7. процедуры предусмотренные законом; 8. общепризнано; 9. в отношение своего оппонента; 10. огромная важность; 11. жить без вмешательства; 12. право вступать в брак; 13. закон собственной страны; 14. вступать в силу; 15. дискриминация по расовому признаку. III. Match the expressions on the left (A) with their proper translation on the right (B). A B 1. a transfer of power a. общественные функции 2. take years b. нарушение прав человека 3. essential part с. прямой конфликт 4. largely responsible for d. четко излагаться 5. be compatible with е. важная часть 6. human rights violations f. передача власти 7. direct conflict g. производить изменения 8. make a change h. растягиваться на годы 9. be set out with clarity i. сочетаться с 10. public functions j. в большой степени ответственный за IV. Guess the concept of the following definitions. 1. Characterizing or relating to man and mankind. 2. An international agreement second only to a treaty in formality. 3. A clause or section in a written document such as a treaty, contract, statute etc. 4. The formally codified result of deliberation by a legislative body; a law, edict, decree, statute etc. 5. Anything that accords with the principles of legal or moral justice. V. Give definitions of these words. Use the dictionary. Suggest the word-combinations in which these words can be used. 1. majority; 2. incompatibility; 3. complain; 4. inhuman; 5. presumed. VI. Match the words on the left (A) with their definitions on the right (B) and give their Russian equivalents. A B
VII. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. 1. The Convention was a revolutionary document, containing a number of Articles. 2. It also includes many private bodies which also have many public functions, for example private schools. 3. Although people have the right to life, and not to be kept alive by artificial means, they do not have the right to die. 4. The object of this article is to provide a safeguard against arbitrary prosecution, conviction and punishment. 5. Claims of violations under this Act have often been unsuccessful, but not always so. VIII. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
1. The Human rights Act makes it_____ for “public authorities” to act in a way that conflicts with Convention rights. 2. We do not live in some parts of the world in daily fear of the ____ of human rights that are routine in some countries. 3. Those who bring cases to the European Court make ____ to the court for findings that they have suffered a violation of their rights. 4. It is intended to prevent ____by State authorities without due process of law. 5. Torture means ____inhuman treatment causing very serious and cruel suffering. 6. This means that people must be entitled to ____their religion openly. 7. The court decided ____ that the right had been violated. 8. This Article does not give anyone the right to ____crime or encourage racial hatred or disorder. 9. The struggle against ____ has been central to the whole human rights movement. 10. No one should be held guilty of____ if his action was not a criminal offence at the time when he did it. IX. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions from the box.
X. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary. 1. Существует три основных принципа, характеризующих статьи Конвенции. 2. Эта статья, таким образом, не ставит вне закона высшую меру наказания. 3. Права, закрепленные в Конвенции, очень важны, т.к. они предоставляют большое количество прав и свобод. 4. Это право ограничивает власть государства арестовывать или задерживать кого-либо, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных законом. 5. Европейский суд также постановил, что статья не дает права супругам жить вместе, если один из них отбывает срок заключения в тюрьме. Grammar Revision Exercises
Speaking Exercises I. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Explain why. 1. Opinions are very similar as to the value of the Human Rights Act. 2. Before the Act came into force, those, who believed that a public authority had breached their Convention rights had to apply to the Crown Court. 3. The Human Rights Act makes it unlawful for an individual to act in a way that conflicts with Convention rights. 4. Lord Justice sits both in the Court of Appeal and in the European Court. 5. Claims of violations under the Act have always been successful. |