Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов Издание шестое, стереотипное
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С. Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и существительных из колонки В. А
niool Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски словами. aboard life-support key facilities assembly supply maintenance stays weightless tool 1 systems of the ISS are expected to be the most ad vanced, they can ... cleaner air, purer water, better food, and more sanitary toilet ... than on the space shuttle. 2. Life ... the station may not be easy, but it is significantly healthier and more pleasant than in the past, allowing astronauts to focus more on the scientific research and station ... that occupy them for about 9 hours a day.
Упражнение 5. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «The International Space Station». В. Speak about: Solar sail propulsion systems. REVISION OF LESSONS 10-12 Упражнение 1. Повторите инфинитив, инфинитивные конструкции, со слагательное наклонение и особенности пассивного залога. Переведите пред ложения. 1. The Internet is a great place to find and hear hit songs, mov ies and recorded interviews. 2. It is imperative that the experiment begin at once. 3. If I were you, I should stop the experiment. 4. He wished he were a cosmonaut. 5. A new car model was much spoken about. 6. Nobody saw the professor enter the laboratory. 7. It seems to be an interesting comparison. 8. His experience in the field of materials science can be relied upon. 9. This theory is hard to prove. 10. The new discovery was often referred to. 11. We expect this book to appear in bookshops very soon. 12. Scientists appear to know very little of this phenomenon yet. 13. The main problem is for the report to be published as soon as possible. 14. Materials to be brought back to Earth from space laboratories will have some stable properties. 15. It is unusual for a program to work correctly the first time it is tested. 16. Some experiments on the ISS could re sult in the development of clocks a thousand times more accurate than today’s atomic clocks. 17. There are all kinds of life-support ing equipment aboard a spacecraft as it is essential that cosmonauts should feel themselves as comfortable as possible. 18. Lasers are supposed to be able to solve a number of very complicated prob lems connected with medicine. 19. One of the most important re quirements for hypersonic craft is a sophisticated cooling system lest extreme temperatures should destroy the craft. 20. Educational system suggested by William Rodgers, the founder of MIT, proved to be very effective and to give a sound command of the basic prin ciples of science and technology. 21. People always wished that there were a device that could vaporize the hardest and the most heat-resistant material. 22. A number of important innovations such as reducing the weight of airplanes and spacecrafts would have been impossible unless composite materials had been developed. 23. Scientists discovered superconductors to possess thermal, elec tric and magnetic properties quite different from the non-conduct ing materials. 24. The cost of electricity generation has been influenced by the development of electromagnets made with super conductors. 25. To produce the superconductive effect, a Dutch physicist cooled a mercury wire below a temperature of —269 °C. 26. We know optical disks to store much more information than a plastic disk of the same size. 27. Laser was dreamt of by mankind for centuries. 28. The applications of laser in industry and science are known to be numerous and varied. 29. The appearance of laser was followed by the fabrication of ultrathin silicon fibers capable of servicing as lightweight conductors. 30. Some metals and glasses to be cooled down to the point of solidification in space can be brought back to Earth. Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на ин финитивные конструкции. Programming Languages The only language computers can understand directly is called machine code. It is known to consist of the Is and Os (binary code) that are processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. That is why it is neces sary to use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code. Basic languages, in which the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special pro gram called an assembler. These languages are considered to be still quite complex and restricted to particular computers. To make the program easier to write and to overcome the prob lem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level languages were developed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, Ada, С and others. A higher-level language is a problem oriented programming language, whereas a low-level language is machine oriented. This means that a high-level lan guage is a convenient and simple means of describing the informa tion structures and sequences of actions to be performed for a particular task. A high-level language is independent of the architecture of the computer which supports it. This has two advantages. Firstly, the person writing the program does not have to know anything about the computer the program will be run on. Secondly, programs are portable, that is, the same program can (in theory) be run on differ ent types of computer. Programs written in one of these languages should be converted by means of a compiler into a lower-level lan guage or machine code so that the CPU could understand it. С, a high-level programming language, seems to be very popu lar today because it is small, so it is not too hard to learn, it is very efficient and portable so one can use it with all kinds of computers. A lot of software engineers use С to write commercial applications programs for mini, micro and personal computers. There are also various versions of С — C++ and Objective C, which represent a new style of programming. At present there is a tendency towards an even higher level of programming languages, which might be called specification lan guages, and an increasing use of software development tools. People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are reported to be already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next gener ation of computers may be able to understand human languages. Упражнение 3. А. Прочитайте текст упражнения 2 и заполните пропуски словами. programming compiler programmed program assembler language programmers portable low-level machine code
The new programming language you have heard of or read about. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS To be read after Lesson 1 Education Most Americans start to school at the age of five when they en ter kindergarten. Children do not really study at this time. They only attend for half the day and learn what school is like. Children attend elementary school for next six years. They learn to read and write and work with numbers. They also study the world and its people. After they leave elementary school, children go to junior high school for three years and senior high school for another three years. This is called secondary education. In some places the chil dren go to elementary school for eight years and high school for four. At any rate, elementary and secondary education together take twelve years to complete excluding kindergarten. In their secondary schooling children get more advanced knowledge and begin to concentrate on their special interests. They usually study further in history, geography, government and Eng lish language and literature. They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathe matics or science, such as physics or chemistry. Students who plan to go on to college or professional training must take some of these courses in order to enter college. Other students who do not intend to go on with school may take classes in accounting or typing or other subjects that will help them in the business world. Some se nior high schools are vocational. Boys may learn to operate ma chines or do other work. Girls may learn cooking, sewing or office work. High schools have athletic teams which play against teams from other schools. Many boys enjoy playing football, basketball or baseball. These games take place after school hours. Girls are given physical education too, but they do not usually play teams from an other schools. In the most places in the US children must attend school until they are sixteen, or until they finish high school, usually at the age of seventeen or eighteen. Some children who are not good students drop out of school at the age of sixteen. This is a growing problem, for it is harder and harder for people to find work when they have not finished their high school education. Public schools are free for all boys and girls, but some parents prefer to send their children to private schools. Some private schools are connected with churches and children receive religious instruction as well as their regular studies. Other private schools are not religious, but have small classes and very good teachers so that the parents think their children will get a better education there than in the larger classes of the public schools. The private schools do not receive any tax money, so most of them must charge the stu dents several hundred dollars a year to pay for the cost of the school. Boys and girls attend the public schools together, but many private schools are for girls only or for boys only. To be read after Lesson 2 The Trees Fell — So Did the People Early civilisations may have killed themselves off by plundering (хищнически уничтожать) local plants and animals. New archeo logical findings suggest that far from living in perfect harmony with nature, prehistoric civilisation dealt major and sometimes fatal blow to natural surroundings. Many investigators now question the idea that environmental problems began only with the industrial revolution in the 19th century. Long before the appearance of industrial civilization prehistoric societies were destroying (уничтожать) forests, plants, animals and farmland. Such destruction sometimes destroyed them in turn. The mysterious disappearance of Anasasi Indians may be a dra matic example of this. In territories that are now New Mexico and Arizona the Indians built a complex of roads, irrigation systems and giant «houses» with 800 rooms and more. All were abruptly left by them around A.D. 1200. Until now, the majority of archeologists have believed that the reason was a prolonged drought (засуха), but by using an electron microscope to analyze the tree rings Amer ican scientists found that over two centuries or so the Indians were systematically deforesting the canyon where they lived until the forests’ ability to replenish itself was destroyed. Some Words About Words With about 200,000 words in current usage English is generally regarded as the richest of the world’s languages. Few other lan guages can match this word power. Chinese comes close. German has a vocabulary of only 184,000 words, and French has fewer than
English owes its exceptionally large vocabulary to its ability to borrow and absorb words from outside. Atomic, jeans, khaki, sput nik, perestroika, glasnost are just a few of the many words that have come into use during this century. They have been taken or adopted from Italian, Hindi, Creek and Russian. The process of borrowing words from other languages has been going on for more than 1,000 years. When the Normans crossed over from France to conquer England in 1066, most of the English spoke old English or Anglo-Saxon — a language of about 30,000 words. The Normans spoke a language which was a mixture of Latin and French. It took about three centuries for the language to become one that is the an cestor of the English they speak today. The Normans gave us words such as «city», and «palace». The Anglo-Saxon gave us «ring and town». Latin and Greek have been a fruitful source of vocabulary since the 16th century. The Latin word «mini», its opposite «maxi» and the Greek word «micro» have become popular adjectives to de scribe everything from bikes to fashion. |