Учебнометодическое пособие Петрозаводск 2010 ббк 81. 2Англ удк 811. 11 Г 613 Рецензенты
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3.5 THE UNIVERSITIES OF OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE1) Read the text and answer the questions: a) Which university is older, Oxford or Cambridge? b) Which university is the UK’s best university? c) Why did Oxford grow considerably starting from 1167? d) How was Cambridge founded? e) The relationship between Oxford and Cambridge is cooperative, isn’t it? f) How is the training at Oxford and Cambridge organised? The University of Oxford is located in the English city of Oxford. It is the oldest surviving university in the English-speaking world and is regarded as one of the world’s leading academic institutions. It was presumably founded in the 11th century. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge, where they established what has become the University of Cambridge. The two universities have many common features and are often called Oxbridge. The two universities have a long history of rivalry with each other. Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford and Cambridge is organised around weekly essay-based tutorials at self-governing colleges and halls, supported by lectures and laboratory classes organised by University faculties and departments. The universities’ structure can be confusing. It comprises over forty self-governing colleges and halls, along with a central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor at Oxford and more than thirty colleges at Cambridge. The academic departments are located centrally within this structure; they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver lectures and seminars. Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates. The members of an academic department are spread around many colleges. Most colleges have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university, by the departments, and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members). The list of illustrious alumni at the University of Oxford and Cambridge is endless and includes many who have made major contributions to British politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. Oxford is ranked one of the UK’s best universities, and it is in the world’s top 10. Cambridge University is more renowned than its rival for mathematics and natural sciences, and has produced 80 Nobel-prize winners (33 more than Oxford and the highest number of any university worldwide), 13 British Prime Ministers (12 less than Oxford) and 8 Archbishops of Canterbury, among others. 2) Make a five-line summary of the text. 3.6 J.K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter1) Have you read or heard of the books about Harry Potter? Have you seen the films based on the books? Did you like them? Who is the main character and what is he? What is the main idea of the whole series of the books? 2) Read the text and answer the questions: a) Who wrote the books about Harry Potter? b) What is Katherine Rowling by education? c) What would she have preferred studying? Why didn’t she? d) How many years had she been writing the series? e) What could you say of her family? f) Who are the actors in the films based on her books? J.K. Rowling was born in Chipping Sodury, July 31st 1965. Her childhood was generally happy, although she does remember getting teased because of her name, “Rowling” – She recalls often getting called “Rowling pin” by her less than ingenious school friends. J.K. Rowling says she never really warmed to her own name, although, she does remember having a fondness for the name Potter from quite an early age. J.K.Rowling studied at a school in Gloucestershire, before moving to Chepstow, South Wales at the age of 9. From an early age, J.K. Rowling had an ambition to be a writer. She often tried her hand at writing, although little came from her early efforts. In her own autobiography she remembers with great fondness, when her good friend Sean became the first person to give her the confidence that one day she would be able to make a very good writer. Sean was also the owner of a battered old Ford Anglia, which would later appear in one of the Harry Potter series as a flying car. After finishing school, her parents encouraged her to study French at the University of Essex. She slightly regretted choosing French, saying she would have preferred to study English. However, it was her parents wish that she study something “more useful” than English. After having spent a year in Paris, J.K.Rowling graduated from university and took various jobs in London. One of her favourite jobs was working for Amnesty International; the charity, which campaigns against human rights abuses throughout the world. Amnesty International, is one of the many charities, which J.K.Rowling has generously supported since she attained a new found wealth. It was in 1990, that J.K.Rowling first conceived of the idea about Harry Potter. As she recalls, it was on a long train journey from London to Manchester when she began forming in her mind, the characters of the series. At the forefront, was a young boy, not aware that he was a wizard. The train was delayed for over 4 hours, as she didn’t have a pen, and was too shy to ask for one nothing was written down. But she remembers being very enthusiastic, and excited about the ideas which were filling her mind. On arriving in Manchester, she began work on writing the book immediately, although, it would take several years to come to fruition. It was also in December of 1990 that J.K.Rowling lost her mother, who died of Multiple Sclerosis. J.K.Rowling was very close to her mother, and she felt the loss deeply. Her own loss gave an added poignancy to the death of Harry Potter’s mother in her book. She says her favourite scene in the Philosopher’s Stone is, The Mirror of Erised, where Harry sees his parents in the mirror. In 1991, J.K.Rowling left England to get a job as an English teacher in Portugal. It was here that she met her first husband, and together they had a child Jessica. However, after a couple of years, the couple split after a fierce argument; where by all accounts J.K.Rowling was thrown out of the house. So she returned to England in 1994; still trying to finish her first book. She was also working full time, and bringing up her daughter as a single parent. Eventually, she finished her first copy, and sent it off to various agents. She found an agent, Christopher, who spent over a year trying to get a publisher. Eventually, a quite small publisher, Bloomsbury agreed to take the book on. The editor Barry Cunningham also agreed to pay her an advance of £1500. The decision to take on the book was, in large part, due to his 8 year old daughter’s enthusiastic reception of the first chapter. (However she was advised to continue teaching as writers of children’s books don’t tend to get very well paid.) Within a few weeks of publication, (1996) the book sales really started to take off. The initial print run was of only 1,000; 500 of these went to libraries. First editions are now said to be worth up to £25,000 each. She also received a grant from the Scottish arts council, which enabled her to write full time. After the books initial success in the UK, an American company Scholastic agreed to pay a remarkable £100,000 for the rights to publish in America. In 1998, Warner Bros secured the film rights for the books, giving a 7 figure sum. The films have magnified the success of the books, making Harry Potter into one of the most recognisable media products. Under the close guidance of J.K.Rowling, the films have sought to stay close to the original plot; also at J.K.Rowling’s request all the actors are British. On the 21st December 2006, J.K.Rowling finished her book of the Harry Potter Series – “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows”. The book was released in July 2007. J.K.Rowling has said the book is her favourite, and it makes her both happy and sad. She has said she will continue writing but there is no chance of continuing the Harry Potter Series. She however, may release a dictionary of things related to Hogswart and Harry Potter that were never published in other books. J.K.Rowling currently lives in Scotland, on the banks of the river Tay, with her second husband Neil Murray; J.K.Rowling has three children, two with husband Neil. 3) Make up an outline of the text in writing. |