Английский для бакалавров (ЧАСТЬ 1). Учебное пособие Часть i тула 1999 предислови е настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, продолжающих изучение английского языка в неязыковом вузе на этапе общебакалаврской подготовки
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Unit 8 Grammar: 1. Passive Voice 2. Word-building. The suffixes of verbs. Texts: A. Science and Technology B. The Telegraph C. Thomas Alva Edison D. Coming Events Conversation: Great Scientists Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и й м а т е р и а л Пассивный залог (Passive Voice) Формы глагола пассивного залога (Passive Voice) выражают действие, совершаемое над подлежащим лицом или предметом, т.е. в пассивном залоге подлежащее не действует, а подвергается действию. Пассивный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола. to be asked to be taken 3апомните! 1. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от стандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Indefinite Tense и имеет окончание –ed 2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от нестандартных глаголов можно найти в словаре (так называемая III форма глагола) или в специальной таблице нестандартных глаголов (III колонка). Помните! 1. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим. При наличии двух вспомогательных глаголов только первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. 2. В отрицательной форме отрицание notставится после глагола to be. При наличии двух вспомогательных глаголов отрицание notставится после первого вспомогательного глагола. Passive Voice
Особенности пассивного залога в английском языке. Запомните! В английском языке в пассивном залоге могут употребляться все объектные глаголы, т.е. глаголы, имеющие любое дополнение - прямое, косвенное беспредложное и косвенное предложное.
Примечание: предлоги by и with употребляются для того, чтобы показать, кем или чем выполняется действие, выраженное сказуемым в пассивном залоге.
Обратите внимание!Категория переходности у ряда глаголов в русскоми английском языках не совпадает. 1. Некоторые глаголы, требующие беспредложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим предложного дополнения в русском языке: to enter входить в to join присоединяться к to answer отвечать на to affect воздействовать на to influence влиять на to attend присутствовать на to follow следовать за Примечание:Passive Voice подобных глаголов переводится на русский язык действительным залогом. Перевод, как правило, следует начинать с предлога.
2. Некоторые, глаголы, требующие предложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим беспредложного дополнения в русском языке: to listen to слушать to wait for ждать to touch upon затрагивать to account for объяснять to entrust with поручать Примечание: Предлог, относящийся к данным глаголам, не переводится.
Способы перевода пассивных конструкций 1. Сказуемое в Passive Voice переводится: а) сочетанием глагола "быть"с краткой формой причастия. Глагол "быть" в настоящей времени не переводится. Например: The text is translated. Текст переведён. The text was translated. Текст был переведён. The text will be translated. Текст будет переведён. б) глаголом с окончанием -ся, -сь. Например: The liquid fuel is gradually Жидкое топливо постепенно injected into the cylinder. впрыскивается в цилиндр. в) глаголом действительного залога (при наличии дополнения с предлогом by). Например: I was helped by my friend. Мой друг помог мне. г) неопределённо-личным предложением. Например: The article was discussed Статью обсуждали на конференции. at the conference. Примечание. При наличии предлога после глагола в пассивном залоге перевод предложения начинают с этого предлога. His new invention was 0 его новом изобретении много much spoken about. говорили 2. Подлежащее при сказуемом в Passive Voice переводится: а) существительным (местоимением) в именительном падеже. Например: The house will be built. Дом построят. б) существительным (местоимением) в винительном или дательном падеже без предлога. Например: Не was seen in the laboratory. Его видели в лаборатории. Не was a sent all the necessary Ему послали всё необходимое equipment. оборудование. в) существительным (местоимением) в любом косвенном падеже с предлогом. Например: An engineer was sent for. За инженером послали. This article is often referred to. На эту статью часто ссылаются. Словообразование. Суффиксы глаголов (Word-building. The suffixes of verbs) Запомните следующие суффиксы глаголов: -en hard – твердый to harden – твердеть sharp – острый to sharpen – заострять -(i) fy pure – чистый to purify – очищать glory – слава to glorify – прославлять -ize special – специальный to specialize – специализировать neutral – нейтральный to neutralize – нейтрализовать. E x e r c i s e s Form Participle II from the following verbs: to ask, to use, to build, to call, to found, to find, to condense, to reduce, to cool, to keep, to support, to award, to concern, to offer, to cut, to place, to encourage, to know, to develop, to limit, to direct, to move, to shape, to arrange, to hold, to give, to invite, to include, to design, to make, to present, to write, to derive, to reach, to take, to think, to obtain, to speak, to pay, to send. Form: Passive Indefinite Infinitive to see - to be seen to ask - to be asked Passive Continuous Infinitive to finish - to be being finished to write - to be being written Passive Perfect Infinitive to shape - to have been shaped to think - to have been thought to discover, to influence, to base, to perform, to lay, to tell, to do, to give, to examine, to arrange, to provide, to elaborate, to construct, to set, to study, to complete, to replace, to offer, to undertake, to understand, to put, to accept, to investigate, to recognise, to evaluate, to need, to suggest, to study, to discuss. III. Identify the sentences in the Passive Voice. 1. The first industrial revolution took place in England. 2. Efficiency is achieved by using efficient methods, devices and personnel organisations. 3. Automation was first applied to assembly line manufacturing. 4. We rarely use those substances in our research because they are not always available. 5. The fourth industrial revolution will be characterized by the use of automated programmable machines. 6. This pioneer study will involve a lot of difficulty. 7. After Dr. Robinson had finished that fundamental research he gave a complete account of the work. 8. All the things for the experiment are ready. 9. Single shaft turbine generators are being successfully constructed today. 10. The new method will come into use when suitable appliances and devices are provided. 11. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was installed. 12. Our professor is going to write a paper on the subject of powdered metals. 13. These two principles have been accepted without question by later writers on the subject. 14. The laboratory assistant has described the procedure in detail. 15. A plasma may be completely ionized in which state all the molecules are devided into ions and electrons. IV. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative. 1. Sound was amplified by a loudspeaker. 2. We shall be given new equipment. 3. The experiment had been completed by the end of the last year. 4. The lecture was being listened to with great attention. 5. Plastics are used in engineering. 6. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 7. This process is known as smelting. 8. The metal is heated to a high temperature. 9. Some new devices are being demonstrated now. 10. New models of computers will have been suggested by 2000. V. Put the following sentences in a) Past Indefinite Passive; b) Future Indefinite Passive. Add the necessary adverbial modifiers. 1. The engineers are given interesting problems for solving. 2. Automatic tools are used by the operator. З. He is allowed to use a computer. 4. Metals are flowed out into special containers. 5. The experiments with new devices are carried out. 6. Metal is processed in various ways. 7. Any new design of a solar power station is discussed. 8. The problem of computer development is considered by the scientists. 9. The efficiency of this device is increased. 10. The particles of nuclei are studied. VI. Complete the following sentences using the words given below. 1. The machine is installed 2. New devices are developed was installed will be developed has been installed are being developed will be installed have been developed is being installed will have been developed 3. The losses have been calculated 4. Computers were being applied will be calculated are applied are calculated have been applied are being calculated had been applied had been calculated are being applied 5. Superalloys will be shaped are shaped are being shaped were shaped have been shaped yesterday, at this time, tomorrow, in some days, usually, as a rule. often, already, a week ago, just, by the next month, not yet, by this time yesterday, last year, since this week, next year, never, always, from 2 to 5 o'clock yesterday. VII. Make these sentences passive. Mind the preposition by. Model: The sun heats the air. The air is heated by the sun. 1. Scientists will make new discoveries. 2. Magnetic field doesn’t affect the neutron. 3. For a year specialists were studying German experience in chemical industry. 4. They will be doing this work all the day tomorrow. 5. In my research work I’ll have already concerned with semiconductors. 6. Newton advanced the corpuscular theory of light. 7. The wave can explain the interference of light. 8. He had never thought of the possible errors before he made them. 9. They are supporting these two theories. 10. You should have read this paper by the morning session. VIII. Make these sentences active. Model: The article was discussed by the students. The students discussed the article. 1. This discovery is much spoken about by the scientists. 2. My report will be discussed by the students next Monday. 3. The tests have been performed by the inventor himself this day. 4. The experimental results were analyzed by Professor Boston. 5. Radioactivity was being investigated by the Curies for many years. 6. The presence of radiation had been detected by the researcher before the experiment was over. 7. The seminar on Solid State Physics was held by Russia’s Academy of Science last year. 8. The new computer program is being examined by the group of engineers. 9. Solid are characterized by strength and elasticity. 10. These data will have been obtained by him by the end of the week. IX. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice. 1. Information... by radio. (to transmit) 2. A new kind of invisible rays ... by Rontgen in 1895. (to discover) 3. The efficiency of this device... next year. (to increase) 4. The engineer... an interesting problem at the research institute, (to offer) 5. New machinery ... at the plant by the end of the month, (to install) 6. An unusual electric station... into operation now. (to put) 7. The explanation of this phenomenon... yet. (to give) 8. Yesterday the results of this experiment... by the presence of some impurities. (to prove) 9. This engineer... as an authority in optical electronics. (to look upon) 10. The quality of production ... already. (to increase) 11. Many methods of making and storing electric charges ... during the 18th century. (to discover) 12 We ... just ... the tiniest motor. (to show) 13. The discovery of the electrons ... by the discovery of the proton and neutron. (to follow) 14. After the engine... we could use it. (to repair) 15. What plan... when the professor entered the lecture hall? (to discuss) 16. The performance of the new computers ... tomorrow. (to demonstrate) 17. At present the sunlight... into electrical power by special solar panels. (to convert) 18. The robots ... now. (to develop) X. Choose the Russian equivalents for each English sentence. 1. He was sent for a new equipment. 1. Он послал за новым оборудованием. 2. За новым оборудованием послали. 3. Его послали за новым оборудованием. 2. The scientists were offered 1. Ученые предложили новые проблемы new problems for research. для исследования. 2. Новые проблемы будут предложены ученым для исследования. 3. Ученым предложили новые проблемы для исследования. 3. The conductor is acted upon 1. Поле воздействует на проводник. by the field. 2. Проводник воздействует на поле. 3. Проводник подвергался воздействию поля. 4. We shall be reported of a new 1. Мы сообщим о новом открытии. invention. 2. Нам сообщат о новом открытии. 3. Нам сообщили о новом открытии. 5. They are invited by the professor 1. Они приглашают профессора в свою to his laboratory. лабораторию. 2. Профессор пригласит их в свою лабораторию. 3. Профессор приглашает их в свою лабо- раторию. 6. He can be asked to repair an engine. 1. Он попросил отремонтировать двигатель. 2. Его попросили отремонтировать двигатель. 3. Его можно попросить отремонтиро- вать двигатель. 7. University research is being 1. Научно-исследовательская работа в supported by the Government now. университетах поддерживалась правительством. 2. Научно-исследовательская работа в университетах сейчас оказывает поддержку правительству. 3. Сейчас правительство оказывает поддержку научно-исследовательской работе в универ- ситетах. 8. His work has been spoken about 1. О его работе рассказывает by Prof. Brain. профессор Брэйн. 2. Профессор Брэйн будет рассказывать о его работе. 3. О его работе рассказал профессор Брэйн. 9. Dr. N had been answered that 1. Когда она пришла, доктор Н. уже question when she came. ответил на этот вопрос. 2. Когда она пришла, доктору Н. уже ответили на этот вопрос. 3. Когда она пришла, отвечали на вопрос доктора Н. 10. The invention of steam-engine 1. Изобретению парового двигателя was followed by many other предшествовало много других ones. изобретений. 2. За изобретением парового двигателя последовало много других изобретений. 3. За изобретением парового двигателя может последовать много других изобретений. Translate the sentences in the Passive Voice. 1. The temperature of water was raised by heating. 2. The motor must be repaired properly. 3. The experiments are being carried out in the shops of our plant. 4. The temperature has been maintained at the point of 20 degrees since the beginning of the experiment. 5. The first electric cell had been made by 1800. 6. Current electricity was discovered in 1780 by Galvani. 7. Materials can be used according to their electrical properties. 8. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 9. The new apparatus has already been installed in the shop. 10. New models of computers will have been suggested by designers by 2000. 11. A new computer was housed in this laboratory. 12. Transistors may be classified according to the number of elements. 13. The new theory of nuclear physics is often referred to. 14. What new devices are being demonstrated now? 15. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was installed. 16. The glass has been used to develop a new class of semiconductors. 17. Computers are being applied on great scale. 18. Helium had been discovered on the Sun before it was found on the Earth. 19. This device is being repaired at present. 20. The problem will be dealt with in the next report. Choose the English equivalents for the Russian sentences. 1. Cтудента просят провести опыт. 1.The student is asked to make an experiment. 2. The student asks to make an experiment. 3. The student will be asked to make an experiment. 2. Нам показали новые устройства. 1. We demonstrated a new device. 2. We demonstrate a new device. 3. We were demonstrated a new device. 3. Программисту предлагают 1. The programmer will be offered составить новую программу. to compile a new program. 2. The programmer is offered to compile a new program. 3. The programmer offers to compile a new program. 4. Им должны показать 1. They must be shown modern современные компьютеры. computers. 2. They must show modern computers. 3. They are shown modem computers. 5. Сейчас докладчик ссылается 1. The speaker is being referred to by на профессора Брауна. Professor Brown now. 2. Professor Brown is being referred to by the speaker now. 3. Professor Brown is referring to the speaker now. 6. О новом приборе будут 1. The new device will be much spoken много говорить. about. 2. The new device has been much spoken about. 3. The new device is much spoken about. 7. Статическое электричество 1. Static electricity produced friction. производится трением. 2. Static electricity produces friction. 3. Static electricity is produced by friction. 8. Это открытие было уже 1. This discovery has already been прокомментировано в нескольких commented upon in several magazines. журналах. 2. This discovery is commented upon in several magazines. 3. This discovery was commented upon in several magazines. 9. Будет определен состав этого 1. The composition of this substance is вещества. determined. 2. The composition of this substance will be determined. 3. The composition of this substance will have been determined. 10. Профессор Смит даст 1. Some instructions will be given to инженерам ряд рекомендаций. the engineers by Professor Smith. 2. Some instructions will be given to Professor Smith by the engineers. 3. Some instructions are given to the engineers by Professor Smith. XI. Translate the sentences into English using the Passive Voice. Mind the word order. 1. Как правило, эксперименты проводят в лабораториях. 2. Первый паровой двигатель был построен в Англии в 1895 году. 3. Этот метод использовали много лет назад. 4. Сейчас большое внимание уделяется современному оборудованию научно-исследовательских институтов. 5. Первые электромобили уже введены в действие. 6. Новые модели компьютеров будут созданы к концу века. 7. Электричество передается по проводам. 8. Попов изобрел радио. 9. Из какого металла изготовлена эта деталь? 10. На какую статью только что сослался докладчик? XII. a) Distribute the following verbs into 3 groups according to the suffixes. The first ones have been done for you: -en blacken -fy classify -ize minimize shorten, typify, brighten, darken, clarify, identify, justify, simplify, visualize, intensify, energize, stabilize, falsify, mechanize, realize, deepen, humanize, criticize, densify, economize. b) Translate these verbs. In case of difficulty look them up in the dictionary. Работа с текстом Text A. Science and Technology In recent years life on our planet has been drastically changed due to scientific and technological developments. Our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as a whole have changed as well. Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life. In turn, technology provides science with new and more accurate instruments for its investigation and research. Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives. Throughout human history, men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques to make their lives easier. Of course, when we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in a much narrower sense. Generally, we mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines, growth of the factory system, and mass production of goods that has created the basis for our modern society. Today we often say that we live in an age of science and technology. According to one estimate, 90 % of all the scientists who ever lived, were alive and active in the 1970-s. This increased scientific activity has brought new ideas, processes, and inventions in ever-growing amount. The scientific revolution that began in the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together. Thus, Galileo, who made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also built an improved telescope and patented a system of lifting water. However, it was not until the 19th century that technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists. In a sense, the history of science and technology is the history of all humankind. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||