Английский для бакалавров (ЧАСТЬ 1). Учебное пособие Часть i тула 1999 предислови е настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, продолжающих изучение английского языка в неязыковом вузе на этапе общебакалаврской подготовки
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Britain lives by manufacture and trade. For every person employed in agriculture eleven people are employed in mining, manufacturing and building. The United Kingdom is one of the world’s largest exporters of manufactured goods per head of population. Apart from coal and iron ore Britain has very few natural resources and mostly depends on imports. Its agriculture provides only half the food it needs. The other half and most of the raw materials for its industries such as oil and various metals (copper, zinc, uranium ore and others) have to be imported. Britain also has to import timber, cotton, fruit and farm products. Britain used to be richly forested, but most of the forests were cut down to make more room for cultivation. The greater part of land is used for cattle and sheep breeding, and pig raising. Among the crops grown on the farms are wheat, barley and oats. The fields are mainly in the eastern part of the country. Most of the farms are small (one third of them is less than one hundred acres). Farms tend to be bigger where the soil is less fertile. In the past century Britain secured a leading position in the world as manufacturer, merchant and banker. After World War I the world demand for the products of Britain’s traditional industries - textiles, coal and machinery - fell off, and Britain began expanding trade in new engineering products and electrical goods. The crisis of 1929 - 1933 brought about mass unemployment, which reached its peak in 1932. Britain’s share in the world industrial output decreased. After the crisis production and employment increased following some revival in world trade and as a result of the extensive armament program. During World War II Britain’s economy was fully employed in the war effort. Massed raids of German planes on British industrial centres caused considerable damage to Britain’s industry. World War II brought about a further weakening of Britain’s might. Great Britain is no longer the leading imperialist power it used to be. It has lost its colonies which used to supply it with cheap raw materials. Britain produces high quality expensive goods, which has always been characteristic of its industry. A shortage of raw materials, as well as the high cost of production makes it unprofitable for British industry to produce semi-finished goods or cheap articles. Britain mostly produces articles requiring skilled labour, such as precision instruments, electronic equipment, chemicals and high quality consumer goods. Britain produces and exports cotton and woollen goods, leather goods, and articles made of various kinds of synthetic (man-made) materials. The original basis of British industry was coal mining, and the early factories grew up not far from the main mining areas. Glasgow and Newcastle became great centres of engineering and shipbuilding. Lancashire produced cotton goods and Yorkshire woollens, with Sheffield concentrating on iron and steel. Birmingham developed light engineering. There appeared a tendency for industry and population to move to the south, particularly to the London area. (Britain’s industry is now widely dispersed). Great progress was made in the development of new industries, such as the aircraft, automobile, electronic industries and others. A number of atomic power reactors were made. Great emphasis was made on the development of the war industry. Vocabulary
Translate the words of the same root; define what part of speech they belong to: discover - discovery; physics - physicist - physical; chemist - chemical - chemistry; distribute - distributor - distributive - distribution - distributable; even - evenly - unevenly; manufacture - manufacturer - manufacturing; employ - employee - employer - employment; mine - miner - mining; export - exporter - exportation; depend - dependable - dependent - dependence - dependency. Read the following international words. Guess their meaning. Look them up in a dictionary to make sure you are right: nouns: exporter, import, industry, farm, position, banker, product, program, economy, centre, colony, instrument, chemicals, tendency, reactor; adjectives: electrical, industrial, imperialist, characteristic, electronic, synthetic, atomic. Read the text British Economy. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases: быть занятым в промышленности, производительность труда, промышленные товары, на душу населения, делать открытие, за последние несколько лет, полезные ископаемые, сырьё, дешевые товары, товары высокого качества, новые отрасли промышленности, квалифицированный труд, ведущая империалистическая держава, судостроительная промышленность, характерная черта. Translate the text 'British Economy'. Finish the phrases, choosing the necessary words in brackets. 1. Great Britain is rich in ... (oil; gold; copper; silver; iron ore; zinc; coal). 2. Great Britain has to import ... (coal; agricultural products; electrical goods; chemicals; electronic equipment; oil; various metals; food products; cotton; timber; tobacco; wheat; fruit). 3. When the world demand for the products of Britain's main industries - textiles, coal and machinery - decreased, it began seeking compensation in new engineering products, such as ... (cars; atomic power reactors; electrical goods; electronic equipment). 4. It is characteristic of Britain's industry to produce ... (semifinished goods; cheap articles; raw materials; high quality expensive goods; articles requiring skilled labour; precision instruments; electronic equipment). 5.The main products of Britain's industry are ... (precision instruments; high quality consumer goods; electronic equipment; chemicals; textiles; ready-made clothing; manufactured goods; petrol). 6. A great number of new industries were added to the traditional ones such as ... (the aircraft industry; the textile industry; the electronic industry; the shipbuilding industry; the automobile industry; mining; engineering). 7. The main crops grown in Britain are ... (flax; cotton; wheat; barley; tobacco; oats). 8. In Britain they breed ... (cattle, that is cows and oxen; horses; sheep; pigs; goats; deer; rabbits). VI. Put the questions, the answers to which are the following sentences. 1. No, it isn’t. Apart from coal and iron ore Great Britain has very few natural resources. 2. It imports raw materials for its industries such as oil and various metals. It also imports agricultural products. 3. It is a shortage of raw materials that makes it unprofitable for British industry to produce semi-finished goods or cheap articles. 4. It produces articles requiring skilled labour such as precision instruments, transport engineering equipment, electronic equipment, chemicals and high quality consumer goods. 5. It’s widely dispersed, not concentrated in one area. 6. Cattle, sheep and pigs. 7. Wheat, barley and oats. 8. Where the soil is less fertile. VII. Finish the questions and answer them. 1. Does Great Britain live by agriculture or ...? 2. Does Great Britain export raw materials or...? 3. Did the world demand for the products of Britain's main industries after World War I increase or ...? 4. Did Britain's share in the world industrial output increase as a result of the crisis of 1929-1933 or ...? 5. Does Britain's industry produce high quality goods or ...? 6. Is Britain's industry located in one area or ...? 7. Is Britain still a mighty colonial power it used to be or has she lost ...? VIII. Put alternative questions and answer them. 1. It does not export raw materials, it imports them. 2. The world demand for the products of Britain's traditional industries has decreased. 3. It's characteristic of British industry to produce high quality expensive goods, not cheap articles. 4. It is not concentrated in one area, it is widely dispersed. 5. Automation is introduced both in heavy and in light industries. IX. Finish the sentences. 1. Great Britain is rich in ... 2. Great Britain has to import ... 3. When the world demand for the products of Britain's main industries decreased it began seeking compensation in ... 4. The characteristic feature of Britain's industry is production of ... 5. The main products of Britain's industry are ... 6. Britain's industry is widely dispersed, but it is still possible to point out the following concentrations of industry ... 7. A great number of new branches were added to the traditional industries such as ... X. Answer the questions. 1. What natural resources does Great Britain have ? 2. What raw materials does Great Britain import? 3. What does Great Britain export? 4. What did the crisis of 1929-1933 bring about? 5. What is the characteristic feature of Britain's industry ? 6. Why is it unprofitable for Great Britain to produce semifinished goods or cheap articles? 7. What are the main articles produced by British industry? 8. What are the main industrial centres of Great Britain? 9. What are Britain's main industries? 10. What can you say about Britain's agriculture? XI. Correct the statements which do not correspond to the reality. 1. Great Britain is an agricultural country. 2. Great Britain is rich in natural resources, such as oil, copper, zinc and others. 3. Great Britain exports raw materials to other countries. 4. After World War I the world demand for the products of Britain's main industries - textiles, coal and machinery - increased greatly. 5. As a result of the crisis of 1929-1933 Britain's share in the world industrial output became greater. 6. The crisis of 1929-1933 brought about mass unemployment. 7. When World War II came to an end, the USA found itself dependent, financially and economically, on Great Britain. 8. Very few people are employed in the mining and manufacturing industries in Great Britain. 9. Britain's industry produces mostly very cheap low quality goods. 10. A shortage of raw materials makes it profitable for Great Britain to produce semifinished goods and cheap articles. 11. No emphasis is made on the development of war industry. 12. Britain's industry is concentrated in one area. 13. All Britain's industries and services have been nationalised. XII. Translate into English in written form. Экономика Великобритании Великобритания - крупная капиталистическая страна. Она имеет высокоразвитую промышленность. Большая часть её населения занята в промышленности, и только небольшая часть - около 8 % населения - занимается сельским хозяйством. В Великобритании не много полезных ископаемых. Она богата лишь углем и железной рудой, поэтому ей приходится ввозить сырьё из других стран. Недостаток сырья делает невыгодным для промышленности Англии производство полуфабрикатов и дешевых товаров. Характерной чертой Британской промышленности является производство товаров высокого качества, требующих квалифицированного труда. Традиционными отраслями английской промышленности являются машиностроение, текстильная, судостроительная и угольная промышленность. Однако после первой мировой войны спрос на продукцию традиционных отраслей промышленности сократился, и Великобритания начала развивать новые отрасли промышленности, такие как химическая, авиационная и др. Великобритания больше не является ведущей империалистической державой, какой она когда-то была. Она потеряла свои колонии, которые снабжали её дешевым сырьем. XIII. Make up the plan of the text 'British Economy'. Retell the text according to your plan. Text B Most people work in order to earn their living. They produce goods and services. Goods are either produced on farms, like maize and milk, or in factories, like cars and paper. Services are provided by such things as schools, hospitals and shops. Some people provide goods; some provide services. Other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage, a man may buy a car, or he may buy some service which helps him to maintain his car. The work which people do is called their economic activity. Economic activities make up the economic system. The economic system is the sum-total of what people do and what they want. An educated man has to study the economic system and economics which affect our lives. Economics is a science. It is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. Economists study our everyday lives and try to describe the facts of the economy in which we live. They try to explain how the system works and their methods should be objective and scientific. We need food, clothes and shelter. If we could get food, clothes and shelter without working, we probably would not work. But even when we have these essential things, we may want other things. If we had them, these other things (like radios, books and toys for children) might make life more enjoyable. The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs and wants. It is not just concerned with basic needs and wants like food, clothes and shelter. I. Translate the words of the same root. Define speech parts. economic - economics - economist - economy - economical - economically. II. Fill in the blanks with one of the words given in exercise I. Translate the sentences. 1. Adam Smith and Keynes are two famous ... . 2. These people are studying the science of ... . 3. We sometimes call a person’s work his ... activity. 4. People should be very ... with the money they earn. 5. The economic system of a country is usually called the national ... .6. The people in that town live very ... III. Study the different meanings of the word order. Order: - way in which things are placed in relation to one another - порядок; - condition in which everything is carefully arranged - режим; - command - приказ; - request to supply goods - заказ; - purpose, intention: in order to - для того, чтобы; in order that - с целью; - rank or class of society - орден. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the word order: 1. The order of baronets sounds archaic nowadays. 2. The device has been operating in the working order since its construction. 3. The words in the dictionary are always placed in the alphabetic order. 4. The boss said we should obey his orders. 5. Economists study our lives in order to understand the general economic system. 6. All the goods on this order have been packed. IV. In each of these sentences a word is missing. Provide a word from the list below and translate the sentences. 1. Transport systems like railways, buses and planes provide the public with important ... . 2. They told him to look at the ... and then do the exercises. 3. He decided to ... the work in order to make some ... . 4. It was ... for him to go to the city as soon as possible. 5. They had enough ... to buy most of the ... they needed. Prompts: commodities, money, essential, services, example, undertake. V. Read Text B without a dictionary. Find the sentences with modal verbs. Translate them. VI. Translate Text B. VII. Say, whether these statements are true or false, and if they are false say why. 1. Most people produce only goods. 2. Services are provided by such things as schools , hospitals and shops. 3. Economic activities make up the economic system. 4. The economic system is the part of what people do and what they want. 5. Economists study only our individual lives. 6. They try to describe the facts and explain how the system works. 7. We need only food, shelter and clothes. 8. The science of economics is concerned only with our basic needs. VIII. Suggest a few headlines to Text B. Choose the best one among the headlines suggested by your fellow students. IX. Most people work in order to earn their living, and they produce goods and services. This fact can be shown as a diagram: Most people produce goods or services The things which people produce are called their products. So the diagram can be drawn as: Products goods services Below there are 20 kinds of people. Ten of them produce goods; ten produce services. Make a diagram like this one and list the people under goods and services.
Text C. The Subject of the Science of Economics The science of economics is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. Economists study our everyday lives and the general life of our communities in order to understand the whole economic system of which we are the part. They try to describe the facts of the economy in which we live, and to explain how it works. The economist’s methods should of course be strictly objective and scientific. We need food, clothes and shelter. We probably would not go to work if we could satisfy these basic needs without working. But even when we have satisfied such basic needs, we may still want other things. Our lives might be more enjoyable if we had such things as radios, books and toys for the children. Human beings certainly have a wide and very complex range of wants. The science of economics is concerned with all our material needs: it is concerned with the desire to have a radio as well as the basic necessity of having enough food to eat. I. Read Text C and say what basic needs and what non-essential wants are mentioned in the text. Put them down in the chart.
II. Speak on the science of economics. The questions below will help you: 1. What is the subject of the science of economics ? 2. What methods do the economists use ? 3. What needs and wants is the science of economics concerned with ? Text D. Single Currency Not in Circulation Before 2002 A single currency from Paris to Lisbon is getting closer to reality. But EU citizens will have to wait until 2002—2003 before going shopping in ECUs. The “Monnaie de Paris” recently presented the prototypes for the European currency at an informal meeting of EU finance ministers in Versailles. Agreement has already been reached on the range of coins and notes and on the metals used, but the name of the future currency remains a key issue as the British and the Germans seem reluctant to use the original name, the ECU. The Germans have proposed the “Euro” as an alternative, but the real problem is the passage to the third phase of monetary union: this crucial step initially scheduled for 1997 is now more likely to occur in 1999. As the manufacturing of the coins and notes would take about 3 years, the new currency could not come into circulation before the beginning of the next century. The European Commission intends to use this time to make the single currency more familiar to citizens. I. Translate Text D with a dictionary in written form. Retell the text. C  O N V E R S A T I O N On Economics I. Find in the text international words. Write them out. Translate them. Consult the dictionary if it is necessary. Text. US Economy The United States is rich in natural resources, the main being iron ore, coal and oil. The nation produces more than 100 million tons of iron a year. Four fifths of the ore mined in the USA comes from the Great Lakes region. Though a great deal of the ore has been used up, its resources have not been exhausted. Most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used in the chemical industries for the manufacture of plastics and other synthetics. The production, processing and marketing of such oil products as petrol (called “gasoline” or “gas” in the USA) make up one of America's largest industries. The basic metals and minerals mined in the United States are zinc, copper and silver. Some of the main crops grown in the USA are wheat, maize, cotton, tobacco and fruit. Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of America's agriculture. To make the farmer's work more productive scientific methods of farming are employed and modern technique of freezing, canning and packaging farm products is used. The United States is a highly industrialized country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing, namely, the mining, metallurgical, automobile and chemical industries as well as engineering. Many branches of light industry are also developed, among them are the textile, food and wood-working industries. A great deal of attention in American industry is devoted to research and emphasis is made on the use of labour-saving machines. In the past few years the number of workers has increased only a few per cent, while the number of scientists and engineers in the plants has almost doubled. Mechanisation and automation do away with thousands of office jobs, intensify production and increase labour productivity. But they also bring about a further growth of unemployment. New industries are created as new discoveries are made in physics, chemistry and other sciences. Atomic energy, for example, has created a wide range of new industries. Electronics has become a major industry. Throughout American industry great emphasis is being made on management training. A great number of schools are training young people to become industrial leaders. American industry is distributed unevenly. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the eastern part of the country. But industry is spreading out as there is a tendency to build factories far removed from the home plant and closer to natural resources and markets. Good transportation facilities and rapid communications systems make it possible for the main plants to keep in touch with branch factories. The leading US exports are industrial machinery, electronic equipment, textiles, grain, iron, coal, oil products and chemicals. II. Finish phrases, using the necessary word combinations or sentences. 1. ...is rich in... (coal; oil; iron ore; gold; zinc; copper; uranium ore; water resources). 2. The greater part of the population is employed in... (fishing; hunting; heavy industry; light industry; agriculture; the manufacturing industry; trade). 3. Industry is ... (concentrated in one area; widely dispersed; distributed unevenly; concentrated in several industrial regions). 4. The main industries are... (the metallurgical industry; the chemical industry; the electronic industry; the textile industry; the automobile industry; the wood-working industry; the food industry; the shipbuilding industry; the mining industry; the war industry). 5. Great emphasis is made on... (the development of industry; the development of agriculture; research; management training; employing scientific methods in farming). 6. In the past few years... (new industries have been created; automation has been introduced at most factories and plants; labour productivity has increased greatly; industrial output has decreased). 7. As a resultof mechanisation and automation... (many workers lost their jobs; labour productivity increased greatly; the standard of living was raised considerably). 8. ...trades with...(the neighbouring countries; many countries; a great number of countries all over the world). 9. The main exports (imports) are... (grain; fruit; fish; wines; tobacco; electronic equipment; electrical goods; chemicals; cars; machines; weapons; raw materials; consumer goods; manufactured goods). III. Complete the sentences. 1. ... is rich in ... 2. The greater part of the population is employed in... 3. Its industry is... 4. The main branches of industry are... 5. Great emphasis is made on... 6. In the past few years... 7. As a result of automation ... 8. ... trades with ... 9. The main exports are ... 10. The main imports are... IV. Render the following text in English. Экономика США США богаты полезными ископаемыми. Основными полезными ископаемыми являются железная руда, уголь и нефть. США имеют высокоразвитую промышленность. Основные отрасли ее тяжелой промышленности — металлургическая, горнодобывающая, машиностроительная, автомобильная, химическая и военная. Многие отрасли легкой промышленности, такие, например, как химическая, текстильная и пищевая, также высоко развиты. Большое внимание в США уделяется научно-исследовательской работе. За последние годы значительно возросло число ученых и инженеров, тогда как число рабочих возросло лишь на несколько процентов. Большое внимание уделяется также подготовке руководящих кадров. Американская промышленность распределена неравномерно. Большая часть промышленных предприятий сосредоточена в восточной части страны. Однако имеется тенденция строить заводы и фабрики вдали от крупных промышленных центров, ближе к источникам сырья и рынкам. США ведут торговлю со многими странами. Ведущими статьями экспорта являются электронное оборудование, изделия химической промышленности, текстиль, железо, уголь, нефтепродукты, зерно и другие товары. Одной из ведущих отраслей американской промышленности является военная промышленность. V. Speak about the economy of Great Britain, USA or any other country. Use the offered scheme. 1. ...is rich (poor) in natural resources. 2. It imports (exports) ... from (to) ... 3. It is a highly industrialised country. (It is an agricultural country.) 4. Its industry is located... 5. Nearly (Over) ... workers are employed in manufacturing work. 6. Special emphasis is being placed on the development of such industries as ... 7. In recent years new branches have been added to the traditional industries of the country, such as ... . 8. It is (not) profitable for the country to produce... because it has a lot of (very few) raw materials. 9. Great attention is also paid to the development of... 10. The country's share in the world industrial output has (greatly) increased (decreased) in the past few years. 11. It trades with... 12. The main articles of its import (export) are... 13. The demand for its products is (great; increasing with every passing year; decreasing). 14. It is very profitable for... to trade with... 15. The main crops grown in the country are ... . VI. Answer the questions about the economy of the country you are interested in. 1. Is... rich in natural resources? What are its main natural resources? 2. Does it import raw materials from other countries? What raw materials does it import? From what countries? 3. What are its main industries? Where are the main industrial centres located? 4. Is it profitable for the country to produce semi-finished goods or cheap articles? Why is it (not) ...? 5. Are many workers employed in manufacturing? How many ...? 6. Does ... trade with other countries? What countries ...? 7. Does it depend financially and economically on any other country? 8. Is the policy of its government influenced by any other country? By which country ...? 9. What is being done to intensify production and increase labour productivity? 10. What is being done to make the farmer's work more productive? 11. How is management training organised? VII. Your friend has just come from the country you are interested in. Question him about the economical situation of this country. D I A L O G U E S Read the following dialogues. Reproduce them in pairs. Talking Business I "I should like to speak to Mr. Grey." "Have you an appointment?" "No. But here is my card." II "Good morning, Mr. Grey. What can 1 do for you?" "I've got a proposal to make. I think you know our firm." "Yes, I do, but I've never had the pleasure of doing any business with you." "Our firm has a great distributing business with branches in several countries. We suggest that you should act as our agents and handle our business in this country." "What about the terms of payment and other conditions?" "We propose to allow you 2.5% (two and a half per cent) commission on all business transacted." "I think it would suit us, but I've got to consult my partners first." III "We wish to inform you, Mr. Brown, that we are ready to give you technical assistance in the construction of the project." "I am glad to hear it. Let's discuss the terms in detail." IV "We've reached agreement on the main points: the cost of equipment, the terms of payment and the terms of delivery." "Well, let's consider the matter settled." V "We have carefully studied your draft contract and we believe the terms could be acceptable. Only we'd like to clear up some points." "What particular points would you like to clear up?" "The main point is the price of the equipment. It seems too high. Could you make it lower?" "My partners and I will look into the matter again and in a couple of days we'll be ready to resume our discussions." VI "You have received our claim, haven't you? You are responsible for the delay in commissioning the plant." "I think I've got to give you some explanation. The matter is that you failed to deliver the right material in time and that delayed us for several days, so we decline your claim." Vocabulary
J UST FOR FUN Read the following utterance. Express your opinion about it. The secret of economy is to live as cheaply the first few days after pay-day as you lived the last few days before. II. Read and translate the following jokes. Choose the joke you like most and retell it to your friend. *** An economical housewife was told that by using a certain stove she would safe half the quantity of coal. “ Oh, that’s very good,” she said, “I’ll have two and save the whole lot.” *** "Why have you written the word 'bank' in the middle of a sentence with a capital 'B'?" asked the teacher. "Because my pa said a bank was no good unless it had a large capital." *** “I will save you $1,000," said an adventurer. “You mean to give your daughter $10000 as a marriage portion” "Yes, I do." "Well, sir, I will take her with $9,000." |