методичка английский. Учебное пособие для студентов 23 курсов очной формы обучения специальности 351400 Прикладная информатика в экономике
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household appliances — домашние приборы / устройства microwave oven — микроволновая печь indoor climate control system — система регуляции температуры в доме 2. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких типах компьютеров и сферах их применения вы узнали. Text 1. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting. Now we'll get acquainted with the computer system units that perform these functions. But to begin with let's examine computer systems from the perspective of the system designer, or architect. It should be noted that computers and their accessory equipment are designed by a computer system architect, who usually has a strong engineering background. As contrasted with the analyst, who uses a computer to solve specific problems, the computer system architect usually designs computer that can be used for many different applications in many different business. For example, the product lines of major computer manufacturers such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation and many others are the result of the efforts of teams of computer system architects. Unless you are studying engineering, you don't need to become a computer system architect. However, it is important that as a potential user, applications programmer or systems analyst you understand the functions of the major units of a computer system and how they work together. Types of computers The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For example, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quantities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control. Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going, or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing. Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and industrial computer applications rely on the combination of analog and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household appliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide inputs to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital computers. 3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1 Who designs computers and their accessory equipment? 2. What is the role of an analyst? 3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect? 4. What functions do computer systems perform? 5. What types of computers do you know? 6. What is the principle of operation of analog computers? 7. How do digital computers differ from analog computers? 8. Where are digital and analog computers used? 9. What are hybrid computers? 10. Where do they find application? 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Функции ввода, хранения, обработки, управления и вывода информации; познакомиться; системные блоки; для начала; вспомогательные устройства; разработчик компьютерной системы; хорошая компьютерная подготовка; различные сферы применения; корпорация цифрового оборудования; прикладной программист; системный разработчик; главные устройства компьютерной системы; моделировать физические величины; измерение сигналов; в отличие от; иметь дело скорее с дискретными, чем непрерывными величинами; в режиме реального времени; коммерческие операции; цифровое вычисление; аналого-цифровые компьютеры; тенденция к установке систем управления; домашние приборы. 5. Образуйте и переведите имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов: A. -er, -or То control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert, to print, to consume, to record. B. -tion, -sion To organize, to collect, to combine, to apply (ic), to represent, to add, to corporate, to transact, to compute, to produce, to operate, to execute, to protect, to substitute, to prepare, to invent, to decide, to eliminate, to communicate, to correct, to inform. С -ment To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to accomplish, to improve, to develop, to achieve, to displace, to govern, to move. 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства. 1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems. 5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 6. Being discrete events commercial transactions are ina natural form for a digital computer. 7. As contrasted with the analyst, the computer system architect designs computers for many different applications. 8. While dealing with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than measure. 9. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice — to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 10. As known all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outputting. 7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2. hardware — аппаратное обеспечение; аппаратура; оборудование software — программное обеспечение; программные средства system software — системное программное обеспечение application software — прикладное программное обеспечение firmware — встроенное /микропроцессорное программное обеспечение visible units — видимый блок, устройство procedure — процедура, процесс; метод, методика; алгоритм to associate — соединять; объединять; связывать associated documentation — соответствующая документация to execute applications programs — выполнять прикладные программы payroll — платежная ведомость inventory control — инвентаризация; переучет investment analyses — анализ инвестиций (капиталовложений) to protect — защищать read-only memory (ROM) — постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ) to refer to — относиться к; ссылаться на to substitute — заменять; замещать to cause — заставлять, вынуждать; причина, основание to accomplish — завершать, заканчивать; выполнять, осуществлять performance — производительность; быстродействие; рабочая характеристика 8. Прочтите текст 2 и объясните, как вы понимаете термины «аппаратное обеспечение» и «программное обеспечение». Переведите текст. Text 2. HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software — the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software. Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team. Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software. Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read-only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on. Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition. 9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6. Who prepares systems software? 7. What are applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What is firmware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware? 10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Видимые устройства; система обработки данных; аппаратное обеспечение; набор компьютерных программ; соответствующая документация; эффективная работа; системное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение; системный программист; платежная ведомость; переучет; анализ инвестиций; прикладная программа; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное запоминающее устройство; последовательность команд; в случае; производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину выполнять ту же функцию; выполнять сложение. 11. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь перевести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами. Architecture:communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual architecture. Software:system software; application software; database software; disk software; educational software; game software; management software; simulation software. Hardware:computer hardware; device hardware; display hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hardware; system hardware; video hardware. Procedure:accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure; data-processing procedure; decision procedure; error-correcting procedure; formatting procedure; installation procedure; management procedure; solution procedure. Protection:computer protection; data protection; device protection; display protection; error protection; hardware protection; software protection; resource protection; security protection; system protection; virus protection. 12. Озаглавьте каждый компонент текста и составьте небольшой реферат к нему. STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS 1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum tubes, and are considerably smaller. Transistors are less expensive and more reliable. They were mechanically rugged, had practically unlimited life and could do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were made of crystallic solid material called semiconductor. With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed. 2. The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the development of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were generally each about the same size as packaged transistors. Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element — the switch, or "flip-flop', which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged into a single small unit in 1960. The chip was an important achievement in the accelerating step of computer technology. 3. In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) developed the Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC) in a kit. The Altair had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to enter the information. Its capacity was less than one per cent that of the 1991 Hewlett-Packard handheld computer. But the Altair led to a revolution in computer electronics that continues today. Hardware manufacturers soon introduced personal computers, and software manufacturers began developing software to allow the computers to process words, manipulate data, and draw. During the 1980s computers became progressively smaller, better and cheaper. Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. A wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background. 13. Выполните письменный перевод упр. 12 (по вариантам). К О Н Т Р О Л Ь Н Ы Е В О П Р О С Ы What do you know about computers?
Т Е С Т О В Ы Е З А Д А Н И Я UNIT 1 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. Information is given into the computer in the form of ________. a) ideas; b) characters; c) rules 2. The basic function of a computer is __________ information. a) to switch; b) to keep; c) to process 3. The data needed for solving problems are kept in the ________. a) memory; b) input device; c) output device 4. Inputting information into the computer is realized by means of _________. a) a printer; b) letters; c) diskettes 5. A computer can carry out arithmetic-logical operations __________. a) quickly; b) instantaneously; c) during some minutes 6. Computers have become _________ in homes, offices, research institutes. a) commonwealth; b) commonplace; c) common room 7. Space uses computers widely. a) information; b) production; c) exploration 8. Computers are used for image _________. a) processing; b) operating; c) producing 9. Computers help in of economy. a) environment; b) management; c) government 10. Air traffic control depends on computer- _________ information. a) generated; b) instructed; c) combined 2. Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, определения, представленные справа. 1. Computer a) a machine by which information is received from the computer; 2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters; 3. Input device c) an electronic machine that processes data under the control of a stored program; 4. Memory d) a disk drive reading the information into the computer; 5. Output device e) information given in the form of characters. UNIT 2 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. Transistors have many_______ over vacuum tubes. a) patterns; b) advantages; c) scales 2. They very little power. a) consume; b) generate; c) embrace 3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements connected together by some circuit _________technique. a) processing; b) assembly; c) manipulation 4. The transistor consists of a small piece of a_______ with three electrodes. a) diode; b) conductor; c) semiconductor. 5. Modern began in the early 20th century with the invention of electronic tubes. a) miniaturization; b) electronics; c) microelectronics 6. John Fleming was the of the first two-electrode vacuum tube. a) generator; b) receiver; c) inventor 7. One of the transistor advantages was lower power ________in comparison with vacuum tubes. a) consumption; b) reception; c) transmission. 8. Microelectronics greatly extended man's intellectual __________. a) subsystems; b) capabilities; c) dimensions 2. Раскройте скобки и выберите глагол в требуемом залоге: действительном или страдательном. 1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of discrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately. UNIT 3 1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово. 1. British scientists invented a ________ way of multiplying and dividing. a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical 2. A new branch of mathematics,______, was invented in England and Germany independently. a) mechanics; b) arithmetics; c) calculus 3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding ________ by punched cards. a) letters; b) data; c) numbers 4. Soon punched cards were replaced by ___ terminals. a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard 5. Mark I was the first computer that could solve mathematical problems. a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical 6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing in formation in a ________code. a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary 7. Vacuum tubes could control and electric signals. a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate 8. The first generation computers were and often burned out. a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable 9. Computers of the second generation used which reduced computational time greatly. a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes 10. Due to the development of the fourth generation computers became possible. a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminiaturization 2. Выберите правильный перевод предложений, содержащих неличные формы глагола (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I, Participle II). 1. That was the machine provided with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. а) Машину обеспечили необходимыми фактами, чтобы она решила проблему. б) То была машина, снабженная необходимой информацией о задаче, которую предстояло решить. в) Эту машину обеспечили необходимой информацией о решаемой задаче. 2. The computers designed to use IС were called third generation computers. а) Компьютеры сконструировали для использования ИС и назвали их третьим поколением. б) Компьютеры назывались третьим поколением, потому что в них использовалисьИС. в) Компьютеры, сконструированные, чтобы использовать ИС, назывались компьютерами третьего поколения. 3. Mark I was the first machine to figure out mathematical problems. а) Первая машина для вычисления математических проблем была Марк I. б) Марк I явилась первой машиной для вычисления математических задач. в) Марк I была первой машиной, которая вычисляла математические задачи. 4. Early computers using vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds. а) Первые компьютеры, использующие электронные лампы, могли выполнять вычисления в течение миллисекунд. б) Ранние компьютеры использовали вакуумные лампы, которые выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды. в) Рано компьютеры, использующие электронные трубки, выполняли вычисления за миллисекунды. 5. Vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals were invented by Neumann. а) Изобретенные Нойманом вакуумные лампы регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы. б) Нойман изобрел электронные лампы для управления и усиления электрических сигналов. в) Электронные лампы, которые регулировали и усиливали электрические сигналы, были изобретены Нойманом. 6. Neumann's machine called the EDVAC was designed to store both data and instructions. а) Ноймановскую машину, называемую EDVAC, сконструировали для хранения информации и команд. б) Машина Ноймана, названная EDVAC, была создана, чтобы запоминать как информацию, так и команды. в) Машину Ноймана, которая хранила данные и инструкции, назвали EDVAC. 7. Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. а) Компьютеры были созданы, чтобы выполнять вычисления для военных и научных целей. б) Компьютеры создали для выполнения военных и научных вычислений. в) Созданные компьютеры выполняли вычисления военного и научного назначения. 8. An American clerk invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. а) Американский служащий изобрел посредством кодирования информации перфокарту. б) Американский клерк изобрел перфокарту, кодируя информацию. в) Американский служащий изобрел средство шифрования информации путем пробивания отверстий в карте. UNIT 4 1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово 1. Computer data system frees humans from routine error-prone tasks. a) counting; b) computing; c) processing 2. Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and________it. a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond 3. The entered data can be transmitted by networks. a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession 4. The possibility of is reduced if data were correctly put into the data processing system, a) character; b) access; c) error 5. Computer data processing systems can at a fraction of a second. a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve 6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of _____data. a) invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible 7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the human _______is limited. a) computation; b) information; c) manipulation 8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly_________. a) decreasing; b) increasing; c) eliminating 2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа. 1. Inputting a) saving information for further processing; 2. Character b) the process of producing useful information; 3. Database c) meaningful collections of related characters;
processing; 6. Outputting f) directing the sequence of the operations performed;
10. Storing j) the process of entering collected into a data processing system UNIT 5 1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово 1. Computers and their _______ equipment are designed by a computer system architect a) engineering; b) accessory; c) specific 2. Digital computers use numbers instead of analogous physical _________ . a) symbols; b) equipment; c) quantities 3. Systems are usually stored in read-only memory. a) hardware; b) software; c) firmware 4. A computer is a machine with a complex network of electronic _______that operate switches. a) circuits; b) cores; c) characters 5. In modern electronic computers the is the device that acts as a switch. a) integrated circuit; b) diode; c) transistor 6. A number of actions that convert data into useful information is defined as________. a) data; b) processing; c) data processing 7. Computers can store, organize and retrieve great amounts of information, far beyond the________of humans. a) capacities; b) capabilities; c) accuracy 8. The analyst a computer for solving problems, while the computer system architect___ computers. a) requires; b) designs; c) uses 9. The use of _______ computers will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and minicomputers. a) analog; b) digital; c) hybrid 10. The development of third generation computers became possible due to the invention of_______. a) integrated circuits; b) electronic tubes; c) transistors 2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа. 1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite function 2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions enabling the computer to solve a given task 3. Digital computer c) a tiny piece of silicon containing complex electronic circuits used inside all computers 4. Hardware d) a system which processes and stores great amount of data solving problems of numerical computation 5. Software e) a device which can carry out routine mental tasks by performing simple operations at high speed 6. Program f) electronic and mechanical equipment in a computer system 7. Programming g) a set of programs, procedures and associated documentation 8. Integrated circuit h) the process of preparation a set of coded instructions for a computer 9. Chip i) a device that has input and output represented in the form of physical quantities 10. Transistor j) a small piece of a semiconductor that greatly reduced power consumption of a circuit 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя: А. Правильную неличную форму глагола 1. Computing is a concept (embraced; embracing; for embracing) not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy. 2. We can make the computer do what we want (inputted; to input; by inputting) signals (turning; turned; without turning) switches on and off. 3. Computers have a means (by communicating; of communicating; communicated) with the user. 4. Computers work according to the instructions (giving; given; to give) to it by users. 5. The transistor (inventing; invented; for inventing) in 1948 completely changed the vacuum tubes. Б. Глагол в действительном или страдательном залоге 1. Computers (applied; are applied; are applying) for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. 2. The programs (write; have written; are written) to help people in the use of the computer system. 3. As digital computers (count; counted; are counted) quickly, they widely (use; used; are used) in business data processing. 4. Once data (entered; have entered; have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced; is reduced; are reduced). 5. It is known that an analyst (use; uses; is used) a computer to solve specific problems. 4. Прочтите текст и выберите правильные ответы на поставленные ниже вопросы к тексту. FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA As it is well known, Russian scientists made great contribution into the development of computers. Russian mathematician P. Chebyshev who lived in the 19th century was interested in calculators. Among many other mechanisms invented by him there was an arithmometer designed in 1876. It was one of the most unique calculating machines of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century Academic A. Krylov constructed a mechanical integrator for solving differential equations. The first Soviet computer, a small-size computing machine (MESM) was tested in 1950 under Academician S. Lebedev. Next year it was put into operation. In a year MESM was followed by BESM, a large-size electronic computing machine, with 8000 operations per second. Serial production of computers in the USSR has been started since 1953. That year U. Basilevsky headed the design and manufacture of computer STRELA. 1958 witnessed the production of M-20, computers of the first generation under the guidance of S. Lebedev. The first generation of electron tube computers was followed by the second generation of foto transistor computers, using magnetic logic elements. Starting with 1964 semiconductor computers — URAL, BESM-4 and M-220 were produced. Under Academician Glushkov small-size computers MIR, MIR-2 and DNEPR were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics. I  n the late 60s together with other members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance the Soviet Union started on the program of Unified Computer System, the program concerned with the third generation of computers with high-speed performance and program compatibility (совместимость).1. What was one of the first achievements in the sphere of calculating in Russia? a) calculator; b) arithmometer; c) mechanical integrator 2. When was the first Soviet computer put into operation? a) in 1950; b) in 1951; c) in 1952 3. Who headed the serial production of computers in the USSR? a) A.Krylov; b) S.Lebedev; c) U. Basilevsky 4. Which machine was the first in the development of the first generation computers? Academician B.M. Glushkov a) MESM; b) STRELA; с) М-20 5. When did the production of the third generation computers begin? a) late 60s; b) early 70s; c) late 70s К Р А Т К И Й Г Р А М М А Т И Ч Е С К И Й С П Р А В О Ч Н И К НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА - ГЕРУНДИЙ, ПРИЧАСТИЕ, ИНФИНИТИВ Герундий (The Gerund) Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия, но не имеет категории лица, числа, наклонения, а поэтому самостоятельно никогда не выступает в роли простого сказуемого. Герундий, в отличие от личных форм глагола, выражает время по отношению к моменту действия, выраженного в личной форме, т.е. одновременное или предшествующее. Герундий выражает одновременное действие: We cannot master English without working at itsystematically.Мы не можем овладеть английским, не работая над ним систематически. Герундий выражает предшествующее действие: After having finished the experiment the scientist described it in the article. Закончивопыт, ученый описал его в статье. Категория времени у герундия носит относительный характер, т.е. временные отличия приобретаются лишь в сопоставлении с временем личной формы сказуемого данного предложения. Герундий выражает залог страдательный: The manager insisted on the question being reconsidered. Менеджер настаивал на том, чтобы вопрос был пересмотрен. Герундий действительный: The workers are proud of having won the first place in the competition.Рабочие горды тем, что заняли первое место в соревновании. Формы герундия Active Passive Indefinite translating being translated Perfect having translated having been translated Глагольные свойства герундия выражаются также в том, что он, как и глагол, может определяться наречием и иметь при себе прямое дополнение: Writing quickly is tiring. Писатьбыстро - утомительно. Their aim was increasing the labour productivity. Их целью было повышение производительности труда. Герундий - промежуточная форма между глаголом и существительным. Вот почему он сочетает глагольные свойства со свойствами существительного (табл. 1) и выполняет в предложении синтаксические функции существительного (табл. 2). Таблица 1 Примеры перевода герундия
Таблица 2 Примеры функции герундия в предложении
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