Типовик_Ноябрь 2008 English. Учебное пособие для студентов технических вузов Английский язык Москва Издательство 2009 Утверждено учебным управлением мэи подготовлено на кафедре английского языка

• Название: Учебное пособие для студентов технических вузов Английский язык Москва Издательство 2009 Утверждено учебным управлением мэи подготовлено на кафедре английского языка
• Анкор: Типовик_Ноябрь 2008 English.doc
• Дата: 22.04.2017
• Размер: 0.6 Mb.
• Имя файла: Типовик_Ноябрь 2008 English.doc
• Тип: Учебное пособие; #5032
• страница: 9 из 22

Тема 14. Способы выражения долженствования

Examples: All the preparations should be completed in a week. – Все приготовления должныбыть закончены через неделю. to have to – должен (вынужден) hadto – должен был (вынужден был) tobeto – должен (по договору, закону, плану) must – должен (обязан) should – должен (понуждение к действию) oughtto– должен (моральный долг)

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A. 1. Some advantage in detector sensitivity is to be gained by working at low outlet pressures.

2. 
   A Chinese visitor should be received at the front door and be conducted by the host to a reception-room.
   
3. 
   We should use modern apparatus to repeat Joule's experiments.
   
4. 
   A certain amount of work must always produce the same change of temperature.
   
5. 
   Chemical energy shall be changed to heat and then to mechanical energy.
   
6. 
   Energy changes are wasteful, we should save energy.
   
7. 
   Energy should be stored in energy sources, such as fuels and batteries.
   
8. 
   You should not always judge a stranger by the clothes he wears.
   
9. 
   Extracts from different books copied by hand were to be sent by post.
   
10. 
    You should have changed the current strength at all points of the circuit.
    

B. 1. In order to make the satellite a whole number of highly involved scientific and engineering problems had to be solved.

2. 
   A scientist must have the gift of looking into the future if he is to plan his work properly.
   
3. 
   If radiation is to occur at certain critical frequencies, absorption must also occur there.
   
4. 
   In order to see the molecules separately we must necessarily use radiation with a wavelength thousands of times shorter than that of visible light – or, in other words, we have to use radiation called X-rays.
   
5. 
   As we proceed with the study of chemistry we shall find that the subjects with which we are most concerned are those which have to do with matter and with energy.
   
6. 
   You need not be afraid to live or work near a nuclear reactor, for should something go wrong, warning lights would tell the men at the control panel to press a bottom marked “screen control”.
   
7. 
   Glinka was convinced that it was in Russian folk music that he should seek the basis for his own creative work.
   
8. 
   It was the war that finally brought the realization of who the hero of Soviet fiction should be.
   
9. 
   The discussion of the previous section must have made it clear that in order to understand the problem of life in general, we must look for the solution in the structure and properties of the living cells.
   
10. 
    A rough estimate of the rate of cooling and growth of the solid crust of our globe indicates that the cooling process must have begun several billion years ago.
    
11. 
    It was considered at first that a cubical design of telescope should have been adopted.
    
12. 
    For a country to be capable of independence, it must possess economic autonomy, and for this it is essential that the economic system should be largely in native hands.
    
13. 
    Never getting any support in tsarist Russia, Jabloshkov had to leave his fatherlandYou ought to stay longer, and you will see that everything isn't as beautiful as it looks at first sight.
    

Тема 15. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
can, to be able, may, to be allowed to

Examples: 1. A computing machine can store information. – Вычислитель-ная машина может хранить информацию. 2. Any moving object isable to do work. – Любой движущийся объект может (способен) совершать работу. 3. You may use this device – Вы можете использовать это устройство. 4. Can I close the window? It is too cold. – Можно я закрою окно?Очень холодно(разрешение в неофициальной обстановке) 5. One is allowed to touch the wire when the circuit is open. – Касаться провода можно(разрешается) тогда, когда цепь разомкнута. 6. He may change his opinion. – Может быть (возможно), он изменит свое мнение. 7. I can see the bird flying in the sky. – Я вижу птицу, летающую в небе (усилениезначения).

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A. 1. A computer cannot think for itself.

2. 
   Scientists are able to solve this problem.
   
3. 
   You may use this device.
   
4. 
   He may be in his office.
   
5. 
   The professor spoke in a low voice but the students could understand what he was saying.
   
6. 
   He can put this machine into operation.
   
7. 
   He is able to control the operation.
   
8. 
   This substance can change its property.
   
9. 
   You may be mistaken.
   
10. 
    We are not allowed to test this equipment.
    

B. 1. They will not be able to complete the research.

2. 
   Many scientific problems can be solved by the methods used in higher mathematics.
   
3. 
   A computer may run through writing a programme in a few minutes.
   
4. 
   If you replace an ammeter with a voltmeter you will not be able to measure current.
   
5. 
   A computer can only operate at high speed according to the instruction.
   
6. 
   They are allowed to modify one of the technical components of the installation to increase sufficiently its output power.
   
7. 
   The equipment for digital computers is able to provide data within a period of time that is less than a few milliseconds.
   
8. 
   You are not allowed to use computer without a break.
   
9. 
   Computers can control machines, work out tomorrow’s weather and even play chess, write poetry or compose music.
   
10. 
    There are suggestions that laser beams may ultimately replace cables in telecommunications.
    
11. 
    A CO₂ gas laser can cut through brick or granite at a temperature of 1500°C.
    
12. 
    The strength of the laser is such that it can pierce very hard substances such as diamonds and metals.
    
13. 
    Various media by which we can communicate quickly and over large distances may leave quite unpredictable influence on the human condition.
    
14. 
    Computers can help us to deal with the knowledge explosion in many ways.
    
15. 
    Besides their electric properties which in themselves may be of great variety, semiconductors vary in such physical qualities as magnetism, specific heat and thermal conductivity.
    
16. 
    A current can heat a conductor, it can have a chemical action when passing through a solution, or it can produce a magnetic effect.
    
17. 
    We can measure current by observing their heating, chemical or magnetic effects.
    
18. 
    We cannot overestimate the importance of semiconductors in our life.
    

Тема 16. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
must = tobeto – должен (обязан) (по плану, по договоренности),
must = tohaveto – должен (обязан) (вынужденное действие)

Examples: 1. The experiment must be carried out very carefully. – Этот эксперимент должен быть проведен очень тщательно. 2. We haveto start the experiment. – Мы должны (вынуждены) начать эксперимент (в силу обстоятельств). 3. Thatmust be difficult. – Должно быть это трудно (вероятность). 4. We areto get this device for our laboratory. – Мы должны получить это устройство для нашей лаборатории (необходимость, вытекающая в силу предварительной договоренности).

Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian

A.

1. 
   Students must know the fundamental laws of physics.
   
2. 
   The operator must detect a moving object.
   
3. 
   When is the lecture to begin?
   
4. 
   You will have to finish this task quickly.
   
5. 
   The engineer has to improve this device.
   
6. 
   You must be joking.
   
7. 
   You do not need to use this instrument.
   
8. 
   It must be done on time.
   
9. 
   The methods applied must show good results.
   
10. 
    The radar must continuously track the satellite flight.
    

B.

1. 
   We must know the fundamental properties of a magnet well.
   
2. 
   The average speed of all molecules must remain the same as long as the temperature is constant.
   
3. 
   You must detect the particles using this device.
   
4. 
   You have to use special instrument indicating the temperature of the metals.
   
5. 
   The scientists are to apply the methods to increase the productivity of motors.
   
6. 
   A group of engineers have to improve the efficiency of the machine.
   
7. 
   The problem must be settled.
   
8. 
   You must put the generator out of action when a short circuit occurs.
   
9. 
   We have to use a computer to make these calculations.
   
10. 
    When is the lecture to begin?
    
11. 
    The professor went about thinking of his discovery and what was to become of it.
    
12. 
    You will have to modify one of the technical components of the installation.
    
13. 
    You must finish the project quickly.
    
14. 
    Scientists have to design an affective non-conventional power station.
    
15. 
    There must be a special compensating device connected to the cold end of the thermocouple.
    
16. 
    The equipment must have much longer life time.