Английский. Учебник МЭО 1 курс. Учебное пособие по английскому языку. Мировая экономика. Часть 1 Москва 2012 удк 81(075. 8)111 ббк 81 Англ. 7365. 5
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Special DaysIt is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and other special occasions. Here are some of the most common: Birthdays Happy birthday! Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday! Many happy returns! Wedding / Anniversary Congratulations! Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary! Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast) Special Holidays Merry Christmas! Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc. All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc. When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also common to ask them what they received: Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus? Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you? Special Occasions Congratulations on your promotion! All the best for your ... I'm so proud of you!
Making Small Talk The ability to make 'small talk' is highly valued. In fact, many English students are more interested in making effective small talk than knowing correct grammar structures - and rightly so! Small talk gets friendships started and 'breaks the ice' before important business meetings and other events. What is small talk? Small talk is a pleasant conversation about common interests. Why is small talk difficult for some English learners? First of all, making small talk is not difficult only for English learners, but also for many native speakers of English. However, small talk can be especially difficult for some learners because making small talk means talking about almost anything - and that means having a wide vocabulary that can cover most topics. Most English learners have excellent vocabulary in specific areas, but may have difficulties discussing topics they are unfamiliar with because of a lack of appropriate vocabulary. This lack of vocabulary leads to some students’ 'blocking'. They slow down or stop speaking completely because of a lack of self-confidence. How to Improve Small Talk Skills Now that we understand the problem, the next step is to improve the situation. Here are some tips to improve small talk skills. Of course, making effective small talk means lots of practice, but keeping these tips in mind should improve overall conversational skills.
Spend time on the Internet, reading magazines, or watching TV specials about the type of people you are going to meet. For example: If you are taking a class with students from other countries, take time after the first few days of class to do some research. They will appreciate your interest and your conversations will be much more interesting.
While you may believe in something very strongly, beginning conversations and making small talk about your own personal convictions may abruptly end the conversation. Keep it light, don't try to convince the other person that you have the 'correct' information about a higher being, political system or other belief system.
This is related to doing research about other people. If you have a business meeting, or are meeting people who share a common interest (a basketball team, a tour group interested in art, etc.), take advantage of the Internet to learn specific vocabulary. Almost all businesses and interest groups have glossaries on the Internet explaining the most important jargon related to their business or activity.
Take time to make a list of common interests that are discussed when making small talk in your own culture. You can do this in your own language, but check to make sure that you have the English vocabulary to make small talk about those subjects.
Once you have a subject that interests both of you, keep to it! You can do this in a number of ways: talking about travel, talking about the school or friend you have in common, talking about the differences between your culture and the new culture (just be careful to make comparisons and not judgments, i.e., The food in our country is better than the food here in England").
This is very important. Don't get so worried about being able to communicate that you don't listen. Listening carefully will help you understand and encourage those speaking to you. You might be nervous, but letting others state their opinions will improve the quality of the discussion - and give you time to think of an answer! Task 1: Answer the questions
Task 2: Work in pairs. Make small talk between
Talking TO People There are different ways to talk to people depending on your relationship and the situation. Here are the basics of using first name, titles, and other forms in spoken English. First Name Only Use the first name in informal and friendly situations. Use first name with your friends, co-workers, acquaintances and fellow students. Hi, Tom. Do you want to go to a film tonight? - Man to his friend Excuse me, Mary. What did you think of that presentation yesterday? - Woman to a co-worker in the office Do you know the answer to number seven, Jack? - Student to another student If you are speaking with co-workers in the office about work, use a first name. However, if you are speaking to a supervisor or someone you manage, you may have to use a title and last name in more formal situations. The use of first name or title depends on the atmosphere in the office. Traditional businesses (banks, insurance companies, etc.) tend to be more formal. Young companies, such as internet companies, are often very informal. Ms. Smith, could you come to the meeting this afternoon? - Supervisor speaking to a subordinate at work Here is the report you asked for Mr. James. - Man to his supervisor Title and Last Name Use the title (Mr, Mrs, Ms, etc.) and last name in formal situations such as meetings, public speaking, or when speaking to superiors at work or school. Remember that some work places prefer an informal tone between management and staff. It's best to begin using a title and last name (Hello, Ms Anders!) and change if your supervisors ask you to use a first name basis. Good morning Ms Johnson. Did you have a good weekend? - Student to her teacher Mr Johnson, I'd like to introduce you to Jack West from Chicago. - Employee introducing a colleague to his supervisor Talking ABOUT People Speaking about other people also depends on the situation. Generally, in informal situations use first names. In more formal situations, use the title and last names. In addition to these choices, there are a few other possibilities. First Name Only Used in informal situations with friends and co-workers. Have you heard that Mary is moving to Los Angeles? - Boy speaking to his friend Peter's getting a promotion next month. - Woman speaking to a co-worker Last Name Only When speaking about public figures such as actors and politicians, it is also quite common to use just the last name. Bush is finally leaving soon! - One man to another Nadal is a monster on the court. - A tennis player speaking to his doubles partner Sometimes, supervisors might use just the last name when speaking to a co-worker. Generally, this means the supervisor is not too happy. Jones hasn't completed the report on time. - Boss complaining to another manager Ask Anderson to come into the office as soon as he gets in. - Supervisor speaking to a co-worker First and Last Name Use both the first and last name in informal and formal situations in order to be more specific in identifying a person. Frank Olaf was promoted to department head last week. - One co-worker to another Isn't that Susan Hart over there? - One friend to another Title and Last Name Use the title and last name in more formal situations. Use this form when showing respect and / or being polite. I think Ms Wright assigned some homework. - One student to a teacher I think Mr Adams is the best candidate. - One voter speaking to another voter at a rally Task: make up a short conversation using first name, title or other forms appropriately:
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