английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
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to go behind smb's back — to do or say smth expressly without his knowledge to do smth behind smb's back — to do it without his knowledge or when he is not present IV. Speaking. Read, translate and comment the proverb. Express your own ideas about it. Discuss the ideas in groups. One foot is better than two crutches. V. Supplement. Text 1 1. Read and translate the following text. Get acquainted with the information about the work and functions of muscles. MUSCLES AND WHAT THEY DO Bones don't work alone — they need help from the muscles and joints. Muscles pull on the joints, allowing us to move. They also help your body perform other functions so you can grow and remain strong, such as chewing food and then moving it through the digestive system. The human body has more than 650 muscles, which make up half of a person's body weight. They are connected to bones by tough, cord-like tissues called tendons, which allow the muscles to pull on bones. Humans have three different kinds of muscle: Skeletal muscle is attached to bone, mostly in the legs, arms, abdomen, chest, neck, and face. Skeletal muscles are called striated because they are made up of fibers' that have horizontal stripes when viewed under a microscope. These muscles hold the skeleton together, give the body shape, and help it with everyday movements (known as voluntary muscles because you can control their movement). They can contract2 (shorten or tighten) quickly and powerfully, but they tire easily and have to rest between workouts. Smooth3, or involuntary, muscle is also made of fibers, but this type of muscle looks smooth, not striated. Generally, we can't consciously control our smooth muscles; rather, they're controlled by the nervous system automatically (which is why they're also called involuntary). Examples of smooth muscles are the walls of the stomach and intestines, which help break up food and move it through the digestive system. Smooth muscle is also found in the walls of blood vessels, where it squeezes the stream of blood flowing through the vessels to help maintain blood pressure. Smooth muscles take longer to contract than skeletal muscles do, but they can stay contracted for a long time because they don't tire easily. Cardiac muscleis found in the heart. The walls of the heart's chambers are composed almost entirely of muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle is also an involuntary type of muscle. Its rhythmic, powerful contractions force blood out of the heart as it beats. Even when you sit perfectly still, muscles throughout your body are constantly moving. Muscles enable your heart to beat, your chest to rise and fall as you breathe, and your blood vessels to help regulate the pressure and flow of blood through your body. When we smile and talk, muscles are helping us communicate, and when we exercise, they help us stay physically fit and healthy. The movements your muscles make are coordinated and controlled by the brain and nervous system. The involuntary muscles are controlled by structures deep within the brain and the upper part of the spinal cord called the brain stem. The voluntary muscles are regulated by the parts of the brain known as the cerebral motor cortex and the cerebellum. Notes: 1 fiber — волокно 2 to contract — скорочуватися 3 smooth — гладенький 2. Answer the following questions.
3. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.
6. The involuntary muscles are controlled by structures deep within the brain and by the brain stem. 7. The voluntary muscles are regulated by the hypothalamus. 4. Complete the sentences with the words given below.
a) movement, b) tendons, c) heart, d) move, e) involuntary 5. Fill in the table:
Text 2 1. Learn some terms describing the pathological conditions of the skeletal system. 2. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions after reading. SKELETAL SYSTEM DISORDERS Arthritis is not just a word doctors use when they talk about painful, stiff joints. In fact, there are many kinds of arthritis, each with different symptoms and treatments. Most types of arthritis are chronic. That means they can go on for a long period of time. Arthritis can attack joints in almost any part of the body. Some forms of arthritis cause changes you can see and feel swelling, warmth, and redness2 in your joints. In some the pain and swelling last only a short time, but are very bad. Other types cause less troublesome symptoms, but still slowly damage your joints. Older people most often have osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout. Osteoporosis is a disease marked by reduced bone strength leading to an increased risk of fractures3. Osteoporosis is the major underlying cause of fractures in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Fractures occur most often in bones of the hip, spine, and wrist, but any bone can be affected. Osteoporosis is often called a "silent disease" because it usually progresses without any symptoms until a fracture occurs or one or more vertebrae collapse. Collapsed vertebrae may first be felt or seen when a person develops severe back pain, loss of height, or spine malformations4 such as a stooped or hunched posture. Bones affected by osteoporosis may become so fragile that fractures occur spontaneously or as the result of minor bumps, falls, or normal stresses and strains such as bending, lifting, or even coughing. Scoliosiscauses a sideways curve5 of your backbone, or spine. These curves are often S- or C-shaped. Scoliosis is most common in late childhood and the early teens, when children grow fast. Girls are more likely to have it than boys. It can run in families. Symptoms include leaning to one side and having uneven shoulders and hips. Sometimes the curve is temporary. People with mild scoliosis might only need checkups to see if the curve is getting worse. Others might need to wear a brace or have surgery. Osteomyelitisis the medical term for an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by travelling through your bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Infections can also begin in the bone itself if trauma exposes your bone to germs. Bone infections commonly affect the long bones of your body, such as your leg bones and upper arm bone, as well as your spine and pelvis. Osteomyelitis often occurs in children as an acute condition. In adults, osteomyelitis may occur as either the acute and chronic form. Once considered incurable, osteomyelitis can be successfully treated today. Still, osteomyelitis is a serious condition, requiring aggressive treatment to prevent spread of your infection and to save the affected bone. Notes: 1 stiff — негнучкий, нееластичний 2 redness — почервоніння 3fracture — перелом 4malformation — неправильна будова 5 curve — кривизна, вигин 3. Answer the following questions.
45. The Cardiovascular System. Серцево-судинна система. I. Vocabulary. 1. Readandlearnthetopicalvocabulary. circulatorysystem— кровоносна система; heart— серце; lung— легеня; artery— артерія; vein— вена; capillary— капіляр; blood— кров; vessel— судина; aorta— аорта; chamber— порожнина; ventricle— шлуночок; atrium(pi. atria) — передсердя; valve— клапан; tricuspidvalve— тристулковий клапан; mitralvalve— мітральний двостулковий клапан; septum— перегородка. 2. Match the following English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones:
3. Match the terms and their definitions.
b. Pressure or force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels. c. Lower chambers of the heart that contract to pump blood into the arteries. d. Main artery of the body. e. Vessel that carries blood away from the heart. f. Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins. 4. Read and memorize some interesting facts.
II. Reading. Read the text closely. Get ready to speak about the structure of the human cardiovascular system. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM  The circulatory system is composed of the heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. Our bodies actually have two circulatory systems: thepulmonary circulationis a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again, and the systemic circulation(the system we usually think of as our circulatory system) sends blood from the heart to all the other parts of our bodies and back again. The heartis the key organ in the circulatory system. As a hollow, muscular pump, its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. The heart gets messages from the body that tell it when to pump more or less blood depending on an individual's needs. When we're sleeping, it pumps just enough to provide for the lower amounts of oxygen needed by our bodies at rest. When we're exercising or frightened, the heart pumps faster to increase the delivery of oxygen. The heart has four chambersthat are enclosed by thick, muscular walls. It lies between the lungs and just to the left of the middle of the chest cavity. The bottom part of the heart is divided into two chambers called the right and left ventricles,which pump bloodout of the heart. The upper part of the heart is made up of the other two chambers of the heart, the right and left atria.The right and left atria receive the blood entering the heart. The tricuspid valveseparates the right atrium from the right ventricle, and the mitral valveseparates the left atrium and the left ventricle. Arteriescarry blood away from the heart. They are the thickest blood vessels,with muscular walls that contract to keep the blood moving away from the heart andthrough the body. In the systemic circulation, oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the heart into the aorta. This huge artery curves up and back from the left ventricle, then heads down in front of the spinal column into the abdomen. Two coronary arteries branch off at the beginning of the aorta and divide into a network of smaller arteries that provide oxygen and nourishment to the muscles of the heart. Unlike the aorta, the body's other main artery, the pulmonary artery, carries oxygen-poor blood. From the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery divides into right and left branches, on the way to the lungs where blood picks up oxygen. Veins carry blood back to the heart. They're not as muscular as arteries, but they contain valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. The two largest veins are the superior and inferior vena cava. The terms superior and inferior don't mean that one vein is better than the other, but that they're located above and below the heart. A network of tiny capillaries connects the arteries and veins. Though tiny, the capillaries are one of the most important parts of the circulatory system because it's through them that nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the cells. In addition, waste products such as carbon dioxide are also removed by the capillaries. III. Post-reading activites. 1. Check how well you understand the text by answering the following questions.
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Cardiac muscles are also found in ... .