английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти

• Название: Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
• Анкор: английский за проф направлением.doc
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II. Language Development

1. Match the English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones and use them in sentences of your own.

1. organic compound	а. підсилювати хімічну реакцію
2. develop from nutrients	b. вітамін, що розчинюється у воді
3. facilitate the chemical re­action	с. різноманітна дієта
4. deficiency disease	d. органічна сполука
5. water-soluble vitamin	е. надлишкова затримка
6. ultraviolet wave of sun­light	f. розвиватися за рахунок поживних речовин
7. over-retention	g. вторинний дефіцит
8. secondary deficiency	h. хвороба, що спричинена недостатнітю харчування
9. varied diet	і. ультрафіолетова сонячна хвиля

2. Match the vitamins with their chemical names.

1. Vitamin A	a.	Riboflavin
2. Vitamin B,	b.	Pyridoxine
3. Vitamin B2	с.	Cobalamin
4. Vitamin B3	d.	Retinol
5. Vitamin B5	e.	Biotin
6. Vitamin B6	f.	Ascorbic acid
7. Vitamin B7	g.	Calciferol
8. Vitamin B9	h.	Niacin
9. Vitamin B12	і.	Tocopherol
10. Vitamin С	j.	Phylloquinone or menaquinone
11. Vitamin D	k.	Thiamine
12. Vitamin E	1.	Folic acid
13. Vitamin К	m.	Pantothenic acid

3. Match the sentence beginnings with their endings.

1. Vitamins regulate chemical reac­tions by which	a. over-retention of fat-soluble vitamins in the body.
2. Vitamins are essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs	b. are more likely to accumulate in the body and even cause hypervitaminosis.
3. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water,	с. so they are not stored and need
are readily excreted from the body with the urine,	consistent daily intake.
4. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids and	d. the body converts food into energy and living tissues.
5. Nutrients during pregnancy facili­tate the chemical reactions that	e. that make up a multicellular organism.
6. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that	f. prevents or limits the absorp­tion or use of the vitamins.
7. Restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin defi­ciency,	g. which may result in lots of dangerous diseases.
8. Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency	h. or caused by a defect in meta­bolic conversion.
9. Hypervitaminosis is the syndrome caused by	i. produce skin, bones, muscles and other vital tissues and or­gans.

4. Complete the sentences by choosing appropriate words or expressions from the box. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.

niacin fortified avitaminosis vitamin С diarrhoea water-soluble deficiency visual supply antioxidant

1. In much of the developed world, vitamin deficiencies are rare; this is due to (1) an adequate ... of food and (2) the addition of vita­mins and minerals to common foods, often called fortification.

2. The В vitamins are a group of... vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.

3. Human bodily stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B₁₂ are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the liver, and an adult human's diet may be defi­cient in vitamins A and D for many months and B₁₂ in some cases for years, before developing a ... condition.

4. However, vitamin B₃ (... and niacinamide) is not stored in the hu­man body in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks.

5. An increase in the proportion of animal protein in the 20^th century American diet coupled with increased consumption of milk ... with relatively small quantities of vitamin D.

6. In living organisms, ascorbate is an since it protects the body against oxidative stress.

7. Scurvy is an ... resulting from lack of vitamin C, since without this vitamin, the synthesized collagen is too unstable to perform its function.

8. A 1992 study found that taking 2 grams ... daily lowered blood histamine levels 38 percent in healthy adults in just one week.

9. When taken in large doses, ascorbic acid causes ... and other forms of indigestion in healthy subjects.

10. The role of vitamin A in the ... cycle is specifically related to the retinal form.
5. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate prepositions. Trans­late the completed text into Ukrainian.

Vitamins are classified by/with their biological and chemical act ty, not their structure. Thus, each "vitamin" refers to/on a number in/of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associ­ated by/with a particular vitamin. Such a set of/in chemicals is grouped under/above an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor" title, suck as "vitamin A", which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, four known carotenoids. Vitamers by/with definition are convertit for/to the active form of/for the vitamin in/at the body, and are some­times inter-convertible to/for one another, as well.

Until/After the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extr and semi-synthetic vitamin С supplement tablets were sold, vitar were obtained solely through food intake. Therefore changes at/in j (which, for example, could occur during/before a particular grov season) could alter the types and amounts of/in vitamins ingested. Vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary supplements, since/after the middle of the 20" century.

The term vitamin was derived from/out 'vitamine', a combinati word made up by/with Polish scientist Casimir Funk out/from vi and amine, meaning amine of/for life. It had been suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent berit and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be cher cal amines. This proved incorrect for/to the micronutrient class. on 1920, Jack Cecil Drummond proposed that the final 'e' be dropp to deemphasize the "amine" reference, after researchers began suspect that not all 'vitamines' (in/at particular, vitamin A) have amine component. So the word 'vitamine' was shortened to/by vita­min.
6 Complete the sentences about vitamins with the words from the box. One word is used twice.

immune system skin nervous system teeth eyes sunlight pregnancy large intestine antioxidant hemolytic anaemia metabolism blood stress brainenzymes

1. Vitamin A keeps the ... healthy and is important for good vision. It is found in fatty foods like butter, cheese, whole milk and yo­ghurt.

2. Vitamin A, and more specifically, retinoic acid, appears to main­tain normal ... health by switching on genes and differentiating keratinocytes (immature skin cells) into mature epidermal cells.

3. The В vitamins keep the ... healthy and help reduce... . They are found in foods like whole-grain bread and cereals.

4. Vitamin B₉ is needed before and during ... . It is present mainly in green leafy vegetables and legumes.

5. The primary role of vitamin B₆ is to act as a coenzyme to many other ... in the body that are involved predominantly in ... .

6. Vitamin B₁₂ is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the nor­mal functioning of the ... and nervous system, and for the forma­tion of... .

7. Vitamin С is needed to help the ... repair itself when it is damaged. It is found in fruit, especially citrus fruit and kiwifruit.

8. Vitamin D is needed for healthy bones and ... because it helps the body absorb calcium. Our body makes vitamin D when our ... is exposed to ... .

9. Vitamin E can be found most abundantly in wheat germ oil, and in sunflower or soybean oils. It is a fat-soluble ... that stops the production of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes oxidation.

10. Deficiency of vitamin E is very rare but mild ... in newborn infants may occur.

11. Vitamin K₁ is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spi­nach, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli; some fruits such as avo­cado, kiwifruit and grapes are also high in vitamin K.

12. Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the ... , can syn­thesize vitamin К₂, but not vitamin K_1.
7. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Comment your answer.

1. A vitamin is a non-organic compound required as a nutrient in small amounts for the healthy maintenance of the whole organ­ism.

2. All vitamins are synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organ­ism.

3. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water, and as they aren't readily excreted from the body with the urine, their reserves can last for long periods.

4. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids but they aren't likely to accumulate in the body.

5. Hypervitaminosis is more likely to be caused by water-soluble vi­tamins.

6. All vitamins of В complex have similar roles for our body and can be obtained only synthetically.

7. Retinol and other vitamers of vitamin A are necessary for healthy skin, development of the bones, and good vision.

8. Vitamin Kx is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, but vitamin Kj is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables and fruits.

9. Both avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis are similarly dangerous for a human body.

10. Restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficiency, which may result in potentially dangerous diseases.
8. What questions would you ask to obtain the following information?

• Role of vitamins in our life

• Influence of vitamins on human health

• Solubility and storage of vitamins

• Food sources of vitamins

• Factors that interfere with the absorption or use of vitamins

• Recommended diets

• Avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis

• Deficiency diseases
9. Answer the following questions.

1. What is vitamin?

2. Why do people need vitamins?

3. Is there any difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vita­mins? Name them.

4. How are vitamins synthesized?

5. Where can vitamins be found?

6. Which vitamins are necessary for:

• 
  healthy nervous system?
  
• 
  healthy immune system?
  
• 
  healthy skin, bones, vision?
  
• 
  healthy pregnancy?
  

7. What influences the absorption or use of vitamins?

8. How do we understand 'deficiency diseases'?

9. What diet is thought to be healthy?

10. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Вітаміни — це органічні сполуки різної хімічної природ необхідні в невеликих кількостях для нормального обмі речовин і життєдіяльності живих організмів.

2. Багато вітамінів є попередниками коферментів, які беру участь у ферментативних реакціях.

3. Людина і тварини не синтезують вітаміни або синтезують у недостатній кількості, тому повинні одержувати їх із їжею.

4. Нестача вітамінів призводить до порушення обміну речовин Джерелом вітамінів найчастіше є рослини.

5. За нормального раціону і здорового способу життя потреба у вітамінах задовольняється природним шляхом.

6. Однак узимку і навесні відчувається нестача вітамінів, щоспричиняє гіповітамінози. Надлишок вітамінів — гіпервітамі­ноз, що буває дуже рідко.

7. Одноманітне харчування, бідне на натуральні рослинні продукти, призводить до виникнення захворювання авітамінозу.

8. Фолієва кислота — вітамін В₉, що впливає на кровотворення, стимулює утворення еритроцитів і лейкоцитів, знижує вміст холестерину в крові. При авітамінозі розвивається недо­крів'я.

9. Добова потреба людини в аскорбіновій кислоті досить велика — 63—105 мг. Нестача аскорбінової кислоти може призвести до цинги.

10. Вітамін А і каротин мають чудову властивість накопичуватися в організмі і їх надлишки можуть зберігатися більше року.


XІІ тема: Основні системи людського організму.

XІІ тема: Основні системи людського організму.