VII. Language development
1. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the list.
common, teaching, followed, encompasses, engaged, carries, Doctor of Philosophy, provided
1. The history of pharmaceutical education has closely that of medical education.
2. Many institutions, in addition, offer graduate courses leading to the degrees of Master of Science and .
3. These advanced courses are intended especially for those, who are preparing for careers in research, manufacturing, or in the field of pharmacy.
4. This professional training includes many subjects to the medical curriculum.
5. The treatment of the sick with drugs a wide field of knowledge in biological and physical sciences.
6. The pharmacist is in business so special training is in merchandising, accounting, computer techniques, and pharmaceutical jurisprudence.
7. The passing of the board examination with it the legal right to practice pharmacy.
2. Fill in prepositions where necessary.
The training ... the pharmacist underwent changes from the apprenticeship system to formal educational courses.
The first pharmaceutical colleges in Great Britain were founded ... the beginning of the nineteenth century.
The first and frequently the second year of training are often provided ... a school of arts and sciences.
The course of instruction leading ... a degree in pharmacy was extended from four to five years in 1960.
The professional training involves practice ... hospital wards.
Before an applicant is permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain he must be qualified ... graduation ... a recognized college of pharmacy.
7. An applicant must meet specific requirements ... experience to be allowed to practice pharmacy.
3. Replace the underlined words with their synonym's.
recommendation, commonly, including, supplied, prolonged, similar, required, probable, methods, patients, knowledge, comprises, evident, satisfactory, accepted
1. The course of instruction leading to a degree in pharmacy was extended from four to five years in 1960.
2. The first and frequently the second year of training, embracing general education subjects, are often provided by a school of arts and sciences.
3. Many institutions, in addition, offer graduate courses in pharmacy and cognate sciences leading to the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in pharmacy, pharmacology, or related disciplines.
4. Several schools of pharmacy have now adopted a six-year professional course leading to the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy.
5. In this service the professionally trained pharmacist is expected to give advice to the physician in the techniques of administering medication and possible interaction of drugs in the patient, along with expected side effects.
6. Since the treatment of the sick with drugs encompasses a wide field of knowledge in the biological and physical sciences, it is obvious that understanding of these sciences is necessary for adequate pharmaceutical training.
4. Match each word from column A with its opposite from column B.
A
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В
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1. closely
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a. unofficial
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2. obvious
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b. to deprive
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3. formal
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c. to reduce
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4. to permit
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d. unclear
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5. to provide
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e. remotely
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6. to extend
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f. general
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7. to qualify
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g. entrance
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8. specific
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h. to forbid
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9. graduation
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i. to disqualify
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5. Answer the following questions.
What changes did the training of the pharmacist undergo?
When were the first pharmaceutical colleges founded in Great Britain?
When was the course of instruction extended?
Which years of training are provided by a school of arts and sciences?
What additional graduate courses do many institutions offer?
What professional training includes medical subjects and training in hospital wards?
What is the professionally trained pharmacist expected to do?
What sciences does the basic five-year curriculum embrace?
What curriculum do other countries offer?
What is required to be permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain?
6.Correct the statements below.
The history of pharmaceutical education is not connected with the history of medical education.
A four-year instruction course was adopted in 1960.
All pharmaceutical institutions offer courses leading to the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy.
The compulsory professional course in pharmacy is 6 years.
Different countries offer different curricula in pharmaceutical education.
Before one is permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain he must pass an examination conducted by a board of pharmacy appointed by his college.
7.Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
apprenticeship, advanced, cognate, hospital, related, adequate, side, pharmaceutical, legal, minor
system
science
disciplines
courses
wards
training
jurisprudence
effects
variations
10. right
VIII. Speaking
1. Make questions for the answers. Then, in pairs, act out the dialogue.
—?
— The course of instruction is five years.
—?
— You have to study six years to get a doctor's degree.
—?
— The advanced courses leading to a Master's or Doctor's degree prepare for careers in research, manufacturing, or teaching in the field of pharmacy.
—?
— A professionally trained pharmacist is expected to give advice to a physician in the techniques of administering medication.
—?
— The basic five-year curriculum in colleges of pharmacy embraces physics, chemistry, biology, bacteriology, physiology, pharmacology, and many other subjects.
—?
— To be permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain an applicant must graduate from a college of pharmacy, have the necessary experience, and pass an examination conducted by a board of pharmacy.
2. Give as much information as you can about:
the history of pharmaceutical education in Great Britain;
the advanced courses leading to the degree of Master or Doctor of Philosophy;
the six- year professional leading to the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy;
the basic five-year curriculum;
the requirements for getting a license of a pharmacist.
XI тема: Профілактична медицина.
XI тема: Профілактична медицина.
40. Preventive medicine.
Профілактична медицина.
I. Vocabulary
Pronounce, memorize and compare the two adjectives.
Preventive— done so that something does not become worse.
Prophylactic — intended to prevent disease or infection.
Learn the topical vocabulary.
To predict disease — to say in advance;
common sense way — practical good sense;
a proper amount of sleep — suitable period of sleep;
to maintain good posture — to hold the body well;
exposure of dust — spread of dust;
refrain — to stop yourself from doing smth.
3. Match the words and their translations.
a) resistance
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1.
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сприйнятливий
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b) inoculation
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2.
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сидячий, малорухомий
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c) posture
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3.
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опір
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d) sedentary
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4.
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перенапруження
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e) support
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5.
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сузір'я
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f) overexertion
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6.
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положення, постава
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g) susceptible
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7.
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щеплення, інокуляція
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h) constellation
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8.
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підтримка
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4. Make word combinations.
|
|
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a) massive
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1.
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amount
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b) proper
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2.
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pressure
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c) emotional
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3.
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illness
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d) hard
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4.
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doses
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e) contagious
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5.
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mattress
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f) blood
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6.
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tensions
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5. Look at these words. Give their synonyms. Can you guess what they mean? Check your ideas in a dictionary.
to insert 5. common sense
excess 6. to predict
contagious 7. amount
to forgo 8. proper
a. quantity; b. fitting, suitable; c. practical good sense; d. to reduce, to make less; e. to put, to fit; f. to give up; g. infectious; h. more than is usual
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6. Derive new words from those you have studied.
Abstract noun
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Noun (person)
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Verb
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Adjective
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prevention
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|
|
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promotion
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|
|
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development
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|
|
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sleep
|
|
|
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II. Reading.
Read and translate the text. Get ready to comment the prevention of the diseases described in the text.
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
This specialist is concerned with predicting and preventing disease, usually in one specific institution or sector such as an industry or a community.
The Common Cold and Upper Respiratory Infections
Although taking massive doses of vitamin С at the first sign of a cold is said by some authorities to prevent the infection from developing, there is not yet general agreement on the effectiveness of this treatment.
Actually, there are several common-sense ways of reducing the risk of infection, particularly for those people who are especially susceptible to catching a cold. For most people, getting a proper amount of sleep, eating, to stay out of crowds, and trying to keep emotional tensions under control can increase resistance to colds and other minor respiratory infections. Inoculation against particular types of viruses is recommended by many physicians in special cases: for pregnant women, for the elderly, and for those people who have certain chronic heart
and lung diseases. Flu shots are effective against a particular virus or viruses for a limited period.
Backaches
In general, maintaining good posture during the waking hours and sleeping on a hard mattress at night — if necessary, inserting a bed board between the mattress and bedsprings — are the first line of defence against backaches. Anyone habitually carrying heavy loads of books or groceries, or even an over loaded attache case, should make a habit of shifting the weight from arm to arm so that the spine doesn't always get pulled in one direction. Workers who are sedentary for most of the day at a desk or factory table should be sure that the chair they sit in provides firm support for back muscles and is the right height for the working surface.
Heart attack
Eat less saturated fat and cholesterol.
Control high blood pressure.
Don't smoke.
- Count calories. Get down to your proper weight and stay there. Excess weight taxes the heart, makes it work harder.
- Exercise regularly.
Pneumonia
There is no guaranteed way to prevent pneumonia. The advice to avoid chilling temperatures, overexertion, and fatigue when one has a cold is directed principally toward avoiding pneumonia. Anybody exposed to the elements, especially when fatigued and wearing damp clothing, is particularly susceptible to pneumonia. Pneumonia is not really a contagious illness except in very special circumstances, so that isolation of patients is not necessary. In fact, all of us carry the pneumococcal in our noses and throats, but we rarely have the constellation of circumstances that lead to infection. It is the added physical insults that allow pneumonia to take hold.
AIDS
- Forgo donations of blood or plasma, sperm, body organs, or other tissues.
Limit sexual contacts and be frank with sexual partners about steps taken to prevent the spread of the virus.
Avoid practices in which exchange of body fluids including semen, takes place.
Refrain from sharing tooth brushes, razors, or other implements that could become contaminated with blood.
If a drug user, limit drug use, do not let others use needles you have used, and do not leave needles or others items where others might use them.
If a woman who has had a positive antibody test or who is the sexual partner of a men with a positive antibody test, avoid or postpone pregnancy. The disease can be transmitted from mother to unborn child in the mother's uterus.
III. Post-reading activities
1.Answer the following questions.
What is the main task of preventive medicine?
What are common-sense ways of reducing any disease?
How can we reduce the risk of common colds?
When is inoculation recommended?
What are the first lines of defense against backaches?
Name the ways to prevent heart attack.
Is there a guaranteed way to prevent pneumonia?
h) How can we avoid pneumonia?
i) Is it necessary to isolate the patient with pneumonia? Why?
j) Is there a danger of transmitting AIDS from mother to unborn child in the mother's uterus?
2.Match the endings and beginnings to form sentences.
1. Inoculation against particular types of viruses is recommended in special
cases ...
The AIDS can be transmitted from ...
To prevent heart attack you have to ...
Workers who are sedentary for most of the day at a desk should be sure that...
In fact, all of us carry the pneumococcal in our noses and throats, but we rarely ...
For most people getting a proper amount of sleep, eating, trying to keep emotional tensions under control ...
mother to unborn child.
have the constellation of circumstances that leads to the infection.
for pregnant women, for the elderly, and for those people who have chronic lung diseases.
the chair they sit in provides firm support.
do exercise regularly, count calories, control high B.P.
can increase resistance to colds.
3. Complete the sentences according to the information of the text.
There is not yet general agreement on the effectiveness of taking ... at the first sign of a cold.
Flu shots are effective against....
Anyone should make a habit of ... so that the spine doesn't always get pulled in one direction.
To prevent heart attack eat less... .
Pneumonia is not really a contagious illness except....
To prevent AIDS you must forgo donations of....
Avoid or postpone pregnancy if ....
4. Comment upon the proverb.
Read the proverb: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away ".
Translate it. Do you know any Ukrainian equivalents?
Do you agree with its meaning?
Discuss it in groups.
IV. Speaking
1. Read the quotations below.
Water, air and cleanliness are the chief articles in my pharmacopoeia
(N. Bonaparte)
The aim of medicine is to prevent disease, and prolong life —
the need of a physician.
(William J. Maya)
Express your ideas about them.
Comment upon each quotation.
4. Complete the sentence:
These quotations are very useful because they will help me ...
to understand life
to nurse ill people
to prevent illnesses
to control myself
to view good health
to keep fit
to be in good health
to keep on a diet
to give up smoking
to strengthen the heart
to do morning exercises
to rest in time
41. Infectious diseases.
Інфекційні захворювання.
I. Lead-in
1. The suffixes in the following list are used to form nouns that refer to an activity, a process, a state or a condition. Look at the list of nouns formed from them. Fill in the noun, verb, or adjective from which they have been formed in the space provided. The first one has been done for you.
Suffix
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Verb/noun/adjective
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Noun formed
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-age
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drain
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drainage
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-ance
|
|
assistance
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-су
|
|
malignancy
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-dom
|
|
wisdom
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-ence
|
|
interference
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-hood
|
|
childhood
|
-ion
|
|
examination
|
-ism
|
|
alcoholism
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-ness
|
|
illness
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-ship
|
|
apprenticeship
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2. Learn the following words.
rabies – сказ;
worms – черви;
protozoans - найпростіші
multiply - розмножуватись
boil - нарив, фурункул
chickenpox – вітрянка
measles – кір;
mumps – свинка;
rubella – краснуха.
3. Guess the meaning of the following words.
Bacteria, viruses, infections, microorganisms, human, pathogens, cells, reproduction, produce, million, result, pneumonia, tuberculosis, microscopes, materials, influenza, to identify, hepatitis, polio, epidemic, pandemic, malaria
4. Match the words with the definitions.
1. boil
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a. a very dangerous disease that affects dogs and other animals, and that you can catch if you are bitten by an infected animal
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2. measles
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b. legless parasites that may live in the bodies of people or animals and eat their food or their blood
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3. to multiply
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c. a very small living thing that has only one cell
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4. rabies
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d. to breed
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5. chickenpox
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e. a painful infected swelling under someone's skin
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6. protozoans
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f. an infectious illness which causes a slight fever and spots on your skin
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7. worms
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g. an infectious illness in which you have a fever and small red spots on your face and body. People often have this disease when they are children.
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8. rubella
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h. an infectious illness which makes your neck swell and become painful
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9. mumps
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i. an infectious disease that causes red spots on your body, and can damage an unborn child
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5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
If vets can get close enough, they will test the animal for rabies.
We will not accept any weakening of our rabies prevention safeguards.
Worms can spread much faster than viruses.
These worms grow to an average length of about 1 meter and a diameter of 2 centimeters.
Another parasitic protozoan is Myxobolus, this one causing fatal internal cysts and highly resistant to treatment.
There are about 10000 species of protozoans.
Bacteria multiply quickly in warm food.
The boy's body is covered in boils.
I caught influenza along with the chickenpox.
Justin was in the hospital under observation after he contracted chickenpox and a cough.
Scarlet fever, mumps, chickenpox, and whooping cough floated in the air.
An epidemic of measles, mumps or rubella is now possible.
The vaccine is used to immunize children against measles, mumps and rubella.
Cytomegalovirus is a less well-known infection which affects considerably greater numbers of babies than rubella.
II. Reading
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infections are the most common type of disease. Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can invade the human body and cause diseases. Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens. Pathogens take over some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction. In the process, they damage or destroy the cells and tissues and so produce diseases.
Infectious diseases can be grouped according to the kind of pathogen that causes them. Bacteria and viruses are the most common pathogens. But fungi, protozoans, and worms also can cause infectious invasive diseases.
Bacterial diseases.Bacteria are microscopic, one-celled organisms. They rank among the most widespread of all living things. A single grain of soil may contain more than 100 million bacteria.
Most bacterial diseases result when bacteria multiply rapidly in the living tissue, damaging or killing it. Boils and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin. Bacterial pneumonia occurs when bacteria invade the lungs and multiply there. Many other serious diseases, including tuberculosis, result from bacterial multiplication.
Viral diseases.Viruses are smaller than bacteria. They are so tiny that scientists can see them only by means of powerful electron microscopes. By itself, a virus seems to be a lifeless particle. But after a virus invades a living cell, it uses materials in the cell to reproduce. As a virus multiplies, it damages or destroys the cell. If a number of cells become infected, a disease results.
Viruses cause many common diseases, including chickenpox, measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles). Viruses are also responsible for influenza and the common cold. In fact, scientists have identified more than 100 different viruses that cause the common cold. Most cases of diarrhea and vomiting result from viral infections. Viruses also cause many serious diseases, including hepatitis, polio, rabies, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus that causes AIDS destroys the immune system's ability to function properly. As a result, people infected with the virus become susceptible to certain illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious. Many people with AIDS die from these illnesses.
Other infectious diseases can be caused by fungi, protozoans, and wormsthat live in or on the human body. These pathogens obtain food by breaking down body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines. These pathogens produce diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening internal disorders.
Spread of infectious diseases. Most infectious diseases are communicable - that is, they can spread from person to person. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly contagious and sweeps through a community. This condition is called an epidemic. When an epidemic occurs at several places throughout the world at the same time, it is called a pandemic. Such an outbreak took place during the winter of 1918—1919, when influenza swept the world, killing about 20 million people. Some infectious diseases are always present in a particular geographic region. Such diseases are said to be endemic in that region. For example, malaria is endemic throughout much of Africa.
III. Language development
1. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list.
microorganisms, invade, take over, ranging, rank, one-celled, boils, breaking down, contagious, AIDS
1. Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other can invade the human body and cause disease.
2. Pathogens some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction.
3. They among the most widespread of all living things.
4. Bacteria are microscopic, organisms.
5. and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin.
6. These pathogens obtain food by body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.
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7. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly and sweeps through a community.
8. The virus that causes destroys the immune system's ability to function properly.
9. Fungi, protozoans, and worms produce diseases from minor skin infections to life-threatening internal disorders.
10. Bacterial pneumonia occurs when bacteria the lungs and multiply there.
2. Fill in the correct prepositions. Use one of them twice.
from, at, throughout, by, for, to, in
Many serious diseases, including tuberculosis, result ... bacterial multiplication.
Most infectious diseases are communicable — that is, they can spread from person ... person.
Some infectious diseases are always present ... a particular geographic region.
Viruses can be seen only ... means of powerful electron microscopes.
Many people with AIDS die ... illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious.
Viruses are also responsible ... influenza and the common cold.
When an epidemic occurs ... several places throughout the world at the same time, it is called a pandemic.
Malaria is endemic ... much of Africa.
3. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms.
contagious, give rise to, attack, gain control of, classified, gain, passes, multiplication, predisposed
Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can invade the human body and cause disease.
Pathogens take over some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction.
Infectious diseases can be grouped according to the kind of pathogen that causes them.
4. As a result, people infected with the virus become susceptible to certain illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious.
These pathogens obtain food by breaking down body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.
Most infectious diseases are communicable.
8. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly contagious and sweeps through a community.
4. Answer the following questions.
What are pathogens?
How can infectious diseases be grouped?
What organisms are called bacteria?
What diseases are caused by viruses?
What do you know about AIDS?
How do fungi, protozoans, and worms obtain food?
How do infectious diseases spread?
What conditions are called an epidemic, a pandemic, an endemic?
5. Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
disease-causing, throughout, minor, life-threatening, highly, lifeless, electron
microorganisms
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