английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
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III. Post-reading activities. 1. Answer the following questions.
2. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.
3. Write out of the text all anatomical terms with definitions. IV. Speaking. Make up a dialogue between a neurologist and a patient. Here is vocabulary for you to speak about nervous system problems.
V. Supplement. Text 1 1. Read the information about some pathological conditions of the nervous system. Be ready to answer the questions after the text. NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures1. The seizures happen when clusters2 of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals. People may have strange sensations and emotions or behave strangely. They may have violent muscle spasms or lose consciousness. Epilepsy has many possible causes, including illness, brain injury and abnormal brain development. In many cases, the cause is unknown. Doctors use brain scans and other tests to diagnose epilepsy. It is important to start treatment right away. There is no cure for epilepsy, but medicines can control seizures for most people. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. The usual cause is a viral infection, but bacteria can also cause it. Cases can range from mild to severe. For mild cases, you could have flu-like symptoms. Serious cases can cause severe headache, sudden fever, drowsiness3, vomiting, confusion, seizures. For mild cases, you may just need rest, plenty of fluids and a pain reliever. For severe cases, you might need to be hospitalized. Dementia4 is a word for a group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect the brain. People with dementia may not be able to think well enough to do normal activities, such as getting dressed or eating. They may lose their ability to solve problems or control their emotions. Their personalities may change. They may become agitated or see things that are not there. Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia. However, memory loss by itself does not mean you have dementia. People with dementia have serious problems with two or more brain functions, such as memory and language. Many different diseases can cause dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Drugs are available to treat some of these diseases. While these drugs cannot cure dementia or repair brain damage, they may improve symptoms or slow down the disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain disorder thatseriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. AD begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory and language. People with AD may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. Over time, symptoms get worse. People may not recognize family members or have trouble speaking, reading or writing. They may forget how to brush their teeth or comb their hair. Later on, they may become anxious or aggressive, or wander away from home. Eventually, they need total care. AD usually begins after age 60. The risk goes up as you get older. Your risk is also higher if a family member has had the disease. No treatment can stop the disease. However, some drugs may help keep symptoms from getting worse for a limited time. Parkinson's disease is a disorder that affects nerve cells, or neurons, in a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. In Parkinson's, neurons that make a chemical called dopamine die or do not work properly. Dopamine normally sends signals that help coordinate your movements. No one knows what damages these cells. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease may include:
As symptoms get worse, people with the disease may have trouble walking, talking or doing simple tasks. They may also have problems such as depression, sleep problems or trouble chewing, swallowing or speaking. Parkinson's usually begins around age 60, but it can start earlier. It is more common in men than in women. There is no cure for Parkinson's disease. A variety of medicines sometimes help symptoms dramatically. Brain Cancer There are two main types of brain cancer. Primary brain cancer starts in the brain. Metastatic brain cancer starts somewhere else in the body and moves to the brain. Brain tumors can be benign, with no cancer cells, or malignant, with cancer cells that grow quickly. Brain tumors can cause many symptoms. Some of the most common are: • Headaches, usually worse in the morning. • Nausea and vomiting.
No one knows the exact causes of brain tumors. Doctors can seldom explain why one person develops a brain tumor and another does not. Notes: 1seizure — припадок, приступ 2cluster — група, скупчення 3drowsiness — сонливість, в'ялість 4dementia — набуте слабоумство 5stiffness — нерухомість 6jerking — судорожне сіпання 2. Answer the following questions.
3. Fill in the blanks.
10. No one knows the exact... of brain tumors.  a) memory loss; b) cause; c) emotions; d) medicines; e) consiousness; f) slowly; g) brain scans; h) problems; i) women; j) inflammation; k) care 49. The Endocrine System. Ендокринна система. I. Vocabulary. 1. Read and learn the topical vocabulary. pituitary gland — придатокмозку (гіпофіз); thyroid gland — щитовидназалоза; parathyroid gland — паращитовидназалоза; adrenal gland — наднирковазалоза; gonads —гонади (статевізалози); ovaries — яєчники; testes — яєчка; pinealgland — шишковидназалоза; mammarygland — молочназалоза; mucousgland — слизовазалоза; salivarygland — слинназалоза; lacrimalgland — слізназалоза; sweatglands — потовізалози. 2. Match the following English word combinations and the Ukrainian ones.
3. Analyze the structure of the following terms. Memorize the meaning of the term elements from the first column.
II. Reading. Read and translate the following text. Find out a gland definition. Be ready to speak about the importance of the endocrine system. THE ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. Your endocrine system includes eight major glands throughout your body. These glands make hormones which are chemical messengers. They travel through your bloodstream to tissues or organs. Hormones work slowly and affect body processes from head to toe. These include: • Growth and development. •Metabolism—digestion, elimination, breathing, blood circulation and maintaining body temperature. • Sexual function. • Reproduction. • Mood. A glandis a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere inthe body. Some types of glands release their secretions in specific areas. For instance, exocrine glands,such as the sweat and salivary glands, release secretions in the skin or inside of the mouth. Endocrine glands,on the other hand, release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands, which include the ovaries and testes. The pancreas is also part of this hormone-secreting system, even though it is also associated with the digestive system because it also produces and secretes digestive enzymes. Although the endocrine glands are the body's main hormone producers, some non-endocrine organs — such as the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, thymus, skin, and placenta — also produce and release hormones. The hypothalamus,a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, is the primary link between the endocrine and nervoussystems. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary. Although it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary gland,located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. It's often called the "master gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands. The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be influenced by factors such as emotions and seasonal changes. To accomplish this, the hypothalamus relays information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary. The tiny pituitary is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. Among the hormones it produces are: • growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of nutrients and minerals;
The pituitary also secretes endorphins, chemicals that act on the nervous system, to reduce sensitivity to pain. In addition, the pituitary secretes hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women. The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone, which helps control body water balance through its effect on the kidneys and urine output; and oxytocin, which triggers the contractions of the uterus that occur during labour. The thyroid,located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bowtie or butterfly and produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy. As the level of thyroid hormones increases in the bloodstream, so does the speed at which chemical reactions occur in the body. Thyroid hormones also play a key role in bone growth and the development of the brain and nervous system in children. The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyrotropin, which is secreted by the pituitary gland. Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function together called the parathyroids. They release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is produced in the thyroid. The body has two triangular adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands have two parts, each of which produces a set of hormones and has a different function. The outer part, the adrenal cortex, produces hormones called corticosteroids that influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines, such as epinephrine. Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress. The pineal body, also called the pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin, a hormone that may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle. The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. In males, they are located in the scrotum. Male gonads, or testes, secrete hormones called androgens, the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones regulate body changes associated with sexual development, including enlargement of the penis, the growth spurt that occurs during puberty, and the appearance of other male secondary sex characteristics. Working with hormones from the pituitary gland, testosterone also supports the production of sperm by the testes. The female gonads, the ovaries, are located in the pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved in the development of female sexual features such as breast growth etc. Both estrogen and progesterone are also involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. The pancreas produces (in addition to others) two important hormones, insulin and glucagon. They work together to maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy. |