английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти

• Название: Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
• Анкор: английский за проф направлением.doc
• Дата: 23.02.2018
• Размер: 4.04 Mb.
• Имя файла: английский за проф направлением.doc
• Тип: Документы; #15830
• страница: 44 из 48

Notes:

¹fungus (pi. fungi) — грибок

²currently — нині

³droplet — крапелька

⁴inadvertently — випадково

⁵pus — гній

⁶lethargic — млявий, апатичний

⁷lobar pneumonia — крупознапневмонія
3. Answer the following questions.

1. 
   What is pneumonia?
   
2. 
   How do people "catch" pneumonia?
   
3. 
   Who is at high risk for developing pneumonia?
   
4. 
   Describe the clinical course of pneumonia.
   
5. 
   What are pneumonia symptoms and signs?
   
6. 
   What are the symptoms of pneumonia in children and babies?
   
7. 
   How is pneumonia diagnosed?
   
8. 
   What is lobar pneumonia?
   

4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.

1. 
   Prior to the discovery of ... one third of all people who developed pneumonia died from the ....
   
2. 
   Some cases of pneumonia are contracted by breathing in ... that contain the organisms that can cause the disease.
   
3. 
   Also pneumonia is caused when ... or ... that are normally present in the mouth, throat, or nose inadvertently enter the lung.
   
4. 
   If a person is in a weakened condition from another illness, a severe ... can develop.
   
5. 
   Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a ... .
   
6. 
   A chest... is usually ordered to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia.
   

7. 
   a) pneumonia, b) cold, c) infection, d) X-ray, e) bacteria,
   
8. 
   f) small droplets, g) antibiotics, h) viruses
   

Text 2

1. Read, translate and discuss the text.

ASTHMA

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames' and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing² (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing of­ten occurs at night or early in the morning.

Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts in childhood. In the United States, more than 22 million people are known to have asthma. Nearly 6 million of these people are children.

The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sen­sitive. They tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in.

When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This causes the airways to narrow, and less air flows to your lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow your air­ways.

This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are irritated. Sometimes symptoms are mild and go away on their own or after minimal treatment with an asthma medicine. At other times, symptoms continue to get worse. When symptoms get more intense and/or ad­ditional symptoms appear, this is an asthma attack. Asthma attacks also are called flare-ups³ or exacerbations.

It's important to treat symptoms when you first notice them. This will help to prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can cause death.

Asthma can't be cured. Even when you feel fine, you still have the disease and it can flare up at any time. Current asthma treatment focuses primarily on prevent­ing or reducing the inflammation process, and relaxing the smooth muscle that tightens during bronchospasm. Healthcare professionals use asthma medications with two goals in mind:

1. 
   To keep the airway clear so the patient can breathe normally.
   
2. 
   To prevent airway remodeling, a thickening of the bronchial walls that can result from chronic inflammation and lead to permanent damage.
   

There are two categories of asthma medications:

- Quick-relief medications. Also called "rescue" medications, these are de­signed to instantly relieve the symptoms of an asthma attack. They are usually not meant to be taken long—term.

- Long-term-control medications. These are designed to minimize inflamma­tion and prevent asthma flare-ups before they occur. Long-acting beta₂-agonists are often used, as well as topical corticosteroids.

Patients with mild intermittent⁴ or mild persistent asthma may receive a quick-relief medication to aid them when their asthma flares-up. Those with moderate or severe asthma are more likely to need both quick-relief and long-term-control medications.

Asthma drugs can be delivered either in pill form or through an inhaler or nebulizer⁵, which allows the drug to travel directly to the bronchial tubes while minimizing the effect on the rest of the body.

Notes:

¹to inflame — запалюватися, викликати запалення

²wheezing — важке дихання, задишка

³flare-up — загострення

⁴intermittent — переривчастий, який припиняється (на деякий час)

⁵nebulizer — розпилювач

2. Answer the questions.

1. 
   What is asthma?
   
2. 
   What are the symptoms of asthma?
   
3. 
   Can you describe the clinical course of asthma?
   
4. 
   Do mild asthma symptoms go away on their own?
   
5. 
   What is asthma attack?
   
6. 
   Why is it important to treat first asthma symptoms?
   
7. 
   What are the goals of using asthma medication?
   
8. 
   Name the two categories of asthma medications.
   
9. 
   How can asthma drugs be delivered?
   

10) Can the people with asthma live normal and active lives nowadays?
3. Say whether the sentences are true or false.

1. 
   Asthma affects only children.
   
2. 
   People who have asthma have inflamed airways.
   
3. 
   Severe asthma attacks can cause death.
   
4. 
   Asthma can be cured nowadays.
   
5. 
   Quick-relief asthma medications are usually meant to be taken long-term.
   
6. 
   With today's knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma can sleep through the night without interruption from asthma.
   

4. Read and translate the following proverb.

What is it about? Do you know any Ukrainian equivalent? Discuss it in groups.

Love and cough can't be hidden.

48. The Nervous System.

Нервова система.
I. Vocabulary.

1. Read and learn the topical vocabulary.

neuron — нейрон;

brain— мозок;

spinalcord— спинний мозок(стрижень);

meninx— оболонка мозку;

dendrites— дендрити (розгалуженівідростки нервових клітин);

cellnucleus— ядро клітини;

axon— аксон (відросток нервової клітини);

to carry the impulse away from ... —проводити імпульси від ...;

myelin sheath — мієлінова оболонка;

cerebrum— головний мозок;

cerebral cortex — кора головного мозку;

cerebrospinalfluid— спинномозкова рідина;

synapse — синапс;

gyrus— звивина мозку;

fissure— щілина; борозна;

sulcus — борозна;

thalamus — таламус, зоровий горбок;

hypothalamus— гіпоталамус.

2. Read and memorize some interesting facts about the brain.

1) Your brain uses 20 % of the oxygen that enters your bloodstream. The

brain only makes up about 2 % of our body mass, yet consumes more oxygen than any other organ in the body, making it extremely susceptible to damage related to oxygen deprivation. So breathe deep to keep your brain happy.

2. 
   Nerve impulses to and from the brain travel as fast as 170 miles per hour. Ever wonder how you can react so fast to things around you? It's due to the super-speedy movement of nerve impulses from your brain to the rest of your body and vice versa, bringing reactions at the speed of a high powered luxury sports car.
   
3. 
   The brain itself cannot feel pain. While the brain might be the pain center when you cut your finger or burn yourself, the brain itself does not have pain receptors and cannot feel pain. That doesn't mean your head can't hurt. The brain is surrounded by loads of tissues, nerves and blood vessels that are plenty receptive to pain and can give you a pounding headache.
   

3.Read and memorize the English idioms containing the word brain. Make your own sentences with the idioms.

BRAIN

To beat/rack one's brain(s)(about smth) — to think very hard or for a long time to try to find a solution to a problem.

To have smth on the brain— to think repeatedly or constantly about it.

A brain-wave— a good thought, idea or suggestion which comes unexpect­edly or suddenly.

To turn smb's brain— to disturb smb mentally.
4. Match the following English word combinations and the Ukrainian ones:

1. 
   mental activity a) сіраречовина
   
2. 
   impulse transmission b) спинномозковарідина
   
3. 
   gray matter c) розумовадіяльність
   
4. 
   voluntary control d) передачаімпульсів
   
5. 
   spinal fluid e) свідомий контроль
   

II. Reading.
Read and translate the text.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learn­ing, and memory.

Through its receptors, the nervous system keeps us in touch with our environment, both exter­nal and internal.

Like other system in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs, principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. These, in turn, consist of various tissues, including nerve, blood, and connective tissue. Together

these carry out the complex activities of the nervous system.

The system is composed of specialized cells, termed nerve cells or neurons, that communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. A neuron has three parts:

1) the cell body,containing the nucleus;

2. 
   dendrites,hair-like structures surrounding the cell body, which conduct in­coming signals;
   
3. 
   the axon(or nerve fiber), varying in length from a millimeter to a meter, which conduct outgoing signals emitted by the neuron. Axons are encased in a fat­like sheath, called myelin,which acts like an insulator and speeds impulse trans­mission.
   

Typically a given neuron is connected to many thousands of neurons. The specific point of contact between the axon of one cell and a dendrite of another is called a synapse.Messages passed to and from the brain take the form of electrical impulses, produced by a chemical change that progresses along the axon. At the synapse, the release of neurotransmitters and this, in turn, drives the impulse to the next neuron. These impulses travel very fast along these chain of neurons — up to 250 miles per hour. This contrasts with other system, such as the endocrine system, which may take many hours to respond with hormones.

The nerve cell bodies are generally located in groups. Within the brain and spi­nal cord, the collections of neurons are called nucleiand constitute the gray matter, so-called because of their colour. Outside the brain and spinal cord the groups are called ganglia.The remaining areas of the nervous system are tracts of axons, the white matter, so-called because of white myelin sheath.

The nerves of the body are organized into two major systems:

-the central nervous system(CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord;

- the peripheral nervous system(PNS), the vast network of spinal and cranial nerves linking the body to the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is subdivided into:

1. 
   the autonomic nervous system(involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessles, smooth and cardiac muscles), consisting of the sympathetic NS and para­sympathetic NS;
   
2. 
   the somatic nervous system(voluntary control of skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle).
   

The two systems function together, with nerves from the periphery entering and becoming part of the central nervous system, and vice versa.

The brain,the body's "control center", is one of the largest of adult organs, consisting of over 100 billion neurons and weighing about 3 pounds. It is typically divided into four parts:

1. 
   the cerebrum;
   
2. 
   the cerebellum;
   

3)the diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus, sometimes classed as cerebral
structures);

4)the brain stem(medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain), which is an extension of the spinal cord.

The largest division of the brain, the cerebrum,consists of two sides, the right and left cerebral hemispheres, which are interconnected by the corpus callosum. The two hemispheres are "twins", each with centres for receiving sensory (afferent)information and for intiating motor (efferent) responses. The left side sends and receives in­formation to/from the right side of the body, and vice versa. The hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of gray matter known as the cerebral cortex.The in­terior portion consists of white matter, tracts, and nuclei (gray matter) where synapses occur. Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is divided into four "lobes" by various sulci and gyri. The sulci (or fissures) are the grooves and the gyri are the "bumps" on the brain's surface.

The cerebellum, the second largest brain structure, sits below the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum has an outer cortex of gray matter and two hemispheres. It receives/ relays information via the brain stem. The cerebellum performs 3 major functions, all of which have to do with skeletal-muscle control: Balance of the trunk.

Muscle tension, spinal nerve reflexes, posture and balance of the limbs. *" Fine motor control, eye movement.

The diencephalons, located between the cerebrum and the midbrain, consists of several important structures, two of which are the:

- Thalamus: large, bilateral (right thalamus/left thalamus) egg-shaped mass of gray matter serving as the main synaptic relay center. Receives/relays sensory information to/from the cerebral cortex, including pain/pleasure centers.

- Hypothalamus: a collection of ganglia located below the thalamus and intimatetly associated with the pituitary gland. It has a variety of functions: senses changes in body temperature; controls autonomic activites and hence regulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; links to the endocrine system/ controls the pituitary gland; regulates appetite; functions as part of the arousal or alerting mechanism; and links the mid (emotions) to the body — sometimes, unfor­tunately, to the degree of producing "psychosomatic disease'.

The medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain — often referred to collectively as the brain stem — control the most basic life functions. Of these three, the medulla is the most important. In fact, so vital is the medulla to survival that diseases or injuries affecting it often prove fatal. All functions of the brain stem are associated with cranial nerves III—XII. Functions:

- Breathing/respiration (pons, medulla)

- Heart rate/action (medulla)

Blood pressure / blood vessel diameter (medulla)

- Reflex centers for papillary reflexes and eye movements (midbrain, pons); and for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping (medulla).

The spinal cord lies within the spinal cavity, consisting of the vertebral column, the meninges, spinal nerves, spinal fluid, blood vessels, and a cushion of adipose/fat tissue. The spinal cord has two general functions: 1) It provides the two-way conduction routes to/from (afferent/efferent) the brain; and 2) it serves as the reflex center for all spinal reflexes.