английский за проф направлением. Укладач Триполець В.І. Рецензенти
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III. Post-reading activities. 1. Answer the following questions.
2. Fill in the table consulting the text.
3. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.
10. The pancreas produces five important hormones. IV. Speaking. Make up a dialogue between an endocrinologist and a diabetes patient. Here is useful vocabulary.
V. Supplement. Text 1. Read and translate the following text. Get ready to comment such serious endocrine system disease as diabetes. 2. Find key sentences in the text and write a short summary. DIABETES Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition caused by the failure of,the body to regulate the blood sugar levels. Blood sugar levels are regulated by insulin produced in the pancreas. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood. Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. It can damage your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes1. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include fatigue, thirst, weight loss, blurred2 vision and frequent urination. Some people have no symptoms. A blood test can show if you have diabetes. Exercise, weight control and sticking to your meal plan can help to control your diabetes. You should also monitor your glucose level and take medicine if prescribed. Type 1 diabetes. When the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin, type 1 diabetes (previously known as juvenile diabetes3) occurs. Symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, urination, and weight loss. In children and teens, the condition is usually an autoimmune disorder in which specific immune system cells and antibodies produced by the immune system attack and destroy the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. The disease can cause long-term complications including kidney problems, nerve damage, blindness4, and early coronary heart disease and stroke. To control their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications, people with this condition need regular injections of insulin. Also remember the following information connected with the level of insulin: Low levels of insulin and high sugar intake increase the blood sugar that leads to hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar). This usually develops over a number of days. This can be controlled with diet, insulin injections or tablets. Too much insulin or too little sugar can cause hypoglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia can be recognized as follows:
Notes: 1gestational diabetes — діабет вагітних 2blurred — нечіткий, розпливчастий 3juvenile diabetes — юнацький діабет 4blindness — сліпота 3. Answer the following questions.
4. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.
 a) pregnant; b) disease; c) symptoms; d) injections; e) pancreas; f) insulin 5. Use the words to make sentences.
6.Say it in English:
50. The Urinary System. I. Vocabulary. Read and learn the topical vocabulary. urine — сеча; urea — сечовина; ureter — сечівник; urethra — уретра; kidney — нирка; sphincter — сфінктер, стискальний м'яз; bladder — сечовий міхур; to eliminate — виділяти; to consume — споживати; bean-shaped — квасолеподібний; urination — сечовипускання; ounces — унція (= 28,3 г). II. Reading. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Get ready to speak about the urinary system structure. URINARY SYSTEM ANATOMY T  he organs, tubes, muscles, and nerves that work together to create, store, and carry urine are the urinary system. The urinary system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, the sphincters, and the urethra.Your body takes nutrients from food and uses them to maintain all bodily functions including energy and self-repair. After your body has taken What it needs from the food, waste products are left behind in the blood and in the bowel. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines — all of which also excrete wastes — to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. Adults eliminate about a quart and a half of urine each day. The amount depends on many factors, especially the amounts of fluid and food a person consumes and how much fluid is lost through sweat and breathing. Certain types of medications can also affect the amount of urine eliminated. The urinary system removes a type of waste called ureafrom your blood. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneysare bean-shaped organs about the size of your fists. They are near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus,and a small tube called a renal tubule.Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. The ureters are about 8 to 10 inches long. Muscles in the ureter walls constantly tighten and relax to force urine downward away from the kidneys. If urine is allowed to stand still, or back up, a kidney infection can develop. Small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters about every 10 to 15 seconds. The bladderis a hollow muscular organ shaped like a balloon. It sits in your pelvis and is held in place by ligaments attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder stores urine until you are ready to go to the bathroom to empty it. It swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. If the urinary system is healthy, the bladder can hold up to 16 ounces (2 cups) of urine comfortably for 2 to 5 hours. Circular muscles called sphinctershelp to keep urine from leaking. The sphincter muscles close tightly like a rubber band around the opening of the bladder into the urethra,the tube that allows urine to pass outside the body. Nerves in the bladder tell you when it is time to urinate (empty your bladder). As the bladder first fills with urine, you may notice a feeling that you need to urinate. The sensation to urinate becomes stronger as the bladder continues to fill and reaches its limit. At that point, nerves from the bladder send a message to the brain that the bladder is full, and your urge to empty your bladder intensifies. When you urinate, the brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, squeezing urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax. As these muscles relax, urine exits the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs. III. Post-reading activities. 1. Answer the following questions.
 a) tube, b) urine, c) nerves, d) urea, e) waste substances 4. Describe the process of urine development from formation to urination. IV. Speaking. Make up a dialogue between a nephrologist and a patient. Here is vocabulary for you to speak about urinary system problems.
V. Supplement. Text 1 1. Read the information about urinary system problems. Try to memorize the meaning of some terms denoting urinary system disorders. URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS Problems in the urinary system can be caused by aging, illness, or injury. As you get older, changes in the kidneys' structure cause them to lose some of their ability to remove wastes from the blood. Also, the-muscles in your ureters, bladder, and urethra tend to lose some of their strength. You may have more urinary infections because the bladder muscles do not tighten enough to empty your bladder completely. A decrease in strength of muscles of the sphincters and the pelvis can also cause incontinence, the unwanted leakage of urine. Illness or injury can also prevent the kidneys from filtering the blood completely or block the passage of urine. Disorders of the urinary system range in severity from easy-to-treat to life-threatening. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)is a condition in men that affects the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system. The prostate is located at the bottom of the bladder and surrounds the urethra. BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland that can interfere with urinary function in older men. It causes blockage by squeezing the urethra, which can make it difficult to urinate. Men with BPH frequently have other bladder symptoms including an increase in frequency of bladder emptying both during the day and at night. Most men over age 60 have some BPH, but not all have problems with blockage. There are many different treatment options for BPH. Interstitial cystitis (1С) is a chronic bladder disorder also known as painful bladder syndrome and frequency-urgency-dysuria syndrome. In this disorder, the bladder wall can become inflamed and irritated. The inflammation can lead to scarring and stiffening of the bladder, decreased bladder capacity, pinpoint bleeding, and, in rare cases, ulcers in the bladder lining. The cause of 1С is unknown at this time. Prostatitisis the inflammation of the prostate gland that results in urinary frequency and urgency, burning or painful urination (dysuria), and pain in the lower back and genital area, among other symptoms. In some cases, prostatitis is caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. But the more common forms of prostatitis are not associated with any known infecting organism. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating the nonbacterial forms of prostatitis. Renal (kidney) failureresults when the kidneys are not able to regulate water and chemicals in the body or remove waste products from your blood. Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden onset of kidney failure. This can be caused by an accident that injures the kidneys, loss of a lot of blood, or some drugs or poisons. ART may lead to permanent loss of kidney function. But if the kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may recover. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the gradual reduction of kidney function that may lead to permanent kidney failure, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). You may go several years without knowing you have CKD. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)are caused by bacteria in the urinary tract. Women get UTIs more often than men. UTIs are treated with antibiotics. Drinking lots of fluids also helps by flushing out the bacteria. The name of the UTI dependson its location in the urinary tract. An infection in the bladder is called cystitis. If the infection is in one or both of the kidneys, the infection is called pyelonephritis. This type of UTI can cause serious damage to the kidneys if it is not adequately treated. Your primary doctor can help you with some urinary problems. Your pediatrician may be able to treat some of your child's urinary problems. But some problems may require the attention of a urologist, a doctor who specializes in treating problems of the urinary system and the male reproductive system. A gynecologist is a doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system and may be able to help with some urinary problems. A urogynecologist is a gynecologist who specializes in the female urinary system. A nephrologist specializes in treating diseases of the kidney. |