7) Проводники в электростатическом поле. Электрическая емкость уединённого проводника. Конденсаторы. Энергия заряженных проводников и электростатического поля. Заряд и потенциал уединенного проводника связаны между собой линейной зависимостью:
Q=C*φ.
Коэффициент пропорциональности С называют электроемкостью [C] = [Кл]/[В]=[Ф].
Емкость проводника зависит от:
Формы проводника; Размера проводника; Свойств окружающей среды.
Если проводник находится в непроводящей среде с диэлектрической проницаемостью ε, то его емкость увеличивается в ε раз: С=εС0, где С0 – емкость в вакууме.
Простейший конденсатор – это пара проводников имеющие между собой разность потенциалов. Индуцированные на проводниках электрические заряды равны по величине и противоположны по знаку.
Q=|Q2|=|Q1|=(φ1-φ2)=CU
U=(φ1-φ2)= , интеграл берется вдоль силовой линии поля между обкладками конденсатора.
- общая формула для вычисления емкости любого конденсатора.
– емкость плоского конденсатора;
– емкость цилиндрического конденсатора;
– емкость сферического конденсатора;
– емкость уединенного шара. Энергия заряженного проводника и заряженного конденсатора и электростатического поля.
Энергия для проводника: W=q*φ/2;
Энергия заряженного конденсатора: Wc=q*U/2 = C*U2/2=q2/2C;
Энергия электростатического поля в конденсаторе: W=C*U2 (т.к. и U=Edr=εε0SE2d2/2d= εε0 E2V/2, где V=Sd
ѡ= WE/V= εε0 E2/2 – плотность энергии электростатического поля ([Дж/м3]
| 8) Электрический ток и его характеристики. Сторонние силы. Электродвижущая сила и напряжение.
Электрическим током называется любое упорядоченное движение электрических зарядов. В проводнике под действием приложенного электрического поля Е свободные электрические заряды перемещаются: положительные – по полю, отрицательные – против поля, т.е. в проводнике возникает электрический ток, называемый током проводимости. Если же упорядоченное движение электрических зарядов осуществляется перемещением в пространстве заряженного макроскопического тела, то возникает так называемый конвекционный ток.
Количественной мерой электрического тока служит сила тока I:
(общая формула) (для постоянного тока)
Плотность тока - это векторная величина, определяемая количество заряда, переносимого за единицу времени через единичную площадку перпендикулярно линиям тока.
В общем случае: Для постоянного тока:
Напряжение – физическая величина, численно равная отношению работы, совершаемой электрическим полем по перемещению заряда, к модулю этого заряда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Сопротивление – физическая величина, характеризующая взаимодействие движущихся в проводнике электронов и ионов в узлах кристаллической решётки
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Силы неэлектростатического происхождения,действующие на заряды со стороны источников тока, называются сторонними. Сторонние силы совершают работу по перемещению электрических зарядов. Физическая величина, определяемая работой, совершаемой сторонними силами при перемещении единичного положительного заряда, называется электродвижущей силой (э. д. с.)
ξ=A/Q0
Сторонняя сила Fст, действующая на заряд Q0, может быть выражена как
fст= EстQ0,
Где Ест — напряженность поля сторонних сил.
Работа же сторонних сил по перемещению заряда Q0 на замкнутом участке цепи равна
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAgGBgcGBQgHBwcJCQgKDBQNDAsLDBkSEw8UHRofHh0aHBwgJC4nICIsIxwcKDcpLDAxNDQ0Hyc5PTgyPC4zNDL/wgALCAAfANoBAREA/8QAGgAAAgMBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAECBAUGA//aAAgBAQAAAAHvkzM0mJSEZujITBApHnz+pPl7OlsYcNDz8LHPWuihznXMzsa3dzehrRUuZ09HxUpeuXDP3/Iel7mevWotWYFC+mACo3xMAAH/AP/EACIQAAICAgICAgMAAAAAAAAAAAIDAQQAERATBRQgMBIVIf/aAAgBAQABBQLN82LMrZvN8bz8uN5vJytZmxm/5vjfw3m83m83wcwIUny66dsVkFgWTJPZct2nj4ynByWKeT7njHlPjPcHLbyCvO0W7TDykT0VbJn+1REwlzurCc2KvNxkrVbaaSJRFbsQWA5yqWPT3RFePbKogiCspRXa7q9YvH9tRsGCYBvcmn0nXpAip6NaMOuDFBTaGDVM8Uh7L7KcMsipoNCuxq/QElLCR5tplym1u6RREWXU+4CrFKd/F1UHn9ExvK9UK/3f/8QALhAAAgEDAgMGBgMBAAAAAAAAAQIDABESIUEEEzEiMDJCUWEQIDNxgZEjUpPw/9oACAEBAAY/AvkWNImkci5C7DumPKZU8rHzd8WJsBvUx5l1KBgoPhoqUmNvSMmiAkgt/ZCK4fiC/LWYFFtsNq4jtYzRMFyXeixbiLW6S7/CE6rG0RIHr0pZZS7m5vuetfTm/wAjQMXjchVvteuHRXc53yBN76dajjiNmkNsvSi3NyWKQo6Ebe1CMc0pyb4o9tb0gOV7ebrSgLkzmwFcKeYwLcVi2u2R+QY+J2CD81xDFnXlqDF1sfWo7Ty69srfQClOWMQ+ob20qOWQnR/NupPwVSxADXI9aPEXN8cbVcxC5rJIwD7V2GQxxSBo8uq608MrnKQ5Ow9aAjuSLfqhd3KY63tUZ5jERqVUH0ocOe2vvX0E/Vcu1gDdbbVN2s3KkRyE9KJH8RUgx/e1q4iOZlCEq7Km/wD1qHEZurhcdK5ecuFtG6673pTI78xXyBNtKjQu3Yk5gPvemuxa5vrt8ez41IZfuKOTPieq30NNNrkVC1Yzy+PKo4bswzyLMfz8wZy2nlB0PdNiWJbdjfvv/8QAJhABAAIBAwMDBQEAAAAAAAAAAQARITFBURBxwWGBoSAwkbHR8P/aAAgBAQABPyG+i5ctdYgMtXnqXKymK3lxBKRTnnmCDxpA5PRcpLly5QleivRcNEC1bR/C6sBbjvVXGonDvzUrwa7N+Zjs1I7l7u1jNdYxGRk7jDQARqpckWhYdRhjyop7zK8aBbKf53xBoqu9WVW3DqbWqC3ZmvzD0VLRYaVfiWhlsaHVe9y5jr+FL1IyKBu1+71j3mp7Wy+JcNTetCu0Oo66feFfy5jUDnuWzmpkh4qpdq9XzKmtKDWGKSWNIjupS/WkelWFAcdmCyOeKtYqdS1iFSKXhDzlRnpPUzNHky1saemKPSXSQFNeXvUeKzSUXTOPeEDyQhX8jRJq48tzYRXjRk1I0SZOskEG8VtmZaL5Lwus4cy/KLiPanb+IBtfc0u9yV4mdESr/YJAP0CW1Fdq/cUZ6cLyPmWK2x+o6gzyaCAgQhthuBlwY6AK+YtFaNPx2JRQwKXD5YnZ8fTSd10NbeT7NCouqGu2o0O33v/aAAgBAQAAABDtqn/alGcsL6YRcKEkAP/EACIQAQEAAgIDAAIDAQAAAAAAAAERACExQVFhgRBxkaGx4f/aAAgBAQABPxBjrJgx3xrCpMZN5dihoQp2qwDmPjAEI3IzhY4iFZWYoIPAGecNPOAVz1OaJLveW3srgSgbXKPSYSz9vWAen7nbTiWAfyLI5yeTAvAvzE+bzPuRk4upzEActytdtDDp1B+ynWJIGKw/Qh+ZcBrZD0gr6yKzg9J1IZuQlC84gAXuw4XXLOm5YuaZBe9OHV7wnEIWvjP6QX82jFz04u06hAiBXQYOU++BTzu0mADrmOODyRThBYgDUOMwdg8mUr2xAOqmE6FzYRkEQEVJ8xi5CdQ9suJ34ylHAVJwjSOF9ZIKpClQr0At4dEAU7GvcAfM8Pw8YIBFOABflD2GVpSTIHAbdDeCuEh3dJQBB2Bt3FhBBs0dvIady5oPr5KPrQeQ17yt5/tzQwTOmxbqhckKe3xO37riTuLtX+cvjxDXwmNZaFxRaCE6cIYKCIF0JC8QA6B5caEKUsIMunYh3lCFwbRiAmrF5cEtABpEC8qQX0YvZsgWsQ/eBKZvWCC3IxYUdI4/cLFuDVwdtaTephCYkochN6DusvePW0wsMJEWnVYLM3HEtVpcnbgbbIgm47E0mtTOn0NQkBH2Y317FCWOpK8ZJgSGGcQQPzrnS3iwD6dn31guT+IaCTV4ZyZtGEnRD7/TBhIoHWxNzaFB4xkq/ZNdhugiaMEEvXtjp3k3kue+s1+oW6A80Y4UQ78YI+81Lk1/3NZHeT+M7l3gL5d5DtBzeRU0KzNz3n+5SXxllw595Mdc6z/cmt5HPsy7uT1n/9k=)
Разделив на Q0, получим выражение для э.д.с., действующей в цепи:
Работа, совершаемая результирующей силой над зарядом Q0 на участке 1—2,равна
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Для замкнутой цепи работа электростатических сил равна нулю, поэтому в данном случае A12=Q0ξ12.
| 9) Закон Ома для однородного участка цепи. Сопротивление проводников.
Сила тока, текущего по однородному металлическому проводнику, пропорциональна напряжению на концах проводника – формулировка закона Ома.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Электрическая проводимость – это величина, равная 1/R (См) ((Сименс)
Для однородного линейного проводника
( - удельное электрическое сопротивление(Ом*м), - площадь поперечного сечения)
Удельная электрическая проводимость (См/м)
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)
Закон Ома в дифференциальной форме, связывающий плотность тока в любой точке внутри проводника с напряжённостью электрического поля в этой точке. Справедливо и для переменных полей
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Для многих веществ зависимость сопротивления от температуры в широком интервале температур вблизи Т≈300К определяется эмпирической зависимостью от температуры их удельного сопротивления:
,где α – температурный коэффициент сопротивления; - значение при .
Для металлов , поэтому сопротивление металлов в указанной области температур пропорционально температуре
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