Changing from Direct into Reported Speech (Statements)
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Inverted commas are omitted in Reported Speech.
 "I'm going out," he said. He said (that) he was going out.
When the reporting verb (said, told etc) is in the past, all the following verbs usually change into a past form too. "I enjoy dancing," she said. She said
she enjoyed dancing.
However, the tenses do not change in Reported Speech when:
a) the reporting verb (said, told etc) is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect
tense.
"The station is far from here," he says. He says the station is far from here.
b) the speaker expresses general truths, permanent states and conditions.
"Water turns into ice," he said. He said water turns into ice. (permanent
truth)
c) the speaker is reporting something immediately after it was said (up to date).
"I will call you back," he said. He said he will call me back. (immediate reporting - up to date)
"I will call you back," he said. He said he would call me back, (later
reporting - out of date)
If the speaker expresses something which is believed to be true, the tenses
may change or remain unchanged. If something untrue is expressed, then the
tenses definitely change.
"She likes strawberries very much," he said, (true) He said she likes/liked strawberries very much.
"Canada is a poor country," he said, (untrue) He said Canada was a poor country.
The Past Perfect and the Past Continuous usually remain the same in
Reported Speech. “I was watching TV while Ann was reading a book." He
said he was watching TV while Ann was reading a book.
If the reported sentence deals with unreal past, conditionals type 2/type 3 or wishes, the tenses remain the same. "It's time we went," he said. He said it
was time they went. "If I were you, I would apologise," he said. He said that
if he were me, he would apologise.
Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context.
“I will show you my new dress," she said. She said she would show me her
new dress.
Certain words change as follows depending on the context.
Direct Speech: this/these here "Put that box down over here," she said.
Reported Speech: that/those there She told me to put that box down over there.
Time words and tenses can change or remain the same depending on the time reference. If the reported sentence is out of date, the tenses change. If the reported sentence is up to date, the tenses can remain the same.
"They are leaving next week," he said. He said they were leaving the following week. (speech reported after they had left -out of date) "They are
leaving next week," he said. He said they are leaving next week. (speech
reported before they have left - up to date)
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Direct Speech
tonight, today, this week/month/year
now
now that
yesterday, last night/week/month/year
tomorrow, next week/month/year
two days/months/years etc ago
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Reported Speech
that night, that day, that week / month / year
then, at that time, at once
immediately
since the day before, the previous night/week/ month/year
the following day/the day after, the following/next week/month/year
two days/months/years etc before
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3. Jim met Ann while she was on holiday. Read Ann’s words then report what she said.
1 Ann said (that) the weather was hot. 6 ……………………………...
2 7 ……………………………...
3 8 ……………………………...
4  9 ……………………………...
5 10 …………………………….
4. Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.
1. "A lot of English words are borrowed from other languages," the teacher said to us.
 The teacher told us that a lot of English words are borrowed from other languages.
2. "China is a densely populated country," she said. ……………………………………………
3. "It's time they moved to a new house," Ann said. ……………………………………………
4. "Water freezes below 0°C," he said. …………………………………………………………
5. "I was reading the children a story last night when the lights went out," she said.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. "I'll help you to repair your car tomorrow," he said to me. (out-of-date reporting)
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. "I didn't understand the meaning of the film," he said. ………………………………………
8. "You can come to me if you have any problems," she said to him. (out-of-date reporting)
9. "I saw the film you recommended last night," he said to her. ……………………………….
10. "I'm going to Spain next week," he said. (out-of-date reporting) …………………………..
11. "She doesn't understand," he said. (up-to-date reporting) ………………………………….
12. "I would invite more people if I had a bigger flat," he said. ……………………………….
13. "I will not repeat this again," he said to us. (out-of-date reporting) ……………………….
14. "I've applied for several jobs this week," he said. (out-of-date reporting) …………………
15. "I'm afraid I can't come," he said to me. (up-to-date reporting) …………………………...
16. "If I finish it this evening; we'll go out", he said to her. (out-of-date reporting) …………..
17. "I saw him yesterday but he didn't recognise me," she said. ………………………………
Reported Questions / Indirect Questions
In reported questions we use the affirmative word order and the question mark becomes a full stop. To report a question we use: a) ask + wh- word (who, where etc) when the direct question begins with a wh- word, b) ask + if/whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (do, have, can etc). Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions etc change as in statements.
He said, "What are you doing?" He asked what I was doing.
He said, "Did you enjoy the party?" He asked if/whether I enjoyed/had enjoyed the party.
We use Indirect questions to ask for information/advice and Reported questions to report someone else's questions, suggestions, offers or requests. Indirect questions are introduced with: Could you tell me...?, Do you know...?, I wonder..., I want to know..., I doubt..., etc and their verb is in the affirmative. If the Indirect question starts with I wonder ..., I want to know ... or I doubt..., then the question mark is omitted. Question words (what, who, where etc) or whether can be followed by an infinitive in the reported sentence.
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Direct questions
He asked me, "Shall I phone her?"
He asked me, "What time is it?"
He asked me, "Where can I put it?"
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Reported questions
He asked me whether he should phone her.
He asked me what time it was.
He asked me where he could put it. or He asked me where to put it.
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Indirect questions
I wonder whether to phone her. / whether I should phone her.
Do you know what time it is?
Do you know where he can put it? or Do you know where to put it?
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5. Flora went for an interview last weekend. First read, then report Mr Roberts' questions.
1 ……Mr Roberts asked Fiona why she wanted to work for Portman Plastics. ………………
2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
8 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
9 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
10 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Turn the following into indirect questions. Omit question marks where necessary.
1. Where's the post office? (Do you know …) ….Do you know where the post office is?.........
2. What have you told her? (I wonder ...) ………………………………………………………
3. Are we going out tonight? (I want to know ...) ……………………………………………...
4. Is this correct? (I doubt ...) …………………………………………………………………..
5. Whose car is this? (I wonder ...) …………………………………………………………….
6. Does this train stop at Leeds? (Could you tell me ...)………………………………………..
/adapted from Round-up 6. Virginia Evans/
Vocabulary 1 Crime
The law
If you do something illegal/against the law (= wrong), you have committed a crime. Most people commit a crime at some time in their lives, e.g. driving above the speed limit or parking illegally, etc. If you break the law (= do something wrong/illegal) and commit a crime, you could get into trouble (= be in a bad situation) with the police.
Crimes
crime
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criminal (= person)
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verb
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theft (= general word for stealing)
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thief
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steal (also take)
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robbery (= steal from people or places, e.g. banks)
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robber
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rob
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burglary (= break into a shop/house and steal things)
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burglar
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break in
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shoplifting (= steal from shops when they're open)
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shoplifter
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shoplift
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murder (= kill someone by intention)
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murderer
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murder
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manslaughter (= kill someone but without intention)
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-
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-
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Scene of the crime
Two men robbed a jeweller's in west London early this morning. They broke in (= forced their way into the building, e.g. they broke a window) around 7 am and took/stole rings and necklaces valued at over £10,000. Several witnesses (= people who see a crime) saw them leave the shop and get away/escape (= go away from a dangerous situation) in a blue car. The police believe both men are armed (= have guns) and extremely dangerous.
Crime prevention
What can governments do to prevent crime (= stop crime happening) or reduce it (= make it less)? These things happen in some countries.
The police carry guns. (= have guns)
The police are allowed to (= are permitted to/can) stop anyone in the street and ask them
questions.
Criminals receive tough (= hard) punishments, e.g. go to prison for long periods.
There is capital punishment (= death, e.g. by injection or electric chair) for some crimes. What can people do to protect themselves (= keep themselves safe) and their property (=
home and land)? They can do these things.
Avoid (= keep away from) dark streets late at night (e.g. midnight).
Avoid wearing (= try not to wear) expensive rings or watches. [Note the -ing form after
‘avoid’]
Have a burglar alarm.
Put money and valuables (= things worth a lot of money) in a safe.
Leave lights on at home when they go out.
Lock doors and windows when they go out.
/adapted from English Vocabulary in Use. Pre-intermediate and Intermediate. Second edition. Stuart Redman/
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1. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.
1) an arsonist
2) a shop-lifter
3) a mugger
4) an offender
5) a vandal
6) a burglar
7) a murderer
8) a kidnapper
9) a pickpocket
10) an accomplice
11) a drug dealer
12) a spy
13) a terrorist
14) an assassin
15) a hooligan
16) a stowaway
17) a poacher
18) a thief
19) a hijacker
20) a forger
21) a robber
22) a smuggler
23) a traitor
24) a gangster
25) a deserter
26) a bigamist
27) a drug smuggler
28) an embezzler
29) a fraud or con man
30) a racketeer
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a) attacks and robs people, often in the street
b) sets fire to property illegally
c) is anyone who breaks the law
d) breaks into houses and other buildings to steal
e) steals from shops while acting as an ordinary customer
f) kills someone
g) pretends or claims to be what he is not
h) deliberately causes damage to property
i) steals things from people’s pockets in crowded places
j) gets secret information from another country
k) buys and sells drugs illegally
l) takes away people by force and demands money for their return
m) helps a criminal in a criminal act
n) steals from his own company
o) uses violence for political reasons
p) causes damage or disturbance in public places
q) hides on a ship or plane to get a free journey
r) takes control of a plane by force and makes the pilot change course
s) murders for political reasons or a reward
t) is someone who steals
u) makes money by dishonest business methods, e.g. by selling worthless goods
v) makes counterfeit (false) money or signatures
w) is a member of a criminal group
x) steals money, etc. by force from people or places
y) marries illegally, being married already
z) is a soldier who runs away from the army
aa) brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax
bb) illegally carries drugs into another country
cc) betrays his or her country to another state
dd) hunts illegally on somebody else’s land
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