ГУСЬКОВА (1). 1. Инфинитив в функции определения
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§ 12. ЭЛЛИПТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ 1. Эллиптические конструкции типа if any, if anything имеют экспрессивно-усилительное значение и передаются на русский язык придаточными условными предложениями, а также словами почти, пожалуй, вовсе, вообще и др. Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. Если и имеются возражения против этого плана, то они должны быть немедленно представлены комитету. (Возражения, если они имеются...) Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defence of his policy. Почти ничего нельзя было сказать в поддержку его политики. Примечание. If anything может переводиться также словосочетанием во всяком случае, не что иное как... If anything, it will be in their interests to follow this course. Во всяком случае, в их интересах следовать этому курсу. 2. К эллиптическим конструкциям относятся также уступитель ные придаточные предложения, вводимые союзами whatever, however, в которых отсутствует сказуемое (иногда подлежащее). На русский язык такие уступительные придаточные предложения пере водятся полными уступительными придаточными предложениями с союзами какой бы ни, каким бы ни (восстанавливается сказуемое и подлежащее полного предложения). The British people have to submit to new taxation, however high. Английскому народу приходится примириться с новыми налогами, какими бы высокими они ни были. 3. К эллиптическим конструкциям относится и сочетание if + ричастие II(или прилагательное). На русский язык это сочетание реводится придаточным уступительным предложением. Ifconsideredfrom this point of view, the problem takes on a new aspect. Если рассматривать проблему с этой точки зрения, то она приобретает (принимает) другой характер. But the decision, if logical, requires a measure of courage. Но это решение, хотя оно и логично, требует известного мужества. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. (Т) Investors go back to looking at domestic conditions. And what they ]nd in the United States is an economy that shows few if any signs of the slowing growth that the Fed. (Federal Reserve) Chairman predicts is on the way. W££ 2. You would have thought that, after the economy crashed in August, the arts in Russia would have grounded to a half. If anything, the opposite is the case. (3?)What, if anything did the President bring back from Beijing? Above 1, the event itself, the fact that it took place. 4. National governments like the European Commission weak, and en the voters do not want hyperactivity in Brussels. Nor should they: j/ lything, it should have less money to spend in future, not more. Scott Reed, who ran the 1996 campaign for Bob Dole is quoted to say on the buildup by Governor George Bush of Texas toward an an nouncement on his plans for a presidential campaign: «If anything, the Bush team has learned that you need to put the filler out there or the void will be filled by somebody else.» New patterns of economic development have brought material af fluence to the oil-rich countries of the Middle East. In contrast, poverty has, if anything, become more deeply entrenched in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. ^jSuch policies contributed to the crisis, and if left in place would harm long-term growth. Qjj^Jt may be long time, if ever, before South Korea is strong enough to face unification unaided. ;' ■ ■ ■ \лг t У ' ■ /' f/ 134 135 9. However venal politicians may be, there is a general, if grudging, acceptance that they are always with us. 10. In Hungary, Poland and Russia communist parties, now embracing if with differing degrees of conviction, the principles of social democracy, have made an electoral comeback. . ■ , ■ ( 11 jHis greatest skill lies in enticing and reassuring those who are not enemies and who might, if handled correctly, become friends. In the United States, critics have seized on a series of damaging espionage cases and China's apparent attempts to influence U.S. elections as proof of a continuing if amorphous, threat from the world's most populous nation. Whatever the tigers' shortcomings, however, the markets almost certainly overreacted. Whatever the outcome of the leadership contests on November 18 (the Republican Conference is due to elect a new Speaker), the wounds may be deep and hard to heal. Perhaps the party's wobbles are, indeed, exaggerated: after all, the Republicans still control both House and Senate, and whatever the party's setbacks in close contests, the country as a whole voted for the status quo (of 401 House members seeking re-election, 395 won). Under him, and with a strong political will to show Europe as united whatever the cost, Airbus Industry operated in a unique manner, with parts being flown in from Britain, Germany and Spain to be assem bled in Toulouse. Whatever his reasons he has now brought the other members of NATO face to face with some very big and difficult questions about the military and political structure of Europe and its relations with the United States. But whatever his long term aims, the President's immediate inten tions and motives were made relentlessly clear at his last Press conference less than three weeks ago. Though this thesis sounds admirably democratic in principle, most people believe that it would make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for them to attain unity and real democracy. Of course, interpreting, if more spectacular, is not the only aspect of linguistic activity in the international sphere. Whatever the length of the discourse, a good interpreter never asks the orator to stop in order to enable him to render it bit by bit. Some orators have been known to speak for over an hour non-stop. Interpretations, of course, are usually some what shorter than original speeches, but even then, this represents tre mendous effort. 21. By virtue of longevity, if nothing else, Egypt has seen more changes than most. 22. If anything, Ireland has become less fiscally attractive to foreigners over the past few years: many of the grant and tax dodges once used to seduce them have gone. 23. Latin America, like Canada, will long remain dependent on the United States for export markets. Its migrants will still go north, legally or not. So will its drugs. Willy - nilly, it will still have to recognise the pri macy of its giant neighbour. But, however imperfectly, and however un evenly — it is far from homogeneous — Latin America is today part of the same free-market, democratic society. § 13. ПРЕПОЗИТИВНЫЕ АТРИБУТИВНЫЕ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ Препозитивные атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные при помощи соположения ряда существительных, очень распространены в английском языке. Они представляют трудность для перевода из-за многообразия семантических связей между членами словосочетания, а в ряде случаев из-за многозначности словосочетания, а также из-за различия структур английского и русского языков. Для правильного перевода словосочетания необходимо проанализировать внутренние смысловые связи между его членами. I. Двучленные словосочетания Первый член двучленного атрибутивного словосочетания может переводиться на русский язык: прилагательным: emergency meeting внеочередное/экстрен ное заседание; power station электрическая станция; factory com mittees фабричные комитеты. существительным в родительном падеже: incomes policy по литика доходов; wage rise повышение зарплаты; budget increase уве личение бюджета. существительным с предлогом: strike warning предупрежде ние о забастовке; disarmament conference конференция по разору жению (предложное дополнение); Coalbrook disaster несчастный случай в Колбруке (обстоятельство места). 136 137 Примечание. 1. В отдельных случаях первый член атрибутивного словосочетания может переводиться придаточным предложением или причастным оборотом: wage deadlock тупик, в который зашли, переговоры о повышении заработной платы (в вопросе о заработной плате). 2. В ряде случаев двучленные словосочетания могут быть многозначными. Например: university books университетские книги; книги об университете Для правильного перевода необходим либо широкий контекст, либо осведомленность о данной ситуации. V П. Многочленные словосочетания 1. При переводе многочленных словосочетаний надо придержи ваться следующего правила: 1) перевести определяемое существительное (последнее слово словосочетания); 2) проанализировать смысловые связи между членами словосочетания и разбить их на смысловые группы (анализ проводится слева направо); 3) перевести словосочетание, начиная с определяемого слова, и затем переводить каждую смысловую группу справа налево. В зависимости от смысловых связей многочленные словосочетания могут переводиться по принципу двучленных словосочетаний. Например, надо перевести словосочетание Bank Credit Regulation Committee. Переводим последнее слово словосочетания: комитет. Далее разбиваем все словосочетание на смысловые группы: 1. Bank Credit, 2. Regulation Committee. Переводим все словосочетание: Комитет по регулированию банковских кредитов. В некоторых словосочетаниях одно из существительных, вы ступающих в функции определения, может переводиться на русский язык причастием: raw material production countries страны, произво дящие сырье. Атрибутивные словосочетания могут начинаться прилагатель ным или причастием. В этом случае надо выяснить, к какому слову относится первый член словосочетания. Например: sudden policy change внезапное изменение политики; combined operation headquarters штаб совместных действий; National Liberation Front successes успехи Национально-освободительного фронта. В том случае, когда в начале атрибутивного словосочетания стоит имя собственное, обозначающее географическое название, оно переводится на русский язык прилагательным, существительным в родительном падеже или существительным с предлогом (обстоя- тельство места) : London district committee районный комитет Лондона; Paris peace talks мирные переговоры в Париже (происходящие в Париже). В том случае, когда в середине атрибутивного словосочетания стоит прилагательное, оно переводится на русский язык прилага тельным (определением к тому слову, перед которым оно стоит): NATO pact military chiefs военные начальники пакта НАТО, Атрибутивная группа может состоять не только из существи тельных, в ее состав могут входить и другие части речи: числитель ные, причастия, глаголы и т. д. Некоторые элементы этих словосо четаний соединяются между собой дефисом или заключаются в ка вычки. Такие атрибутивные группы обычно переводятся причаст ными оборотами или придаточными предложениями: the Labour- controlled city council городской совет, в котором большинство при надлежит лейбористам; a six-point control plan контрольный план, состоящий (который состоит) из 6 пунктов; take-it-or-leave-it draft resolution проект резолюции, носящий (который носит) ультима тивный характер; «Back to work before talks begin» declaration тре бование, чтобы рабочие вернулись к работе до того, как начнутся переговоры. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. /^China yesterday attacked a US Senate resolution condemning Chinese human rights violations, adding to tensions between the two giants. (ЪThe US President is scheduled to make a four-day, four-nation swing through Central America. The conservative parties' petition against the plan (to give citizen ship to.millions of foreigners in Germany) was counterproductive, he said, and would encourage xenophobia and bolster extreme-right groups. Order books and industrial confidence have weakened significantly since last spring, while industrial-production growth also has slowed during the past year. She is one of her party's most active and successful fund-raisers and has used her political action committee to funnel campaign contribu tions to other House Representatives. ...the public-safety commissioner of Birmingham, Ala., was ready to use water canons and attack dogs on a group of civil rights demon strators. r<7j However, domestic-based American export industry will lose the dominant-currency advantage it has enjoyed for 50 years. 138 139 Among the other provisions of the administration's new crime package are background checks for buyers at gun shows, a lifetime ban on gun possession by juveniles convicted of certain violent crimes, and child safety locks on all guns. Major donor nations promised Cambodia $470 million in aid, but they linked it to implementation of political and social reforms in the pov erty stricken nation. The prewar corporate world was more loosely structured, allow ing smart, ambitious women to break out of the secretarial ranks. The Santo Clara company, the world's biggest chipmaker, was expected to discuss encryption and other information-security issues at an industry conference that began Monday in San Jose, California. The euro zone is facing a short-lived growth slump because of problems in Brazil and other regions across the globe, the president of the European Central Bank said. Apart from pay and pension fund cuts, the earlier cost-cutting moves included lower utility, transport and rental costs. Home Office spokesman said yesterday that their policy was not to disclose any information about a taxpayer or his affairs without his prior consent. The announcement of assistance to Cambodia by 17 donor coun tries and six international finance organizations was made at the close of the two-day Consultative Group Meeting for Cambodia. The Treasurer introduced a Bill to implement the Government's plan to give preferential taxation treatment to life insurance companies. Bangladeshis went to work and schools Friday, to recoup losses suffered from a three-day anti-government strike that paralyzed the country's main cities and claimed seven lives. In Suburbia live one-third of the nation, who represent every patch of democracy '$ hand-stitched quilt, every economic layer, every laboring and professional pursuit in the country. Suburbia is the nation's broadening young middle class, staking out its claim across the landscape, prospecting on a trial-and-error bal ance for the good way of life for itself and for the children that it pro duces with such rapidity. The United Nations' Drugs Control Programme (UNDCP) could become the centerpiece of a special session of the UN General Assembly in June, leading to a new global drug-control convention to replace the cat's-cradle of existing accords. This [the elections to the new Scottish parliament] has been per- haps the first revolution (how else do you describe the re-establishment of a nation's government?) that has been conducted by pen-pushing committees of lawyers, clergymen and accountants rather than cells of bearded radicals. 22. Unfortunately, his choices on Europe are likely to be more complicated than a clash between a forward-looking embrace of Europe, and a backward-looking scepticism. 23/If Mr. Blair is not careful enough [with the modernisation of the welfare state] he could end up with a mess, like Mr. Clinton's ill-fated health-care reforms. 24. Britain's classrooms face collapse. This stark warning comes from the government's own official schools inspectors who issued their latest annual report yesterday. And their devastating indictment of the impact of the cuts wrung the admission from Education Secretary that every third school did not have enough books and every fifth school did not have enough teachers. Canada's defence industry is up in arms over changes to US export control regulations that have eliminated Canada's long-standing exemp tion from certain US export licensing requirements. Backing Thursday's mass lobby was the first decision taken by delegates from 30 union organisations called together by steel workers action groups at the weekend to set up a grass-roots Fight Back for jobs movement. The Japanese government, and some economists elsewhere, have proposed that Europe, the United States and Japan set exchange rate «target zones» so as to re-establish the stable international currency re lationships that existed under the Bretton Woods system and ended when the United States «floated» the dollar in 1971. 28. The war in Guatemala, which began in 1960, pitted a rightist military-controlled government against a classic Latin American leftist insurgency. 29) Credit Lyonnais 's privatisation arrangements will be published after discussions with the European Commission, officials at the French Finance Ministry said. The broad network of community, trade union, professional, sen ior citizen, and public interest groups that organized the state's Citizen Labor Energy Coalition is the decisive force in the current struggle. The economic assistance package was discussed briefly during a private briefing of the Senate Appropriations Committee by senior offi cials from the Departments of State and Defence, and the CIA. 140 141 Coupled with the spending and tax proposals were changes in the federal regulatory process and monetary policy. When recession suggests a continentwide need for stimulus, the pressure will be on the member states (of the EU) to create some sort of joint fiscal decision-making mechanism. (34j When mothers return to their jobs, reliable, affordable child care is provided by a vast network of government-backed neighborhood day-care centers. John Kasich, the 46-year-old House budget chairman, is a popu list fighting «corporate welfare» tax cuts for big business. And he's a maverick who helped Democrats try to kill spending for the B-2 bomber and pass a ban on assault weapons. In the past few years coordination agencies have been created by the Government to include a Foreign Exchange Committee and an Inter- nal Finance Committee; and the Central Bank and the Ministries of Fi nance, Commerce and State Enterprises exert some influence in this sphere. 37) A week of county council election opened in England and Wales yesterday when Monmouthshire and Norfolk went to the polls. (3jT)Public support for the railway strike decision is growing. This is shown in an opinion poll published in yesterday's Mail. 39. The protest is against National Coal Board redundancy notices to 140 miners, mainly young men of under 21, which take effect today. (-40.)An official from Taiwan's China Development Corporation, the island's biggest investment group, has described the current condition as a « qnce-in-a-lifetime opportunity.» .^OReflecting on last week's disastrous local election results most Labour MPs have at last realized that their Prime Minister's home and foreign policies are vote-losers. 42. The get-rich-quick mania also plays into people's natural competitiveness and, often, deep-seated feelings of inadequacy. 43.'Only one-quarter of the world's synoptic surface weather observation posts are below the Equator. 44/)77ie three month United Nations World Trade and Development Conference, which was attended by representatives of 122 Governments, was called the Little General Assembly. 45. Now the Civil Rights Commission, in two days of open hearings, has turned the spotlight on the near-ghetto conditions in which Blacks live in the only major city in the country where they are in a majority. The three-man UN mission leaves London today after four days of talks with the British Government. The mission yesterday described the London talks as « useful». The president has ordered up a war. A humanitarian crisis has erupted. And the Republicans? Save for the predictable isolationism of Pat Buchanan and the direct we 're-in-it-let 's-win-it response of John McCain, they're flummoxed — and it's gone from bad to worse. Several magistrates are staying away from the civic luncheon be ing given by the Labour-controlled city magistrates, Paradoxically, the poll returns mean that he will be able to go ahead with his plan to introduce a pay-as-you-earn income tax scheme, which had been the main issue of the elections. The contest, also held on May 6th but on traditional first-past-the- post rules, produced some grossly skewed results. Most of British men who came to adulthood in the first half of the century had stay-at-home wives and manual jobs. The country has become an any thing-goes, chaotically libertarian society. Members of Parliament of all shades last night in the Commons fought a genuine, no-holds-barred scrap over the fate of Britain's unem ployment. 54. The Prime Minister back-to-hearth-and-kitchen reproach to women — many of whom will themselves feel very angry at her attempt to make them feel guilty for going out to work — comes at the end of a year of attacks on provision for children. ^w^fl , £ыС £и кА^ (55^)There was never a promise to aid an uprising lest it result in the fragmenting of the Iraqi state with who-knows-what consequences for the region's balance of power. (/56) Far more questionable are the restrictions proposed for the state-financed unemployment benefit programs for the short-term unemployed. Civil Service unions, who staged a one-day nationwide protest walkout Monday against government pay curbs, threatened widespread chaos at airports at midnight Thursday, aimed at U.S. airliners. The report listed a whole range of tax-deductible items available to companies, including company houses, yachts for entertaining overseas clients and even company racehorses. The author criticized the American reporters for relying too much on interviews and too little on documented evidence, for chasing too many spot stories and spending too little time examining long-term trends. 142 143 It was disquieting to learn the other day that a CIA-led task force has proposed removing many current restraints on collecting information on Americans — on Americans, moreover, neither accused nor suspected of committing any crime. Gun control has been a hotly debated national issue for the last two decades. But with every assassination and attempted assassination, public outcries for effective national controls have been followed either by congressional inaction or passage of such weak legislation that gun- control proponents have branded it of little use. 62.) The sources said the US President was reluctant to take part in a North-South summit meeting after a eight-nation economic summit meeting. « These supply-oriented policies are directed at the medium-term,» the panel said. «If they are successful, it will raise the international com petitiveness of German products.» Militant regional leaders of Britain's miners defied a return-to- work order from their national union Thursday, declaring mistrust of the Conservative government despite its abrupt turnaround over threatened pit closures. The cool, pragmatic premier lately had come under a barrage of criticism from the right-wing and others in his faction-ridden Union of the Democratic Center, which was supposed to have begun its second congress Thursday on the island of Majorca. The left, they [centre-right politicians] concede has done better at presenting itself as a source of reassurance, a comforting pair of hands to protect ordinary people against the wicked forces of unfettered market economics. The New Left stands for a kind of anti-post-cold-was- capitalist triumphalism, which plays mercilessly on the caricature of an unfeeling Right. Sanyo Electric expects to show record profit and sales figures for the year ending next Nov. 30, company president said Tuesday. He said after-tax profit for the period will rise. The tricky job of unemployment-benefit policy-makers is thus to provide adequate compensation to allow worker adjustment to necessary economic change without, at the same time, interfering with labor mar kets by promoting worker turnover, increasing payroll costs and pro longing unemployment. Mere mention of the Senate Democrats these days calls to mind a row of chin-on-fist Rodin figures, all of course called The Rethinkers. But we suspect those ostensibly «rethinking» Democrats we have been hear- 144 ing so much about are going to have to give some early and careful thought to their opposition role. It is one with which they are unfamiliar and, some would say, for which they are temperamentally breathtaking]у unsuited. The tension on their side of the aisle (and, in a way, within the Democratic majority in the House as well) is likely to» be between the hothead, fight-everything, obstruct-wherever-you-can folks and those (soon to be called «sell-outs») who will be arguing the old line about restraint and being seen to be helping the administration govern. « However, the of-necessity somewhat hypocritical nature of a number of our findings and their dependence on certain political, biologi cal and technical assumptions is a feature they share with many contem porary planning schemes,» he said. Such divisions [in the president's party] exist on trade, for exam ple. Mr. Clinton's economic team, is by and large supportive of trade lib eralisation, whereas the labour-union base of the Democratic Party is hostile. This explains why Mr. Clinton never made a convincing case for fast-track trade-negotiating authority, which Congress consequently blocked. In one breath senior Republicans are calling for a national dia logue on tax reform to simplify the country's distorted tax code. In an other, they are clamouring for an end to the «marriage tax penalty» — the fact that many couples pay more taxes if they marry than if they re main single. Ending this «penalty» implies an expensive, loophole- creating tax cut within the existing system. |