ГУСЬКОВА (1). 1. Инфинитив в функции определения
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2. Сделайте синтаксический и грамматический анализ следующих предложений и переведите их, обращая внимание на страдательный залог, сослагательное наклонение и модальные глаголы. 1. The place that scores highest in the coming superpower test is, beyond much doubt, China. China's economy may not keep up its dizzy growth of the past 15 years, but even something more modest — an en- 164 tirely possible 5-6% a year, say — would be enough to create a serious amount of power-projection over the next quarter of a century. ThaJ means a Chinese navy which can reach out into the Pacific; an army and air force capable of quickly putting an expeditionary force on to a foreign battlefield; and an expansion of China's existing long-range nuclear armoury. China may or may not be able within this period to match the electronics of America's military command-and-control system but, even without that it will be a formidable power. Most cases that come to the European Court of Justice are about en forcing single-market rules. A famous example was the 1979 ruling which said that a product approved for sale in one country must be ac cepted by others. This paved the way for mutual recognition of standards to become a cornerstone of the single market. The future of EMU* is shrouded in political uncertainty. The right kind of EMU would leave governments maximum sway in other aspects of policy. There is no reason in logic why a single currency should oblige governments to « harmonise» their tax or labour-market policies, for in stance, and one good reason of political economy why any such thing should be opposed — namely, that harmonization enlarges the power of the state at the expense of individual freedom, whereas competition among governments (the alternative to harmonization) does the opposite. Yet many of Europe's politicians seek harmonization as an end in itself, others would accept more of it as the price for more effective action to reduce unemployment, promote competitiveness or what you have. Reviewing earlier research and drawing on new work for this book, Messrs Dollar and Pritchett establish, first, that the raw correlation be tween aid and growth is near zero: more aid does not mean more growth. Perhaps other factors mask an underlying link, they concede; perhaps aid is deliberately given to countries growing very slowly (creating a misleading negative correlation between aid and growth, and biasing the numbers). More of the new rich may discover philanthropy and good manners, just as the Astors did before them. But there is one difference. Much of the new pain, like much of the new wealth, is being created not by the rich but by globalisation. Already several politicians seem to be taking aim at the «winner-takes-all society». It is not hard to imagine talk of supertaxes or higher trade barriers to stop the injustice. But that might turn out to be like trying to ram an iceberg. The back-to basics advocates will be surprised to learn that Japa nese teachers are nothing like as authoritarian as they have assumed, and E  MU — European Monetary Union165 there is more learning-by-experiment and less by rote than is often claimed. 7. Sweden, even this Mecca of equality can't reconcile the female di lemma of balancing family and career. A whole new employment crisis could be closing in on the European Union. The population is shrinking, in some countries drastically, and that means fewer taxpayers to keep the social safety net hanging together. The Americans are irritated by what they consider to be tax havens, some just off their coast (the Caribbean territories), perfectly placed to launder the earning of Latin American drug barons. (Drugs are thought to be the primary source of dirty money). The British, and other big countries trying to crack down on money laundering, fear that it may prove impossible. After all, as the report noted last month, no sooner has one loophole been closed than another opens. Illicit cash can be laundered through a whole variety of frauds us ing property, construction, insurance, stockbroking, foreign exchange, gold or jewellery'. Mr. McCarthy, the Cayman's finance secretary, recently accused G7 countries of «trying to impose their political will on the less strong». Such noble concerns for human rights and for the weak might resonate more widely were it not that some offshore centres still enforce repressive social legislation, while thriving, in part, on the proceeds of crime. The banks cannot blame all their woes on outside events. There are 25 new commercial banks that eagerly sought licences when the rules were liberalised. Many lent inadvisedly, often to their business affiliates. Much of the money went into property. Other loans went straight into the stockmarket. As it slumped so more loans went into default. Spare a thought for Indonesia's bank doctors. Most of their pa tients became fatally ill last year, but in the interest of dignity they have to announce the deaths in instalments. The announcement was greeted warmly by the World Bank and the IMF, which had scolded the government for delaying it. Joseph Warren was a hero of the magnitude of Washington, Jef ferson, or Lincoln. A medical doctor, he was a leader of the Sons of Lib erty, a friend of Sam and John Adams, and he organized against tyranny and oppression. He conjured a sense of what a virtuous American people could do to rescue humanity from degradation at the hands of brutes and bullies. China's improved infrastructure, increased know-how and better direct trade connections to the world mean that Hong Kong's ability to command the situation has been diminished. 166 Mr. Blair needs no reminding that the throw-the-rascals-out mood that gave the government its landslide had much to do with Mr. Major's broken promises of lower taxes. If Mr. Blair breaks his, he cannot expect to be forgiven. More and more Swedish women work part-time and the majority are clustered in the public sector, in lower-paying occupations like teaching and nursing. Just as the Scots throughout the 1980s lamented being governed by English politicians they had not elected, so the English — in time — may resent the Scottish say over their affairs. The US President plans to call for a new round of global trade ne gotiations during his State of the Union address today. The talks would target industrial tariffs, agriculture, services, intellectual property, labour rights and environmental protection. The president was to be wined, dined and entertained, but he was also expected to be confronted with demonstrations and protests. A dem onstration was planned by environmental groups to protest the alleged re neging by the United States on promises to limit fallout of acid rain on Canada. The House of Representatives will begin deliberations Tuesday on a bill to increase transportation aid to cities. The nation's handicapped are demanding the bill include regulations requiring cities . ih mass transit systems to improve facilities for handicapped and disabled people. A bill on mass transit passed the Senate in June, and supporters are pushing for passage in the lame duck House session. They anticipate a tougher battle should the bill have to face next year's more conservative Congress. What the Prime Minister has to do is to convince a basically con servative government and business establishment at home that changes must be made for Japan to continue as either an economic or political power. At the same time he must move away from the old, tired promises of his predecessors and convince the international community that his na tion has at last recognized the need and has the will to take a more meaningful role in the international arena (with all that it implies). Given the pressure both at home and abroad the going is bound to be rough but present premier just could be the one to pull it off. His seemingly passive form of government may well in the end be recognized as the most active of the postwar era. For the teachers the inspectors have only praise. Their attitude «is of professional commitment and resourcefulness». 167 But, the report adds: «There is evidence that teachers' morale has been adversely affected in many schools. «Its weakening, if it became widespread, would pose a major problem in the effort to maintain present standards, let alone improve them.» The National Union of Teachers backed up this judgment, the report showed that those who had accused the NUT of alarmism were wrong, the union said. Behind this action lies an admission of, and a determination to solve, the real problem of every weatherman — that meteorologists actu ally know frighteningly little about the weather, «If a scientist in any other field made predictions based on so little basic information,» the head of the United States Weather Bureau's international unit remarked recently, « he'd be flatly out of his mind.» And if chemistry were now at the same stage as meteorology, a colleague added, the world would just be beginning to worry about the horrifying effect of gunpowder in warfare. Both countries have an interest in avoiding such an extention of the area of conflict because of the threatening consequences, were the lo calization to fail. A heavy expenditure on atomic development for peaceful pur poses, if controlled by the people, would ultimately pay handsome dividends. The chairman of a firm of timber importers, gently chided his fel low-industrialists. He reminded them that some of the presidents of the larger Russian trade corporations had told him that orders which might have been placed in Britain had not been because whether British export ers were unable to quote or were uncompetitive. The Prime Minister's famous victory last week against the rebels within his own party was surely cheaply won. His own performance may have been — indeed, must have been — more effective to listen to than to read later, for despite the fact that it was a speech for all seasons, it left unanswered or inadequately answered, so many questions about Britain's future role in the world and how it is to be fulfilled, that the great debate is very far from conclusion. For all his political skill, the Prime Minister has only written another chapter, he has not closed the book. Some excuse for the behaviour of Tory chieftains might be pro vided if it could be shown that the leadership battle revolved round cen tral issues of public importance. But throughout the dispute it has been concerned with personalities and patronage-gang warfare in all its sterility. 29. Many past air crashes, as subsequent investigation has shown, could have been avoided. There are many points which need an answer. Perhaps the answers to these questions will be satisfactory. In this case every possible step may have been taken that could have been taken, and 168 it may be shown that only a human error that could not have been foreseen caused the crash. 30. The Administration, which has been on its best behaviour throughout the summer in not pressing Britain to reach an early decision, is now making it plain that it would welcome an immediate answer. Serious discussions are to begin next month with Germany, Italy and others, and if Britain is not to miss the boat she must be ready to take part. 3!. A threat to developing countries that they must pursue policies pleasing to the U.S. if they want financial aid was made in Washington yesterday by the U.S. Undersecretary of State. «If a country is to be able to achieve self-sustaining growth within a reasonable future,» he totd the annual meeting of the World Bank, «it will have to pursue realistic policies to acquire the capital it needs.» 32. An urgent public inquiry is now needed into the whole running of the Metropolitan police. Last night's World in Action exposed what has long been suspected and hinted at; the Countryman inquiry into corruption at Scotland Yard was frustrated by the very people under question — senior police officers at the Yard. Yet again we have a stark example of the police adamantly refusing to accept that the public have a right to question the activities of the men and women who are employed to police Britain. One reason the police put forward is that such inquiries damage public confidence in the ^lice. But on the contrary, the exact opposite is true. 3. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод атрибутивных словосочетаний и других лексических трудностей. In November 1955, at the Messina conference that laid the founda tion for today's European Union, Britain's representative, a pipe-smoking Oxford-don turned-civil-servant called Russel Bretherton, made a brief comment: «The future treaty which you are discussing has no chance of being agreed; if it was agreed, it would have no chance of being applied. And if it was applied, it would be totally unacceptable to Britain. As a look at European households by the Family Policy Studies centre found, «the pace of change can only be described as leisurely». Similar research from America produces the identical conclusion. Even in Sweden, where it has been national policy for decades to make both the public and private spheres strictly gender neutral, the reality is that this is far from the case. Very few men take paternity leave and the jobs women go to are overwhelmingly «female» ones like day-care and nursing. 169 6 553 3. In Mr.Aznar's book the socialists who ruled post Franco Spain for 13 years, over-reacted by idolising all things foreign and despising the home-grown. That, says Mr. Aznar, meant being too obsequious to — among others — the European Union. But it is proving hard to legislate Spaniards into being prouder of their history. Tired of corruption and crime in the state [Maharashtra, India], vot ers, with some help from a few honest bureaucrats, are starting to disown bad government. Some citizens are challenging the abrupt transfer of their municipal commissioner, who had upset the rich and influential by or dering the demolition of some of their illegal buildings. Elaborate international networks have developed among organized criminals, drug traffickers, arms dealers, and money launderers, creating an infrastructure for catastrophic terrorism around the world. Aspects of the welfare reform program have infuriated legislators on Labour's left wing and interest groups representing the sick and dis abled, who say that the proposed cuts will take benefits away from some of the neediest people. During the Thatcher years, when whole industries collapsed, many people who lost their jobs found that their doctors were willing to declare them incapable of working. This enabled them to sign up for incapacity benefits, which pay more than unemployment benefits, and allowed the government to claim that fewer people were actually unemployed. What to make of her [Albright's] humiliation? Some say it shows that charm and sound-bites are no substitute for geopolitical grasp or for attention to detail. A law of 20th century communication has become evident: The length of a sound bite is inversely proportional to the complexity of the world and the overload of information to which we are exposed. Colum nist G.W. summarized it best when he noted that if Lincoln were alive to day « he would be forced to say, « Read my lips: No more slavery!» The Liberal Party has pushed for a re interpretation of Japan's pacifist constitution to allow greater freedom for the military overseas, but the Liberal Democrats opposed that. The two sides finally agreed to allow Japan's Self-Defense Forces to «actively participate and co-operate in UN peacekeeping missions if asked to do so by the organization.» So, it's back to the drawing board for the U.S. Treasury and the IMF. Will they really come up with some new «architecture» this time, something like going out of the global management business? Don't count on it. Assuming that Vodafone completes its takeover of Air Touch, the 170 resulting mobile-phone behemoth will become the world's largest cellular group. A fashion designer sued the government of Kuala Lumpur for as sault and battery Friday, saying he had been coerced into making a false confession. He and two others confessed but then retracted the allega tions, saying police had forced them into making false declarations through the use of threats and physical abuse in order to build a case against the ex-finance minister. «Regional Independent» offer (for takeover of Mirro Group PLC) is subject to financing, which some observers said could be tricky given the company's already leveraged condition. Both Chancellor of Germany and President of France played down reports of a monumental row between their countries over how to bring the EU budget and agricultural programs under control. Elections for the European Parliament are due in June, and almost all publicity is good publicity, from the parliament's viewpoint. In determining the choice of candidates, was it a case of the more te!e"genic they were, the more chance they had of success? The show [exhibition on Arab Spain in Grenada] was an eloquent statement about the need for an introverted country [Spain] to acknowl edge its Moorish past and build bridges — to Maghreb as well as the New World and Europe. Instead of tackling the problems of racism, jobs, inflation, social services and the like, which would make life more fruitful for the masses of people, the «revitalization» plan is organized to fill the formula de mand», oy big business. In brief, «revitalization» is a raid on the Treasury for the benefit of big business. But it is also more; it includes the factor of an increase in monopolization of the economy, as The New York Times' editorial indicated. More, it tightens the grip of monopoly on government; it is a step in the direction of something like a «corporate state». It means less popular influence on government. It will only increase the problems and troubles confronting the people. 20. The transport union executive yesterday announced a stepping up of the campaign to defend fair fares — after London Transport confirmed redundancy proposals and the Transport Minister held out no hope for their cause. The union decided to allocate £10,000 for a campaign to defend subsidised transport in London and places such as South Yorkshire. It also announced that its members would not obstruct members of the public who refused to pay the increased fares, due in two weeks' time. |