A Grammar of the English Language. Грамматика английского языка. A grammar of the english language
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§ 10. Would. Would was originally the past tense of will in the same way as should was the past tense of shall. But while the latter has acquired new shades of meaning, would has preserved those of will. Thus it expresses volition, persistence referring to the past. 1. Volition. In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences. She was going away and would not say where she was going. (Dreiser) Она уезжала и не хотела сказать, куда едет. 2. Persistence. I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it. Я просил его на хлопать дверью, а он все продолжал хлопать. Several times Eckerman tried to get away, but Goethe would not let him go. (Maugham) Несколько раз Эккерман пытался уйти, но Гёте ни за что не отпускал его. It is also used in speaking about lifeless things in the same way as will (see § 9), but in this use would is more common than will. ...and that was all he could see, for the sedan doors wouldn’t open and the blinds wouldn’t pull up. (Dickens) ...и это было все, что ему было видно, ибо двери портшеза никак не открывались и занавеси никак не поднимались. § 11. Dare. Dare means ‘to have the courage (or impertinence) to do something’. In the negative it denotes the lack of courage to do something. “How dare you ask the little Kelveys into the courtyard,” said her cold, furious voice. (Mansfield) The verb dare as well as need has some peculiarities which make it different from other modal verbs. It is used both as a normal verb (taking the auxiliary do in the interrogative and negative forms, ‑s in the third person singular and the to-Infinitive) and as an anomalous verb (without any auxiliary in its interrogative and negative forms, without ‑s in the third person singular and without the particle to before the infinitive which follows it). Dare has two forms — dare for the Present and dared for the Past. Did he dare to strike me when I was down? (E. Bronte) He did not dare to meet his uncle. (Kruisinga) How dare you go out by yourself after the orders I gave you? (Shaw) You dare address me in that tone! (Shaw) Sometimes dare takes the auxiliary but is followed by the bare infinitive. You know you didn’t dare give the order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw) ‘ Dare is mostly used in interrogative and negative sentences. However, we often come across I dare say which has become a stock phrase and acquired a new meaning ‘I suppose’. Dare is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive. § 12. Need. Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences. You needn’t be in such a fright. Take my arm. (Shaw) He надо так бояться. Возьмите меня, под руку. N o t e. — When need is used in the meaning of ‘to be in want of’ it is treated as a normal verb. He needs a new pair of shoes. Need has only one tense form — the Present. In the same way as dare, need is used as a normal and as an anomalous verb; the latter is much more common in colloquial English. One need to be careful.(Zandvoort) He did not need to be told twice. (Zandvoort) Why need he bother us? (Knuslnga) I am here. You needn’t be afraid. (Greene) I need hardly sayI would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen’s happiness. (Wilde) Need is used both with the Indefinite and with the Perfect Infinitive. I suppose I needn’t have madethat observation. (Pinero) Пожалуй, не к чему мне было делать такое замечание. MOOD Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In Modern English we distinguish three moods: (1) The Indicative Mood. (2) The Imperative Mood. (3) The Subjunctive Mood. THE INDICATIVE MOOD The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact. We went home early in the evening. (Dickens) The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i. e. a condition the realization of which is considered possible. If it rains, I shall stay at home. If Catherine disobeys us, we shall disinherit her. (Eliot) THE IMPERATIVE MOOD The Imperative Mood expresses a command or a request. In Modern English the Imperative Mood has only one form which coincides with the infinitive without the particle to; it is used in the second person (singular and plural). Be quiet and hear what I tell you. (Eliot) Please put the papers on the table by the bed.(Hemingway) In forming the negative the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even with the verb to be. Hush! Don’t make a noise! (Eliot) Don’t be angry... (Hemingway) The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the request more emphatic. But now, do sing again to us. (Eliot) To make a request or an order more emphatic the subject expressed by the pronoun you is sometimes used. It is characteristic of colloquial speech. I’ll drive and you sleep awhile. (Hemingway) N o t e. — A command addressed to the third person singular and plural is usually expressed with the help of the verb to let. Let the child go home at once. Пусть ребенок сейчас же идет домой. Let the children go home at once. Пусть дети сейчас же идут домой. With the first person plural the verb to let isused to express an exhortation to a joint action. Let’s go and have some fresh coffee. (Mansfield) Пойдемте выпьем свежего кофе. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD § 1. The Subjunctive Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb ispresented as a non-fact, as something imaginary or desired. The Subjunctive Mood is also used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker, to real facts. (A detailed treatment of this use of the Subjunctive Mood is given in § 16.) In Modern English the Subjunctive Mood has synthetic and analytical forms. “I wish I were ten years older,” I said. (Braine) «Хотел бы я быть на десять лет старше», — сказал я. I wish you would speak rationally. (E. Bronte) Я хотел бы, чтобы вы говорили разумно. § 2. The synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood can be traced to theOld English period when the Subjunctive Mood was chiefly expressed by synthetic, forms. In Old English the Subjunctive Mood had a special set of inflections, different from those of the Indicative. In course of time most of the inflections were lost and the difference between the forms of the Subjunctive and those of the Indicative has almost disappeared. However, in Modern English there are a few synthetic forms of the Subjunctive which have survived; they are as follows: the Present Subjunctive of all the verbs and the Past Subjunctive only of the verb to be. The Present Subjunctive
The Past Subjunctive
I. T h e P r e s e n t S u b j u n c t i v e. In the Present Subjunctive the verb to be has the form be for all the persons singular and plural, which differs from the corresponding forms of the. Indicative Mood (the Present Indefinite). In all other verbs the forms of the Present Subjunctive differ from the corresponding forms of the Indicative Mood only in the third person singular, which in the Present Subjunctive has no ending ‑s. The Present Subjunctive denotes an action referring to the present or future. This form is seldom used in Modern English. It may be found in poetry and in elevated prose, where these forms are archaisms used with a certain stylistic aim. It is also used in scientific language and in the language of official documents, where it is a living form. Wretched is the infant’s lot, Born within the straw-roof’d cot; Be he generous, wise or brave, He must only be a slave. (Southey) Печальна судьба ребенка, Родившегося в хижине с соломенной крышей; Как бы великодушен, умен и храбр он ни был, Он все равно будет рабом. Though all the world be false, still will I be true. (Trollope) Даже если весь мир будет лживым, все же я буду правдива. The Present Subjunctive also occurs in some set expressions. Be it so! Пусть будет так! Да будет так! Suffice it to say that he soon came back. Достаточно сказать, что он скоро вернулся. God forbid! Боже упаси! Сохрани бог! Far be it from me to contradict you. У меня и в мыслях не было противоречить вам. In American English the Present Subjunctive is used not only in the above mentioned cases but also in colloquial language. Yates called the hospital and insisted that one of the doctors come to the phone. (Heym) Йейтс позвонил в госпиталь и потребовал, чтобы кто-нибудь из врачей подошел к телефону. II. T h e P a s t S u b j u n c t i v e. In the Past Subjunctive the verb to be has the form were for all the persons singular and plural, which in the singular differs from the corresponding form of the Indicative Mood (the Past Indefinite). N o t e. — Occasionally the form was, which coincides with the form of the Indicative Mood, can be found in the singular. I know I am affectionate. I wouldn’t say it, if I wasn’t certain that I am. (Dickens) The Past Subjunctive is widely used in Modern English and occurs not only in literature but also in colloquial language. The term ‘Past Subjunctive’ is merely traditional as in Modern English it does not necessarily express a past action. In adverbial clauses of condition it denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future. In other types of subordinate clauses it denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; thus it may refer to the present and to the past. If I were ill I should like to be nursed by you. (Bennett) Если бы я был болен, я бы хотел, чтобы за мной ухаживали вы. I want to go everywhere, I wish I were a gipsy. (Galsworthy) Мне хочется всюду побывать. Я хотела бы быть цыганкой. I wished he were less remote. (DuMaurler) Я хотела бы, чтобы он не был таким отчужденным. § 3. The analytical forms of the Subjunctive Mood consist of the mood auxiliaries should, would, may (might) or shall (which is seldom used) and the infinitive of the notional verb. Mr. Barkis... proposed that my pocket-handkerchief should be spread upon the horse’s back to dry. (Dickens) Мистер Баркис предложил положить мой носовой платок на спину лошади, чтобы он просох. Yates wished Bing would stop thanking him, but Bing went on. (Heym) Йейтсу хотелось, чтобы Бинг перестал благодарить его, но Бинг все благодарил. Whoever you may be, Sir, I am deeply grateful to you. (Dickens) Кто бы вы ни были, сэр, я вам глубоко признателен. She lowered the blind and closed the shutters that he might not see the sun set. (Voynich) Она спустила шторы и закрыла ставни, чтобы он не видел, как заходит солнце. I propose that you shall come along with me. (Dickens) Я предлагаю вам пойти со мной. Mood auxiliaries have developed from modal verbs, which have lost their modality and serve to form the analytical Subjunctive. Still there are cases when mood auxiliaries retain a shade of modality, for instance the verb might in adverbial clauses of purpose. Lizzie stood upon the causeway that her father might see her. (Dickens) Лиззи стояла на дамбе, чтобы отец увидел ее (мог увидеть ее). § 4. In modern English the same meaning as is expressed by the Subjunctive Mood may also be rendered by the forms of the Indicative Mood — the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect and occasionally the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous. In adverbial clauses of condition the Past Indefinite denotes an unreal condition referring to the present or future; the Past Perfect denotes an unreal condition referring to the past. The room is so low that the head of the tallest of the visitors would touch the blackened ceiling if he stood upright. (Dickens) Комната такая низкая, что голова самого высокого из посетителей коснулась бы закопченного потолка, если бы он выпрямился. The noise about her was frightful, so deafening that if she had shouted aloud she would not have heard her own voice. (Cronin) Шум вокруг нее был ужасный, такой оглушительный, что если бы она громко закричала, она не услышала бы своего собственного голоса. In other types of subordinate clauses the Past Indefinite denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause; the Past Perfect denotes an action prior to that of the principal clause. He (Mr. Barkis) sat looking at the horse’s ears as if he saw something new there. (Dickens) Мистер Варкие сидел, глядя на уши лошади, как будто он видел там что- то новое. I felt as if the visit had diminished the separation between Ada and me. (Dickens) У меня было такое чувство, как будто этот визит сблизил нас с Адой. The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous are less frequently used. They looked as if they were fighting for their life. (Eliot) Они выглядели так, как будто они боролись за свою жизнь. The mother’s delicate eyelids were pink, as if she had been crying half the night. (Eliot) Нежные веки матери покраснели, как будто бы она проплакала половину ночи. N o t e. — In some grammars these forms are considered to be the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, homonymous with the forms of the Indicative Mood. THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD I. SIMPLE SENTENCES § 5. In simple sentences the synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood are more trequent than the analytical forms. In simple sentences the Subjunctive Mood is used: (1) to express wish (пожелание): Long live the Soviet Army! Да здравствует Советская Армия! Success attend you! Да сопутствует вам успех! То express wish the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may is also used. May success attend you! Да сопутствует вам успех! May you live long and die happy! Желаю вам долго жить и быть счастливым до конца своих дней. (2) to express an unreal wish: If only he were free! (Galsworthy) Если бы только он был свободен! (3) in oaths and imprecations: Manners be hanged! К черту всякие церемонии! Confound these flies! Будь они прокляты, эти мухи! (4) in some expressions: Suffice it to say that... Be it so! God forbid! Far be it from me. (See the translation of these examples, § 2.) The Subjunctive Mood in simple sentences is characteristic of literary style, except in oaths and imprecations, which belong to low colloquial style. II. COMPLEX SENTENCES § 6. The Subjunctive Mood is, used in conditional sentences to express an unreal condition (in the subordinate clause) and an unreal consequence (in the principal clause). In sentences of unreal condition referring to the present or future the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used in the subordinate clause; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. In the principal clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should or would and the Indefinite Infinitive. Should is used with the first person singular and plural, would is used with the second and third persons singular and plural. The world would be healthier if every chemist’s shop in England were demolished. (Shaw) Человечество было бы здоровее, если бы все аптеки в Англии были уничтожены. I should kill myself today if I didn’t believe that tyranny and injustice must end. (Galsworthy) Я бы сегодня же покончила с собой, если бы не верила, что тирании и несправедливости придет конец. An unreal condition referring to the future can also be expressed by the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be + Infinitive of the notional verb or the analytical Subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should for all the persons. Such sentences are often translated by means of ‘Если бы случилось так...’, ‘Случись так...’. If I were to offer my home... my station... my affections... to any one among the young women engaged in my calling, they would probably be accepted. Even readily accepted. (Dickens) Если бы случилось так, что я предложил бы свой дом, свое положение в обществе, свою любовь любой молодой женщине моей профессии, все это, вероятно, было бы принято. Даже охотно принято. Well, Major, if you should send me to a difficult spot — with this man alone, I’d feel secure. (Heym) Знаете, майор, если бы случилось так, что вы послали бы меня в опасное место только с одним этим человеком, я бы чувствовал себя в безопасности. If in the subordinate clause the mood auxiliary should is used, we often find the Indicative or Imperative Mood in the principal clause. If any of your family should come to my house, I shall be delightedto welcome them... (Trollope) Если кому-нибудь из членов вашей семьи случится прийти в мой дом, я буду рад принять его. If he should come, askhim to wait. В случае, если он придет, попросите его подождать. In sentences of unreal condition referring to the past the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used in the subordinate clause; in the principal clause we find the analytical subjunctive consisting of the mood auxiliary should (with the first person) or would (with the second and third persons) and the Perfect Infinitive. If I had consulted my own interests, I should never have come here. (Galsworthy) Если бы я думал только о себе, я бы никогда сюда не пришел. There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition. In the first of these the condition refers to the past and the consequence refers to the present or future. If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be well now. Если бы вы вчера приняли лекарство, теперь вы были бы здоровы. No, by my word and truth, I never despised you; if I had I should not love you now! (Hardy) Нет, клянусь вам, я вас никогда не презирал; если бы я вас когда-нибудь презирал, я не любил бы вас теперь. In the second type the condition refers to no particular time and the consequence to the past. If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have mistaken you for your sister. Если бы он не был такой рассеянный, он не принял бы вас за вашу сестру. Still Beatrice had taken the trouble to go up to London and to buy the books for me. She would not have done that if she disliked me. (DuMarnier) Все-таки Беатриса взяла на себя труд съездить в Лондон и купить мне эти книги. Она бы этого не сделала, если бы не любила меня. N o t e. — Unreal conditions may also be expressed in the following ways: (a) But for the rain, we should go down to the country. Если бы не дождь, мы бы поехали за город. His fleshless face would have looked like the face of a mummy, but for the restless brightness of his little black eyes. (Collins) Его изможденное лицо было бы похоже на лицо мумии, если бы не беспокойный блеск маленьких черных глаз. (b) If it were not for your help, I should not be able to finish my work in time. Если бы не ваша помощь, я не смог бы вовремя закончить работу. If it hadn’t been for me, his own brother would have shut him up for life. If it hadn’t been for me, his own brother would have shut him up for life. (Dickens) Если бы не я, его собственный брат засадил бы его (в сумасшедший дом) на всю жизнь. In sentences of unreal condition the modal verbs might and could are often used; they fully retain their modal meaning and therefore they do not form the analytical subjunctive. Here we have the group ‘modal verb +Infinitive’ which forms a compound verbal modal predicate, whereas the analytical subjunctive forms a simple predicate. If she were still waiting, she might be restless, feverish, but surely she would not look like this. (Galsworthy) Если бы она все еще ждала, она, возможно, нервничала бы, но, безусловно, она не выглядела бы так. I could have done very well if I had been without the Murdstones. (Dickens) Я мог бы очень хорошо учиться, если бы не Мердстоны. Would, when used in the subordinate clause of a sentence of unreal condition, is also a modal verb forming with the infinitive a compound verbal modal predicate. If you would come and see us... mother would be as proud of your company as I should be. (Dickens) Если бы вы пожелали навестить нас... моя матушка была бы так же польщена этим, как и я. N o t e. — In conditional sentences of real condition naturally the Indicative and not the Subjunctive Mood is used. Such sentences can refer to the present, future or past. But I can bear anything gladly if you are happy. (Eliot) If you make this disgusting match, you will never see Hector again. (Shaw) The whole thing was on his conscience — for if Jon had anything, he had a conscience. (Galsworthy) The conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses of condition are: if, in case, provided, suppose, unless and some others. If is the most common conjunction used in sentences of real and unreal condition. In case and provided are chiefly used in sentences of real condition. In case I don’t find her at home, I shall leave her a note. В случае, если я не застану ее дома, я оставлю ей записку. I shall go there provided you consent to accompany me. (Ch. Bronte) Я пойду туда при условии, что вы согласитесь пойти со мной. Suppose is more common in sentences of unreal condition. Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer? Предположим, он написал бы вам, вы бы ответили? Unless is used in sentences of real and unreal condition. I shall come in time unless I am detained at the Institute. Я приду вовремя, если меня не задержат в институте. . Isabel would not have engaged herself to Mr. Hardyman unless she had been fond of him. (Collins) Изабелла не согласилась бы выйти за мистера Хардимена, если бы не любила его. N o t e. — Unless has a negative meaning; it corresponds to the Russian если не. There are cases, however, when the Russian еслинеcannot be rendered in English by unless; only if not is possible. Осторожно переходите улицу, если не хотите попасть под машину. Cross the street carefully if you don’t want to be run over. In this sentence unless would sound ironically (разве что тебе захочется попасть под машину). Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion. Had the wanderer remained awake for another half-hour, a strange sight would have met his eyes. (ConanDoyle) Если бы путешественник продолжал бодрствовать еще в течение получаса, его глазам представилось бы странное зрелище. I should be myself were I once again among the heather in those hills. (E. Bronte) Я стала бы такой, как прежде, если бы вновь очутилась на этих холмах, поросших вереском. Mary would indeed have been grateful, to Miss Dunstable, could she have known all that lady did for her. (Trollope) Мэри и в самом деле была бы очень благодарна мисс Данстэбл, если бы она могла знать все, что эта дама для нее сделала. Should he come this way, I will speak to him. (Ch. Bronte) Если ему случится быть здесь, я поговорю с ним. The Subjunctive Mood is used in sentences expressing what may be understood as an unreal consequence, the condition of which is not expressed as such. I suppose you are a stranger in these parts, or you would have heard what happened last autumn. (Ch. Bronte) Наверно, вы приезжая, иначе вы бы знали о том, что случилось здесь осенью. There was no piano... because it would have taken up much room. (Galsworthy) Рояля не было... так как он занял бы много места. § 7. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of purpose. When a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) if the principal clause refers to the present or future; if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might is used. As has already been, stated (see § 3), the mood auxiliary may (might) retains in this case a shade of modality. She opens (will open) the window that she may (might) geta breath of fresh air. She opened the window that she might get a breath of fresh air. Order a conveyance to be at the door to-morrow evening, rather earlier than is absolutely necessary, in order that we may be in good time. (Dickens) Прикажите подать экипаж завтра вечером пораньше, чтобы мы приехали заблаговременно (чтобы мы могли приехать заблаговременно). Mr. Micawber impressed the names of streets upon me that I might find my way back easily. (Dickens) Мистер Микобер заставил меня запомнить названия улиц, чтобы я легко нашел дорогу обратно (чтобы я мог легко найти дорогу обратно). Не got up, cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping boy. (Cronin) Он тихо поднялся, чтобы не разбудить спящего мальчика. Occasionally the mood auxiliary should is used. I made shorthand notes of all that she said, however, so that there should be no possibility of a mistake. (ConanDoyle) Я сделал стенографическую запись всего, что она говорила, чтобы исключить возможность ошибки. If a clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is generally used. Lest has a negative meaning (чтобы не). She opens (opened, will open) the window lest it should be stuffy in the room. She... looked steadily at her coffee lest she also should begin to cry, as Anna was doing already. (Eliot) Она не поднимала глаз от чашки кофе, чтобы незаплакать, как уже плакала Анна. § 8. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession. Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the conjunctions and connectives though, although, however, no matter, whatever, whoever, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) is generally used. Though he may (might) be tired Tired though he may (might) be No matter how tired he may (might) be However tired he may (might) be } he will go to the concert. Как бы он ни был утомлен, он пойдет на концерт. Whatever obstacles may arise, we shall not give in. Какие бы препятствия ни, встали на нашем пути, они нас не остановят. You’re my daughter, Alice. Although you may never admit it, you’re like me. (GowandD’Usseau) Ты моя дочь, Алиса. Хотя бы ты с этим и не соглашалась, ты похожа на меня. Remember, the truth, however ashamed of it you may be, is better than any lie. (Dreiser) Помните, что правда, как бы вы ни, стыдились ее, лучше, чем любая ложь. I must return to the city, no matter what dangers may lurk there. (Dreiser) Я должен вернуться в город, какие бы опасности ни поджидали меня там. ...I should like to do some good to you and your husband, whoever he may be. (Hardy) Я хотел бы быть полезным вам и вашему мужу, кто бы он ни был. If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to, that, of, the principal clause the Perfect Infinitive is generally used. However badly he may have behaved to you in the past he is still your brother. (Wilde) Как бы плохо он ни вел себя по отношению к вам в прошлом, он все же ваш брат. N o t e. — The Indicative Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession when the action or state is considered as an actual fact and not as something supposed. C o m p a r e: Cold though it may be, we shall go to the skating-rink (Subjunctive Mood). Как бы ни было холодно, мы пойдем на каток. Cold as it is, we shall go to the skating-rink (Indicative Mood). Как ни холодно, мы пойдем на каток. § 9. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of time and place after the conjunctions whenever and wherever; in these cases the clauses have an additional concessive meaning. Whenever you may (might) come, you are welcome. Когда бы вы ни пришли, мы вам всегда рады. Wherever she may (might) live, she will always find friends. Где бы она ни жила, она всегда найдет друзей. Of course, I shall come for your marriage, whenever that may be fixed. (Trollope) Конечно, я приеду на вашу свадьбу, когда бы ее ни назначили. § 10. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison (or manner) introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though (the latter is more literary). If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. She speaks (spoke) about him as if she knew him well. Она говорит (говорила) о нем так, как будто она его хорошо знает (знала). She greeted him as if he were her brother. (Galsworthy) Она поздоровалась с ним так, как будто он был ее братом. Не speaks as if he knew you! (Collins) Он говорит так, как будто он вас знает! Rex got from his seat, as if he held the conference to be at an end. (Eliot) Рекс поднялся с места, как будто он считал совещание оконченным. If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used. She speaks (spoke) about him as if she had known him for years. Она говорит (говорила) о нем так, как будто знает (знала) его много лет. She flushes as though he had struck her. (Shaw) Она заливается краской, как будто он ее ударил. She shook hands with him as though they had known each other all their lives... (Trollope) Они пожали друг другу руки, как будто были знакомы всю жизнь. § 11. The Subjunctive Mood is used in predicative clauses: (a) introduced by the conjunctions, as if, as though, when we find the link verbs to be, to feel, to look, to seem, etc. in the principal clause. If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the PastSubjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. If the action of the subordinate, clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used. I feel as if we were back seven years, Jon. (Galsworthy) У меня такое чувство, как будто мы вернулись на семь лет назад, Джон. ...now I feel as if you had never been away. (Shaw) Теперь у меня такое чувство, как будто вы и не уезжали. Не looked as if he knew it to be true. (Austen) У него был такой вид, точно он знал, что это правда. The house looked as though it had been deserted for weeks. (Wells) У дома был такой вид, точно в нем уже много недель никто не жил. It was as if she were angry with him. (Lawrence). Похоже было, что она сердится на него. Karel felt a bitter taste in his mouth. It was as if he had done something wrong. (Heym) Карел почувствовал неприятный вкус во рту. У него было такое чувство, точно он сделал что-то дурное. (b) when the subject of the principal clause is expressed by an abstract noun such as wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. In this case the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used: Mary’s wish was that... our mother should come and live with her. (A. Bronte) Мэри хотелось, чтобы наша мать переехала к ней жить. ...his arrangement with them had been that they should meet him at Plymouth. (Hardy) Он условился с ними, что они встретят его в Плимуте. One of the conditions was that I should go abroad. (Swinnerton) Одно из условий заключалось в том, чтобы я поехал за границу. § 12. The Subjunctive Mood is used in subject clauses after a principal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is used for all persons. It is (was) necessary It is (was) important It is (was) right It is (was) requested It is (was) recommended It is (was) obligatory It is (was) better (best) It is (was) desirable It is (was) of vital importance } that he should come It was necessary that the child’s history should be known to none. (Trollope) Надо было, чтобы историю этого ребенка никто не узнал. It was desirable that she... should marry this earnest, well-to-do and respectable man. (Hardy) Было желательно, чтобы она вышла замуж за этого серьезного, состоятельного и солидного человека. It is better for these young men... that they should not remain here. (Dickens) Для этих молодых людей... лучше, чтобы они не оставались здесь. It was imperative that she should go home. (Hardy) Было совершенно необходимо, чтобы она поехала домой. § 13. The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses: (a) When the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb to wish. If the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. I wish I were a girl again. (E. Bronte) Я хотела бы быть снова девочкой. She wished she were free and could follow them. (Ch. Bronte) Она жалела, что не свободна и не может поехать с ними. I wish she felt as I do. (E. Bronte) Я бы хотела, чтобы она чувствовала то же, что и я. Не wished he had someone to talk to... (Wilson) Он хотел, чтобы у него был кто-нибудь, с кем можно было бы поговорить. If the action expressed in the object clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used. Auntie, I wish I had not done it. (Twain) Тетя, мне очень жаль, что, я это сделал. The moment Aileen had said this she wished she had not. (Dreiser) Как только Эйлин это сказала, она пожалела об этом. The above examples show that such sentences are often translated by means of какжаль, мнежаль. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary would (for all persons) is also used in object clauses after the verb to wish. This form is used only in sentences referring to the present or future; it is possible only if the subject of the principal clause is not the same as the subject of the object clause. It is chiefly used in sentences expressing request or annoyance. I wish you would stay with me for a while. (Voynich) Я бы хотел, чтобы вы побыли немного со мной. I wish the honourable district attorney would mind his own business. (Dreiser) Я бы хотел, чтобы почтенный адвокат не вмешивался в чужие дела. With the verb to be this form is hardly ever used. (b) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is expressed by a verb denoting fear. The mood auxiliary should is used for all persons. She fears (feared) lest she should be blamed. Она боится (боялась), как бы ее не осудили. Не trembled lest his secret should be discovered. Он дрожал при мысли, что его тайна будет раскрыта. I dreaded lest any stranger should notice me and speak to me. (Eliot) Я боялась, что какой-нибудь незнакомый человек заметит меня и заговорит со мной. After verbs denoting fear object clauses are often introduced by the conjunction that, in which case the Indicative Mood is used, often with the modal verb may (might). She fears (feared) that she will (would) be blamed. She fears (feared) that she may (might) be blamed. (c) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses when we find verbs and word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, desire, etc. fn the principal clause. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used. He orders (ordered) He suggests (suggested) He proposes (proposed) He demands (demanded) He desires (desired) He insists (insisted) He is anxious (was anxious) He will see (he saw) to it } that everything should be ready by 5. Mrs. Linton insisted that Isabella should go to bed. (E. Bronte) Миссис Линтон настаивала на том, чтобы Изабелла легла спать. She (Agnes) proposed to my aunt that we should go upstairs and see my room. (Dickens) Она предложила моей тетушке, чтобы мы пошли наверх и посмотрели мою комнату. Mr. Micawber was very anxious that I should stay to dinner. (Dickens) Мистеру Микоберу очень хотелось, чтобы я остался обедать. In American English we often find the Present Subjunctive in this case. ...she insisted that they open a bottle of wine and toast his success. (Stone) Она настаивала, чтобы они откупорили бутылку вина и выпили за его успех. The people demand that the resignation be accepted. (Heym) Народ требует, чтобы отставка была принята. § 14. The Subjunctive Mood is used in attributive appositive clauses modifying the nouns wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used. His wish (suggestion) that everybody should take part in the work was reasonable. She had been enormously flattered by his request that she should temporarily keep his house. (Bennett) Она была чрезвычайно польщена его просьбой временно вести его хозяйство. § 15. The Subjunctive Mood is also used in attributive clauses modifying the noun time in the principal clause It is time, It is high time. In this case the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood. It is time we went home. Нам пора идти домой. It is high time we went home. Нам давно пора идти домой. It is time we were off. Нам пора идти. It’s time you learned you’re in the army. (Heym) Вам пора усвоить, что вы в армии. Now then, children. It’s high time you were washed and dressed. (Mansfield) Ну, дети, давно пора умываться и одеваться. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is also possible, though less common. It is time we should go home. It was indeed high time that some one... should come to the aid of the old farmer and his adopted daughter. (ConanDoyle) Уже давно было пора кому-нибудь прийти на помощь старому фермеру и его приемной дочери. § 16. As has already been stated the Subjunctive Mood may be used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts (see § 1). Here we always find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should, which in this case is often called the ‘emotional should’. If priority is expressed the Perfect Infinitive is used. In this case the Subjunctive Mood is rendered in Russian by the Indicative Mood. The emotional should occurs in different kinds of subordinate clauses; the principal clause in such cases contains: (a) An adjective expressing astonishment, incredulity, regret, joy, such as strange, wonderful, unnatural, impossible, fortunate, unfortunate, etc. It is strange I should never have heard him even mention your name. (Austen) Странно, что я никогда даже не слышала, чтобы он упоминал ваше имя. It is impossible that she should have said it. He может быть (невозможно), чтобы она это сказала (не могла она это сказать). (b) A noun with the same meaning: wonder, pity, shame, etc. He is such a charming man that it is quite a pity he should be so grave and so dull. (Austen) Он такой чудесный человек; как жаль, что он такой серьезный и скучный. (c) The principal clause may be of the following type: I am sorry, glad, pleased, vexed, etc. I am sorry you should take such needless trouble. (Ch. Bronte) Мне очень жаль, что вы берете на себя такие ненужные заботы. Against my will I felt pleased that he should have considered my remark interesting... (Bralne) Невольно я обрадовался тому, что он нашел мое замечание интересным. I am so vexed... that such a thing should have been discussed before that child. (Reade) Мне так досадно, что подобный вопрос обсуждался при ребенке. I forgive you; but I am so grieved, Davy, that you should have such bad passions in your heart. (Dickens) Я тебя прощаю, но я так огорчена, Дэви, что в твоем сердце гнездится столько дурного. The Subjunctive Mood with the emotional should may also occur in such sentences as: Why should you and I talk about it? (Dickens) К чему нам с вами говорить об этом? То think this should have come upon us in our old age! (Hardy) Подумать только, что на старости лет с нами случилось такое! I was still busy, when who should come in but Caddy! (Dickens) Я была еще занята, как вдруг вошла — кто бы вы думали? — Кэдди! In sentences of this kind the Indicative Mood is also possible. Oh! It is strange he never mentioned to me that he had a ward. (Wilde) It is only wonderful we have seen no living creature there before. (Collins) ...to think that I have been so blind! (Dickens) § 17. Ways of rendering the Subjunctive Mood in Russian. The Subjunctive Mood in English often corresponds to the same mood in Russian. I wish you’d come oftener to see us. (Dreiser) Я хотела бы, чтобы вы почаще заходили к нам. I wonder sometimes, when I think of it, what they would have done, if I had been taken with an illness. (Dickens) Я иногда думаю о том, как бы они поступили, если бы я заболел. However, this is not the only way of rendering the Subjunctive Mood in Russian: it is often rendered by the Indicative Mood; sometimes the infinitive is used. Barsiny received them as if he had known them for years. (Heytn) Барсини принял их так, как будто он знал их много лет. In the first place, he showed him Mary’s letter. “If your heart be not made of stone it will be softened by that,” he said. (Trollope) Прежде всего он показал ему письмо Мэри. «Если у вас сердце не каменное, это письмо тронет вас», — сказал он. I regret extremely Mr. Helstone should have thought it necessary to trouble you. (Ch. Bronte) Я очень сожалею, что мистер Хелстоун счел необходимым побеспокоить вас. I proposed to Ada, that morning, that we should go and see Richard. (Dickens) Утром я предложила Аде пойти навестить Ричарда. And he again took her hand that he might encourage her. (Trollope) И он опять взял ее за руку, чтобы подбодрить. Chapter VIII THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (THE VERBALS) § 1. The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being also called verbals. The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not express person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence. Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from those of the finite verb. (For detailed treatment of the tense distinctions of verbals see § 2.) There are three verbals in English: the |