A Grammar of the English Language. Грамматика английского языка. A grammar of the english language
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§ 13. Geographical names. 1. Geographical names like all the other proper nouns are used without articles: England, France, Moscow, London. The same holds good when a geographical name is modified by an attribute in pre-position: Soviet Russia, North America, Latin America, Central Asia. N o t e. — The word groups the Soviet Union, the United States are always used with the definite article. 2. Geographical names modified, by a particularizing attribute are used with the definite article. The Philadelphia into which Frank Algernon Cowperwood was born was a city of two hundred and fifty thousand and more. (Dreiser) 3. With names of oceans, seas, rivers the definite article is used: the Pacific Ocean (the Pacific), the Black Sea, the Thames, the Ohio River. 4. Names of lakes do not take the article if the word lake is used, which is nearly always the case; if it is not mentioned we find the definite article: Lake Windermere, Lake Ontario, the Ontario. 5. With names of mountain chains the definite article is used: the Urals, the Alps. With names of mountain peaks no article is used: Elbrus, Everest. 6. With names of groups of islands the definite article is used: the Hebrides, the Bermudas. With names of single islands there is no article: Madagascar. 7. The names of the following towns, countries and provinces are used with the definite article: the Hague, the Netherlands, the West Indies, the Ruhr, the Riviera, the Crimea, the Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Congo. The Lebanon is generally used with the definite article, occasionally without the article. 8. Names of streets and squares are used without articles: Oxford Street, Wall Street, Trafalgar Square, Russell Square. There are a few exceptions: the High Street, the Strand. § 14. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines are used with the definite article. And he added that the Independent had accepted and was about to publish two poems which he had been able to write because of her. (Dreiser) The three men came to the turning at the corner of the Grosvenor Hotel. (Hichens) § 15. Names of cardinal points. With the names of cardinal points the definite article is used: the North, the South, the West, the East. In the expressions from East to West, from North to South no article is used. § 16. Names of months and days. As a rule names of months and days are used without articles. May is a spring month. My day off is Friday. When these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute the definite article is used. The May of 1949 will always rest in my memory. Miss Trotwood came on the Friday when David was born. Names of days are used with the indefinite article when we mean one of many Mondays, Fridays, etc. Robinson Crusoe found his servant on a Friday. I do not remember exactly when he came from Moscow, but I am sure it was on a Monday. Names of months are used with the indefinite article when modified by a descriptive attribute. A cold May is the usual thing in Leningrad. § 17. The use of articles with nouns modified by proper nouns. If a noun is modified by a proper noun in the genitive case no article is used. I met Robert’s father. A noun modified by a proper noun in the common case is used with the definite article. Last summer I visited the Tretyakov Gallery. The sailor led him back to the little irregular square by the Medici Palace. (Voynich) USE OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS IN SOME SET EXPRESSIONS § 18. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions.
§ 19. The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions.
§ 20. Nouns in set expressions used without an article.
USE OF ARTICLES IN SOME SYNTACTIC RELATIONS § 21. The use of articles with predicative nouns. As stated above (see § 2) a predicative noun is used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class. If a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute, the definite article is used. He is the student you wanted to speak to. If a predicative noun denotes a post which can be occupied by one person at a time, either no atricle or the definite article is used. Mr. Henderson is manager, not under-manager any longer. (Lindsay) Montanelli was director of the theological seminary at Pisa. Comrade N. is the dean of our faculty. No article is used with predicative nouns after the verbs to turn, to commence, to appoint, to elect. Compeyson turned traitor. Компейсон стал предателем. Shakespeare commenced actor. Шекспир начинал как актер. They appointed him head-teacher. Его назначили старшим преподавателем. A predicative noun sometimes has an adjectival character, especially when it is followed by the adverb enough. In this case no article is used. Surely Bolla isn’t fool enough to believe that sort of stuff? (Voynich) Неужели Болла настолько глуп, чтобы поверить подобному вздору? When a predicative noun in an adverbial clause of concession is placed at the head of the clause, no article is used. Child as he was, David understood that Creakle was an ignorant man. Хотя Давид был ребенком, он понимал, что Крикль — невежественный человек. The nouns son and daughter used predicatively take the definite article when modified by an of-phrase, though there may be several sons and daughters in the family. Lomonosov was the son of a fisherman. Becky Sharp was the daughter of an artist. § 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition. Nouns in apposition and nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the indefinite article if the speaker states that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belongs to a certain class. I want to introduce you to Comrade В., a great friend of mine. In the plural no article is used. I want to introduce you to Comrades B, and D., great friends of mine. Nouns in apposition or nouns forming part of an apposition are used with the definite article if they are modified by a particularizing attribute. Comrade В., the student you have mentioned, has come. If the noun denotes a well-known person or work of art, the definite article is generally used. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, died in 1837. Hamlet, the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare, was written in the first years of the 17th century. But if the person or the work of art is not widely known the indefinite article is used. Pericles, a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged. No article is generally used with a noun in apposition when the opposition expresses a post which can be occupied by one person at a time. Occasionally the definite article is used. Professor Petrov, director (the director) of the Medical Institute, is going to deliver a lecture. Comrade Smirnov, dean (the dean) of the English department, has left for Moscow. § 23. Class nouns used in address take no article. Come downstairs, child. (Voynich) § 24. Place of the article. The usual place of the article is before the noun if it is not modified by an attribute; if the noun is modified by an attribute, the article is placed before the latter. However, there are cases when the article follows the attribute. 1. The definite article follows the attribute expressed by the pronouns both, all. Both the stories were interesting. All the stories were interesting. 2. The indefinite article follows the attribute expressed by an adjective after so, too, as. Mr. Pickwick could not resist so tempting an opportunity of studying human nature. (Dickens) You compel me to tell you that this is too serious a matter to be treated in such a fashion. (Dreiser) It was as black a house inside as outside. (Dickens) 3. The indefinite article follows quite, such, what (what in exclamatory sentences). She is quite a child. I’ve never heard of such a thing. What a wonderful piece of luck! The indefinite article either precedes or follows rather. This enquiry envolved the respected lady in rather a delicate position. (Dickens) They stop and interchange a rather heated look. (Dickens) |