А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for

• Название: А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for
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Определите инфинитивы. Переведите эти предложения:

1. The first heart sound can be impaired in certain cardiac diseases. 2. One can impair the health if one does not sleep for a long period of time. 3. Cholera [‘kolara] and other infectious diseases must be fought against. 4. The human organism can fight against microorganisms thanks to phagocytes.

7. 
   1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Переведите письменно абзацы 3 и б. 3. Найдите: а) неопределенно-личные обороты и переведите их;
   

б) модальные глаголы и укажите, с какими инфинитивами они употребляются. 4. Выпишите и переведите слова с суффиксами ‘-th’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ive’, ‘-ar’, ‘-able’. 5. Задайте по одному вопросу к каждому абзацу текста так, чтобы охватить содержание всего абзаца, о. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1. увеличивается по размеру до определенного предела; 2. в таком случае; 3. большинство микроорганизмов; 4. из-за (вследствие) уплотнений;

5. 
   прийти к выводу
   

Text A. Microorganisms

All the existing microorganisms can be divided into two main groups — aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic microorganisms must have atmospheric free oxygen for their life and growth. However one knows that free oxygen is not favourable for the development of anaerobic microorganisms.

Bacteria vary in shape and according to this feature they are divided into some groups. Spherical bacteria have been called cocci. They are also subdivided into several groups. Rod-shaped (палочковидные) bacteria are called bacilli.

When bacteria multiply they divide. The growing organism increases in size up to a certain limit and in due time divides. The process of division depends on the conditions of the environment.

Any minute [mai’nju:t] (мельчайший) virulent microorganisms may invade the human body. But due to the local protective agents of the human organism they are destroyed. In this case no disease occurs.

However the local protective agents of the human organism are not always able to destroy completely the invading microorganisms. It is known that in such a case a local or general infection may occur.

Most of the microorganisms produce diseases when they enter the tissue and destroy it. If one examines under the microscope the alveoli of the lung of the man with lobar pneumonia a great number of pneumococci can be revealed. While the disease persists the lung may be considerably impaired because of the consolidations which may develop in it.

But the human organism can fight against the microorganisms which have passed its first protective barriers, i.e. skin and mucous membranes.

The prominent Russian scientist 1.1. Mechnikov had made many investigations before he was able to come to the conclusion that leucocytes could catch and destroy certain microbes. 1.1. Mechnikov called them phagocytes or microbe cell destroyers.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

8. 
   Form new words using the given suffixes. Translate the words:
   

-ence, -ance: occur, persist, exist, depend, enter, clear, appear;

-ment: impair, develop, move, establish, appoint, require;

-able: favour, control, vary, depend, value, consider;

-sion: invade, divide, conclude, decide, diffuse;

-th: deep, grow, wide, strong, long, warm, dead;

-ish: thin, fat, long, woman, yellow, thick;

-ful: use, hope, pain, harm, rest, thank, help

9. 
   Answer the following questions:
   

1. What conditions are favourable for the growth and life of both aerobic and anaerobic microbes? 2. According to what are bacteria divided into groups?

3. 
   To what limit do growing organisms increase in size when they multiply? 4. Due to what are minute virulent microorganisms destroyed when they invade the human organism? 5. In what case may local or general infection occur? 6. What can be revealed under the microscope in the alveoli of the lung of the man with lobar pneumonia? 7. Why may the lung be considerably impaired while the disease persists? 8. What barriers do skin and mucous membranes form? 9. What is the role of leucocytes in the human body?
   

10. 
    Read and retell Text B:
    

Text B. Robert Koch

Robert Koch is a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiology. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. When Koch became a doctor he carried on many experiments on mice (мышах) in a small laboratory. In 1882 Koch discovered tuberculosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Physiological Society Koch described in detail the morphology of tuberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them. Due to his discovery Koch became known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera. This book included the investigations of his research work carried out during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and India. From the intestines of the men with cholera Koch isolated a small comma-shaped (в виде запятой) bacterium. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important scientific discoveries.

LESSON 25

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

Прочтите данные предложения, обращая внимание на то, чем затеняются модальные глаголы. Запомните эти заменители-эквиваленты:

А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya 2

CYCLE I. AT THE INSTITUTE 8

CYCLE П. ANATOMY 57

86 f 84

( a U^e pi< tc а н к, e $) 91

mTrt he had Uved in Kiev’ 105

CYCLE IV. MICROBIOLOGY 133

CR.CYCLE V. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS UNIT 1. POLYCLINICS 146

LC.CYCLE VI. DISEASES 175

AIH.CYCLE VII. PUBLIC HEALTH 235

ATB.i 270

1. 
   
   
2. 
   He is able to do this work.
   
3. 
   He was able to do this work.
   
4. 
   He will be able to do this work.
   
5. 
   He is allowed to do this work.
   
6. 
   He will be allowed to do this work. He has to do this work.
   
7. 
   He had to do this work.
   
8. 
   He will have to do this work.
   

1. 
   Чем могут быть заменены модальные глаголы can, may, must? 2. Как изменяются эквиваленты по временам? 3. Как строятся отрицательная и вопросительная формы при эквиваленте to have to?
   
2. 
   Поставьте сказуемые в будущем времени (письменно):
   

9. 
   1. The scientist can prove his investigations. 2. The patient may walk. 3. The nurse must feed the infant.
   
10. 
    Ш. Поставьте предложения в отрицательной, а затем в вопросительной форме (письменно):
    
11. 
    1. The patient was able to fall asleep after taking the medicine. 2. We had to summarize and analyse all the findings of our observations. 3. The fifth-year students will be allowed to operate on the patients by themselves.
    

4. 
   Напишите сложные слова путем сочетания неопределенных местоимений ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’, ‘every’ со словами ‘thing’, ‘body’ ‘(one)’, ‘where’. Переведите их и проверьте себя по таблице 9.
   
5. 
   Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
   

12. 
    1. “Somebody has just come to see you,” said the nurse. 2. Something new
    
13. 
    has been found out during this experiment. 3. We shall go somewhere on Sunday.
    

4. 
   Have you discovered anything new during the examination? 5. Has the doctor seen anybody already? 6. Did you go anywhere last summer? 7. The scientist did not observe anythingnew. 8. My friend did not see anybody there. 9. Someone must count the number of the red blood cells. 10. Has anyone already accomplished the research work? 11. Nobody was discharged from the hospital yesterday. 12. Nothing interesting was proved. 13. He could find this book nowhere.
   

4. 
   * Переведите слова, данные в скобках, а затем переведите предложения:
   

14. 
    1. (Все) understood well the significance of this problem. 2. (Никто) felt tiredness after a long walk. 3. Can you see (что-нибудь) on the lateral surface of the right lower extremity? 4. Does the pain spread (куда-нибудь) when you breathe in? 5. There is (ничего) new about the process of inhibition in the report.