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Main Difference – Phrase vs. SentencePhrase and sentence are common structures in any language and are made up of a group of words. A phrase is a short or long group of words that does not convey a complete thought. A sentence is also a group of words, but it conveys a complete thought. This is the main difference between phrase and sentence. What is a PhraseA phrase is a group of words that does not convey a complete thought. As phrases do not express a complete idea, they can’t stand alone. They can only be used as parts of sentences. It lacks a subject or a verb or in some cases both. Therefore, it cannot form a predicate. In the English language, there are five main kinds of phrases. They are, Noun Phrase: gives information about the noun Examples: a cute baby, an old lady, many of the theories, a hot summer day, some teachers, etc. Verb Phrase: gives more meaning to the verb Examples: She has been eating, was walking, had to be hospitalized, singing a song etc. Adjective Phrase: gives information about the adjective Examples: very pretty, terribly long, not very healthy, exquisite handmade Adverb Phrase: gives information about the adverb. Examples: slowly and surely, formerly, beautifully, etc. Prepositional Phrase: gives information about a time, location or condition. A preposition always appears at the front of the phrase. Examples: down the road, after a long time, beside the lake, on the table, etc. What is a SentenceA sentence refers to a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A sentence necessarily contains a subject and a verb. There are four types of sentences. They are as follows, Declarative SentenceDeclarative sentences state information and facts. A declarative sentence ends with a full stop. This article is mainly written in declarative sentences. Example: The Child is sleeping on the floor. Radium was discovered by Marie Curie. The dog barks. Imperative SentenceImperative sentences issue commands or orders or they can express wishes or desires. These sentences can contain a single word, or they can be lengthier. Example: Stop! Be Silent! Turn left and go straight. Interrogative SentenceInterrogative sentences ask a question. They are easy to understand as they contain a question mark at the end. Example: Are you crazy? Is it raining? Exclamatory SentenceExclamatory sentences express emotions or excitement. They end with exclamation marks. I won the first place! It’s a surprise! Sentences can be further classified according to their structures. A sentence can have a single clause or several clauses. Sentence structures are classified according to these clauses. Simple Sentence – contains one independent clause. Complex Sentence – contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Compound Sentence – contains two or more independent clauses. Compound-Complex Sentence – contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Difference Between Phrase and SentenceDefinitionPhrase is a group of words that are arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in a sentence. Sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words that expresses an independent meaning. Complete ThoughtPhrase does not express a complete thought. Sentence expresses a complete thought. Subject and PredicatePhrase does not contain both a subject and a predicate. Sentence contains both subject and predicate. InformationPhrase does not give complete information about the subject or the predicate. Sentence gives complete information about the subject or the predicate. PunctuationPhrase does not begin with a capital letter or end in punctuation marks. Sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Formal or informal words. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary Formal Language Formal language is less personal than informal language. This is commonly used when writing or speaking for professional or academic purposes like emails for business, formal letters, academic write-ups, professional academic circumstances, presentations, reports, official and or legal documents, job interviews, and any scenario where formal language is appropriate. Since it is less personal, this can be used when you are communicating with a person you do not personally know well, like public speeches and tenders. Note that very formal English in everyday situations may sound pompous at times, so always consider the context and the audience you are targeting. In situations that are more serious like job interviews or emailing your university professor, using formal language is highly encouraged. This can help you avoid sounding disrespectful and inappropriate and help you sound polite and professional instead. Remember that formal language has a more complex grammar where the sentences are generally phrased longer and use modal verbs. In pronunciation, speech is slower when using formal language and the tone should be serious. Informal Language Informal language is more casual and laid back. This is commonly used with people you know well as your family and friends. You usually use this when you are in a relaxed environment. When your agenda is to share your personal thoughts or you are telling a story, you should use language that is appropriate to the scenario. Informal language has a more conversational tone, frequently using personal pronouns, informal expressions, sentences are shorter, and the feelings are more personal. This type of language is best suited to use when telling a story, personal narrations, and social forms like blogs and personal emails. This can also be used in advertising, spontaneous speeches, networking, or socializing with your clients, meetings with your teams, text messages, and everyday conversations with your family and friends you know well. Contractions are used in informal languages to ease the flow and make the speech faster. Abbreviations and acronyms are also used to shorten the words. Colloquial language is also used to allow the casual flow of conversation. You can even insert an emoji here and there when using informal language. In order to get a more or less clear idea of the word stock of any language, it must be presented as a system the elements of which are interconnected, interrelated and interdependent. The word stock of any literary language can be represented as a definite system in which different aspects of a word may be singled out as interdependent. Lexicology has greatly contributed to classification of the English vocabulary. For stylistics, the reference to the problem of Stylistic classification of the vocabulary is vital. The whole of the word-stock of the English language can be roughly divided into 3 main layers: The literary layer; The neutral layer; The colloquial layer. The literary and colloquial layers contain a number of subgroups. Each of them has a property it shares with all the subgroups within the layer. This common property which unites different groups of words within the layer may be called its aspect. The aspect of the literary layer is its markedly bookish character that makes it more or less stable. The aspect of the colloquial layer is its lively spoken character that makes it unstable (fleeting). The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. It can be employed in all styles of human activity. This layer is considered as the most stable of all. The literary layer consists of the groups of words accepted as the legitimate members of the English vocabulary. They have no local or dialectal character. Literary stratum serves to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific poetic messages. The colloquial layer of words as qualified in most English or American dictionaries is not infrequently limited to a definite language community or confined to a special locality where it circulates. This stratum is employed in non-official everyday communication. Though there is no immediate correlation between the written and the oral forms of speech on the one hand, and the literary and colloquial words, on the other, yet, for the most part, the first ones are mainly observed un the written form, as most literary messages appear in writing. And vice versa: though there are many examples of colloquialisms in writing (informal letters, diaries, social-net messages), their usage is associated with the oral form of communication. Consequently, taking for analysis printed materials we shall find literary words in authorial speech, descriptions, considerations, while colloquialisms will be observed in the types of discourse, simulating (copying) everyday oral communication – i.e. dialogue (or interior monologue) of a prose work. The literary vocabulary distinguishes between the following groups of words: Common literary; Terms and learned words; Poetic words; Archaic words; Barbarisms and foreign words Literary coinages including nonce-words. The colloquial vocabulary falls into the following groups: Slang; Jargonisms; Professional words; Dialectal words; Vulgar words; Common colloquial words; Colloquial coinages. The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term – Standard English vocabulary. Other groups in the literary layer are regarded as special vocabulary (or special literary and special non-literary vocabulary). Neutral words forming the bulk of the English vocabulary are used in both literary and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonyms and polysemy. Neutral stock is so prolific of new meanings and the wealth of this layer is often overlooked. This is due to their inconspicuous character but their power for generating new stylistic variants is amazing. Unlike the other groups, the neutral group of words can’t be considered as having a special stylistic colouring, while both literary and colloquial words have a definite stylistic colouring. Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and the so-called “polished” speech. One can always feel whether the word is literary or not. The reason lies in certain objective features of the given layer. The following row of synonyms illustrates the relations existing between the neutral, literary and colloquial words in the English vocabulary. Colloquial Neutral Bookish kid child infant daddy father parent chap fellow associate get out go away retire go on continue proceed go ahead begin commence There is no doubt that these synonyms are not only stylistic but ideographic as well because there is a definite though slight semantic difference between them, but this is almost always the case with synonyms. There are only a few absolute synonyms in English just in any other language. The main distinction between synonyms remains stylistic. But stylistic difference may be of different kinds: is may lie in the emotional tension connoted in a word, or in the sphere of application or in the degree of the quality denoted. Colloquial words are always more emotionally coloured than literary ones.The neutral stratum of words, as the term itself implies, has no degree of emotiveness. Both literary and colloquial words have their upper and lower ranges. The lower range of the literary words approaches the neutral layer and has a tendency to pass into this layer. The distinctive lines between the common colloquial and neutral on the one hand, and common literary and colloquial on the other hand are blurred. It is here that the process of interpretation of stylistic stratum becomes most apparent. The neutral vocabulary may be viewed as the invariant of the Standard English Vocabulary. The stock of words forming the neutral stratum should be regarded as an abstraction. The words of this are generally deprived of any associations and refer to the concept more or less directly. Synonyms of neutral words, both colloquial and literary assume a far greater degree of concreteness. Sometimes an impact of a definite kind on the reader is the aim lying behind the choice of a colloquial or a literary words rather than neutral words. The difference in the stylistic aspect of words may colour the whole of an utterance. In the following example belonging to the pen of a famous British writer B. Shaw the difference between the common colloquial vocabulary is clearly seen. DORA: Oh, I’ve let it out! But he is the right sort: I can see that. You won’t let it out downstairs, old man, will you? JUGGINS: the family can rely on my absolute discretion. (Fanny’s First Play) The words in Juggin’s answer are on the borderline between common literary and neutral X words used by Dora are clearly common colloquial not bordering neutral. When classifying some speech/text fragment as literary or colloquial it does not imply that the words constituting it have a corresponding stylistic meaning. More than that: words with a pronounc4ed stylistic connotation are few in any type of discourse. The overwhelming majority of its lexis being neutral. Academician L.V. Shcherba gave a perfect observation that “a stylistically coloured word is like a drop of paint added to a glass of pure water band colouring the whole of it”. Grouping of words: word-families, lexico-semantic, fields (LSF); thematic groups Word-families. A group of words that share a common base to which different prefixes and suffixes are added. For example, members of the word family based on the headword work include rework, worker, working, workshop, and workmanship, among others. Words describing different sides of one and the same general notion are united in a lexico-semantic group if: a) the underlying notion is not too generalized and all-embracing, like the notions of “time”, “life”, “process”; b) the reference to the underlying is not just an implication in the meaning of lexical unit but forms an essential part in its semantics. Thus, it is possible to single out the lexico-semantic group of names of “colours” (e.g. pink, red, black, green, white); lexico-semantic group of verbs denoting “physical movement” (e.g. to go, to turn, to run) or “destruction” (e.g. to ruin, to destroy, to explode, to kill). Thematic group.Classification of vocabulary items into thematic groups is based on the co-occurrence of words in certain repeatedly used contexts. In linguistic contexts co-occurrence may be observed on different levels. On the level of word-groups the word question, e.g., is often found in collocation with the verbs raise, put forward, discuss, etc., with the adjectives urgent, vital, disputable and so on. The verb accept occurs in numerous contexts together with the nouns proposal, invitation, plan and others. As a rule, thematic groups deal with contexts on the level of the sentence (or utterance). Words in thematic groups are joined together by common contextual associations within the framework of the sentence and reflect the interlinking words, e.g. tree-grow-green; journey-train-taxi-bags-ticket or sun-shine-brightly-blue-sky, is due to the regular co-occurrence of these words in similar sentences. Unlike members of synonymic sets or semantic fields, words making up a thematic group belong to different parts of speech and do not possess any common denominator of meaning. Contextual associations formed by the speaker of a language are usually conditioned by the context of situation which necessitates the use of certain words. When watching a play, e.g., we naturally speak of the actors who act the main parts, of good (or bad) staging of the play, of the wonderful scenery and so on. When we go shopping it is usual to speak of the prices, of the goods we buy, of the shops, etc. (In practical language learning thematic groups are often listed under various headings, e.g. At the Theatre, At School, Shopping, and are often found in text-books and courses of conversational English). Homonymy: homonyms, homographs, homophones The words homonym, homophone, and homograph are grammatical terms that are easy to confuse with one another because their meanings are all closely related, so let’s go through each one of them and see what the differences are. What is a Homonym? The term homonym is a somewhat ambiguous term if you are looking to contrast it with homographs and homophones. The prefix of the word homo is Greek and means “same,” and the root of the word onym means “name.” The literal translation would be “same name” or “same word.” The next logical question to ask then is when talking about words, what should be used to define their names? Should it be their spelling or their pronunciation? The answer, of course, is that both should be taken into consideration. Homonyms, therefore, are defined as two or more words that share the same spelling, or the same pronunciation, or both, but have different meanings. In this sense, homonyms are sort of an overarching umbrella that homographs and homophones both fall under. If you are speaking about homonyms, you are speaking broadly about words with different meanings but similar spellings or sounds. If you are talking about homographs or homophones, you are talking about a more specific word set underneath the homonym label. What is a Homograph? A homograph is one of two or more words that are spelled alike but not necessarily pronounced alike and have different meanings. This usually arises from two words having different origins. We can see many homographs when we compare a word’s noun and verb meanings to each other. For instance, take the words “bear” and “bear.” Bear, when acting as a noun, stands for a large, heavy mammal. When used as a verb, bear can to carry, convey, and endure, among other things. Homographs are not limited to noun-verb differences, however. A homograph can be any two or more words with the same spelling but different meanings. Take the noun “bank.” In one instance, “bank” can mean a place where money is kept, but, in another instance, “bank” can also mean a pile of dirt or rocks designs to hold back water (embankment, river bank, etc.). Or take the adjective “biweekly”. In one instance, “biweekly” means every two weeks. In another instance, it means twice a week. Another good set of homographs are the two nouns “bow” and “bow.” One refers to the front of a ship, and one refers to a weapon. Or perhaps you had the know that is tied in mind. These words have different meanings and different pronunciations, but they are spelled exactly the same. |