Трудности перевода. Инфинитив в различных функциях
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16 3. Инфинитивный комплекс (for + имя' + инфинитив) может выполнять в предложении различные функции и переводится на русский язык, как правило, придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы Present plans are for the Prime Minister to make a statement in the first part of next week. В настоящий момент планы состоят в том, чтобы премьер-министр выступил с заявлением до следующей среды (не позже чем в следующую среду). The first thing for us to do... Первое, что мы должны сделать... Иногда инфинитивный комплекс может переводиться инфинитивом или существительным в дательном падеже с инфинитивом. This is no place for us to attempt to throw a strong light on the darkest page of British history. Неуместно пытаться здесь (на этих страницах) пролить яркий свет на одну из самых мрачных страниц истории Англии. It is not for us to decide. He нам это решать. 4. Независимая номинативная конструкция (существительное + инфинитив) стоит в конце предложения и отделяется запятой. Она передает сопутствующее обстоятельство с модальным значением долженствования. На русский язык переводится предложением, вво димым союзом причем В газетном тексте встречается довольно редко. The sellers offered the buyers 5,000 tons of oil, delivery to be made in October. Поставщики предложили покупателям 5.000 тонн нефти, причем поставка должна быть произведена в октябре (которые могут быть поставлены...). Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. The International Court of Justice is expected to play an increas ingly important role in facilitating the peaceful settlement of international legal disputes. German nuclear plant operators will be expected to use the time to work out deals to cancel contracts worth millions with reprocessing cen ters in France and Britain. « Имя» употреблено здесь в грамматическом значении, т.е имя существительное, местоимение или субстантивированное прилагательное. The discussion is expected to focus on four broad subjects: raw materials and world trade, food supplies and agriculture, prospection, production and consumption of energy, and international financial and monetary problems. Apart from trade, the US President will focus on restructuring the US Social Security system. He is likely to enunciate principle to guide re forms, but not offer a specific plan. At the same time, he is expected to propose using part of the budget surplus to start small, individually con trolled savings accounts to which both workers and government would make contributions. The U.S.Federal Reserve Chairman noted that the pace of economic growth in the U.S. is «widely expected to moderate» this year, which the Fed would welcome. While offering no proposal of its own on how to salvage the current arms-inspection system carried by the UN Special Commission in Iraq, the American delegation is expected to oppose monitoring methods that do not allow surprise inspections. The Home Secretary is expected to make a statement next week on the validity of the practice of allowing outside observers, photographers, and television cameramen to be present at the counting of the votes at a parliamentary election. Treasury sources yesterday confirmed that the next 10-year deal over the monarchy's government funding was expected to be significantly lower than the current annual increase, agreed under the last Conservative government. Domestically, the debt-ridden and poorly managed state-sector of China is expected to continue to drag down the consumption. «...no government has ever backed demands for greater efficiency with any sort of clear statement of what exactly the police service is sup posed to achieve», a police official stated yesterday. Roads have been built, and by next year every village in Egypt (though not every hamlet) is supposed to have electricity laid on. Foreign secretaries can be useful of course. They are supposed to manage public opinion. They have to keep the House of Commons on side. The US trade representative is said to have reported, in detail, on the latest developments to the EU trade commissioner who plans to visit Beijing for talks on its WTO application next month. True, the euro-group is likely to grow relatively strongly next year. But European financial markets have already been badly buffeted. 18 The US parliamentary revolt against the European Commission was unlikely to get the two-thirds vote needed to succeed. The cutback in housing programmes has been so sharp that the national campaign for the homeless reports that in the next two years no families are likely to be rehoused from the waiting list at all. The Turkish economy, which had been growing at an average rate above 6 percent for the past four years, slowed and is likely to expand by only 2 percent this year. Combine ethnic tensions on the fringes of the Chinese empire with regional tensions along the coast and you have good reason to believe that China is more likely to disintegrate than is commonly believed. The report says that it appears that the building industry is unlikely to be reformed from within and that some form of compulsion will be necessary if reasonable standards of construction and finish are to be se cured and jerry-building discouraged. No one will refuse to pay less tax, but if they think that by this means they will bribe the electors to vote for them in large numbers, they are likely to be disappointed The euro is likely to join the dollar as a reserve currency held by central banks around the world, perhaps leading some banks to sell dol lars and thereby reduce the value of the American currency. The present fine spell is likely to be brief, predicted the meteoro logical office last night in its long-range weather forecast. Decontrol alone does not constitute an adequate oil policy. It is not likely to protect the economy against temporary shortages. Nor will it sig nificantly reduce dependence on foreign oil imports in the long term. Petty nations and their petty national demands are thought to be pointless at best; divisive and self-destructive at worst. The epitome of Tory sleaze was Neil Hamilton, a backbench MP who was alleged to have taken a few thousand pounds to ask some ques tions in parliament. Another intricate problem likely to be reintroduced with the help of a subtle change of name is the problem of medium range ballistic mis siles. The three parties likely to take part in a coalition are the Republi can People's Party, the Justice Party, and the New Turkey Party. The Minister of Economic Affairs referred today to the statement reported to have been made by the Foreign Secretary on Friday. About 60 people were yesterday reported to have been arrested on subversion charges. 19 The remark, reported to have been made after the announcement of his appointment to London, was widely commented on in the press. The strike, called by the region's main political parties and labor unions, appeared to be one of the largest yet in the troubled provinces. While party leaders still say they support the goals of the program, and promise that it will receive expeditious consideration on Capitol Hill, Democratic anger at many of the proposals appears to be mounting daily. Turnout at the nation's 50.000 polling stations appeared to be heavy The Bank of England appeared to back off from threats of even more interest rate increases as the slowdown in the economy intensifies. An official investigating the bribery allegations said payments made by local Olympic officials to members of the IOC appeared to have come from the privately funded budget. Just a few years ago, Aum's organization appeared to be wiped out After the cult masterminded a nerve gas attack that killed 12 people in Tokyo's subway, the Japanese authorities arrested 428 of its members. Win or lose, the EU Commission appeared likely to emerge weak ened from its battle with the Parliament over charges of graft, cronyism and mismanagement of EU's 85 billion euro ($ 739 billion) budget. Politics is a rough old trade, as Michael Howard, the former home secretary is finding out. A leading contender for the Tory leadership until this week, his campaign now appears to have been fatally damaged by the claim of one of his junior ministers at the Home Office that he misled the Commons. Hydrocarbons (oil) and political volatility seem to go together. Disenchantment with the President appears to be growing The political scene has been transformed in the past two months to the point where people are openly talking of the possibility: (1) that the President will not seek re-election; and (2) that he might be beaten if he runs. Europe seems to be slowing down faster than most people ex pected. The most laudable aim of the Maastricht treaty was to knock the Union's machinery into shape to cope with the club's expected new members from Eastern Europe. Yet on most counts the treaty seems likely to prove disappointing. A group of experts seemed to have solved a dispute about putting workers on boards that has for 25 years blocked a proposed European company statute. Spanish authorities have confiscated copies of last month's edition of « Working Youth». No reason for the action was given, but it was be- 20 lieved to have resulted from an article discussing sackings in a Madrid motor factory. France had what was believed to be its coldest Christmas for 83 years, and in the Jura Mountains the temperature dropped to minus 28 degrees Centigrade. In Zurich there was a scramble to buy marks and the Federal Bank in Bonn was believed to have bought up to 500 million dollars to prevent the mark going through its official « dollar ceiling». The meeting, which lasted just over half an hour, is understood to have taken place at the Prime Minister's request. A Tory MP threatens to name a high-ranking diplomat mentioned as a « senior civil servant» in the trial which ended last week. He is un derstood to have held top posts in defence and at one time served in Berlin. Japan's prime minister, is said to have taken bribes in return for favours to Nomura, Japan's biggest securities firm. U.S. officials were said to consider that uncertainty was bound to continue unless some drastic measures were taken. Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, may be said to have been the birthplace of the first properly organized attempt at a general system of academic instruction in Japan. In matters of sleaze and waste, the EU parliament is commonly said to possess within its own ranks a concentration of practical expertise rivalling any on earth. The Secretary of State was said to have demanded written ground rules laying out foreign policy authority in the administration. The meeting which was said to have lasted several hours on Thursday night, was confirmed Saturday. However, little more than the fact that it had taken place was revealed in the apparently coordinated statements provided by foreign policy spokesmen in the three countries involved. Turkey's rulers were said to fear that expulsion from the Council of Europe might make it more difficult to obtain necessary economic credits and aid. The Titan 4A rocket was said to be carrying an eavesdropping satellite that would have listened in on military and government commu nications over the Middle East, India, Pakistan and China. There are said to be indications that unless « new information» is obtained, the proof is unlikely to uncover sufficient evidence for legal ac tion. The police arrested a man who is stated to have been trying to sell the miniature and is said to have confessed to having stolen it. He is 21 stated to have kept it for more than two years in the hope that the theft would be forgotten. His detention without trial is claimed to have been a violation of the European Convention of Human Rights. The experts were felt to have little hope of reducing the differ ences even if an attempt were made to bring the two parties together. Mexico's worst mine disaster, which is feared to have killed 177 men, claimed another victim today when a distraught relative of a trapped miner ran into the gas-filled pit. The warnings are now shown to have been fully justified thou sands of workers will get the sack. When the Bill reaches Tory peers next week they will either reject it or amend it in a manner certain to be unacceptable to the Government. The German Chancellor is known to feel that Germany has main tained a high level of security spending while many smaller European governments are cutting back their security contributions. The shadow cabinet, most of it strongly opposed to the Brighton decisions, is certain to be granted full weight for its views, and back benchers will be invited to serve on the sub-committees of the inquiry dealing with the various fields it is investigating. Previously, scholars had believed that the forbidding interior of Chukotka was uninhabited in those ancient times. Chukotka, the area di rectly across the Bering Strait from Alaska, was found to have a number of sites in its interior which were excavated by the Russian archaeolo gists. They found a wealth of different types of stone tools and weapons at the sites, including arrowheads, knives and scrapers. It was unbearable to hear this man speak of friendship with Britain as if nothing of importance had happened. About 1 million farmers flooded the capital to hear the prime minister caution them against pressing for more government aid at the expense of the rest of the country. Some Western officials expected the toughest negotiations on dis tribution of powers to be left until the very end of the talks. The Premier said he expected other delegations to support the draft resolution before it was debated and voted upon in the General As sembly. The analysts expect the next government in Turkey to continue policy reforms and drive down real interest rates. The rapidity with which people are arming themselves with tear gas worries a number of law enforcement officials. Some officials say 22 thajt they expect the disabling spray to be used increasingly by criminals bent on robbery, rape or assault. At the opening, OPEC's public information director told the jour nalists: «We don't want to manipulate you, but we need you, the media, to help us get our message across to the man in the street.» A private fund-raising group headed by close friends of the new President may disband following a published report that it used « strong- arm tactics» to get corporations to contribute $50,000 each for a televised gala featuring the President. The crisis is hitting Western Europe several months later than the United States. This will react on the U.S. economy. It will tend to cause the crisis and depression to go deeper and last longer than most econo mists expect. The United Nations General Assembly, defeating all Western op position, declared the use of nuclear weapons to be a direct violation of the U.N. Charter. The Spanish prime minister wants Spain to throw off the sense of inferiority caused by its past century's history, and not least by the Franco period. The President now says he wants negotiations on trade to open markets in once off-limits areas including services, manufacturing and farming. The prime minister says that he wants Britain to emerge from the fringes and play a leading role in the European Union. It seems that the Right Wing in the Labour and trade union move ment is not prepared to consider anyone who disagrees with them a hu man being In a document released today a Harvard University Professor dis closes that studies he made in one medium-sized U.S. city showed may ors, police chiefs and other officials to have been on a gambling syndi cate's payroll for many years. An association of lawyers says that many owners prefer their own property rather than nearby land to be swallowed by a motorway. Polls repeatedly show that many Britons believe the EU to be re mote and democratically unaccountable. Time and again the Prime Minister has assured them that the Gov ernment doesn't want to hinder the making of profits. He has done his damnedest to get the trade unions to agree to wage restraint, which would put still more profits into the pockets of the employers. The Prime Minister has decided to get the Cabinet to make an ear lier than expected decision on the budget. 23 86. Public opinion compelled the Government to get the German leaders to arrive at a settlement. The issue is how to make the institutions of democracy work prop erly, not whether they should exist. Trade barriers are being pulled down, internal markets freed, state industries and services privatized. The report calls for the monarchy in the UK to become profes sional and accountable. Classification of political systems allows for qualitative judge ments to be made in relation to political structures and governmental forms. A National Security Council official said last week that «the NATO theologians are codifying fresh visions for their favorite organiza tion, and the spin doctors see colossal opportunities for the president to bestride TV screens». «Whilst we read the report with interest, any issues of constitu tional reform would be a matter for Parliament to decide» The United States and Britain on Friday set a month-long deadline for Libya to surrender two suspects wanted for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. For the reform forces to pull off a. majority on council, all their in cumbents will have to hang onto their seats. Mr Tao says it would be «technically feasable» for the Hong Kong government to declare overnight that all Hong Kong dollars held in banks and in circulation would be converted into US dollars. To say that the wages fight is not the only issue, or that higher pay will not on its own solve the crisis, only emphasizes the need for unions like the engineers' to get stuck into the all-round fight for the alternative strategy now developed within the movement. The President was closeted in the White House today preparing his so called «Economic Renewal» package, as pressure from unem ployed millions across the nation continues to build for federal action to provide jobs Chips are harder for hackers to modify than software. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concen trated in the hands of a priviliged minority. In Japan, the ultimate way for a student to repay his teacher is to beat him at his own game. And having learned so well from the West, it is flattering to the Japanese to be told that the West may now have some thing to learn from them. 100. For Europe to drive forward it needs leadership. 24 For Egypt to get anywhere near its growth target, it will have to persuade Egyptians to save and foreigners to invest. The rise of homeless emphasizes the desperate need for the Gov ernment to fulfil its pledge to meet the problem with a lower rate of inter est for housing. Although the Minister of Health yesterday did not accept the conditions described as typical, the revelations made it hard for reassur ing phrases like «best in the world» and «tremendous step forward» to avoid having a slightly hollow ring. In these circumstances the party leaders had no plan for the Prime Minister to make a unity appeal when he attends today's party meeting. An Atomic Energy Authority spokesman said it was not unusual for one or two reactors to be shut down at weekends under normal condi tions. But in view of possible staff shortages it had been decided to close down three. And having made this guess, he thought it completely in order for an MP to announce it, as if it were a hard fact provided by a government official. There is too much slackness in many key industries. Too many employers complain of short order books and too many firms give notice of redundancy for there to be any complacency among trade unionists. A first group of more than 50 immigrants was freed from deten tion centres in Sicily yesterday, hundreds more to follow in the next few days. § 2. ГЕРУНДИИ I. Герундий в различных функциях 1. Герундий в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется в сочетании с предлогом. Он может выступать в функции следующих обстоятельств: 1) времени, после предлогов on (upon), after, before, in. После предлогов before и in герундий переводится обычно на русский язык придаточным предложением; после on (upon) и after — деепричастием прошедшего времени. In trying to devise ways to improve the machinery of the United Nations the Foreign Secretary displayed real ingenuity. Когда министр иностранных дел пытался придумать новые способы 25 улучшения аппарата ООН, он проявил подлинную изобретательность. (Пытаясь придумать...) After making this statement the minister said he was not going to reconsider his decision. Сделав это заявление, министр сказал, что он не собирается пересматривать свое решение. Но могут быть и другие варианты перевода герундия в функции обстоятельства времени в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке, например сочетанием предлога с существительным: after (on) arriving по прибытии, after checking после проверки. 2) сопутствующего обстоятельства, после предлогов besides кроме того что, instead of вместо того чтобы, apart from не гово ря уже, кроме, without без, без того чтобы В зависимости от пред лога герундий переводится обычно на русский язык инфинитивом или придаточным предложением. С предлогом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой деепричастия, сочетанием предлога без с существительным или без того, чтобы с личной формой глагола. Besides being extremely unpopular this policy may lead to a complete failure of all their efforts. He говоря уже о том, что эта политика не пользуется популярностью, она может привести к тому, что все их усилия окажутся напрасными. 3) обстоятельства образа действия, с предлогами in, by, with out. После предлогов in и by герундий переводится или дееприча стием, или сочетанием предлогов путем, при помощи и т. п. с суще ствительным, или самостоятельным предложением; с предлогом without — отрицательной формой деепричастия или существитель ным с предлогом без It can be done by sending deputations to MPs. Это можно сделать, послав депутации к членам парламента. Не admitted that he had made a mistake in not supporting this proposal earlier. Он признал, что допустил ошибку, не поддержав этого предложения раньше (тем, что не поддержал...). 4) обстоятельства условия, с составными предлогами in case of, in the event of в случае если, subject to при условии, without. С пред логом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой дее- 26 причастия, сочетанием предлога без с существительным или словосочетанием без того чтобы и отрицательной формой инфинитива. В остальных случаях — обычно личной формой глагола или существительным. They promised not to undertake any actions withoutconsultingtheirpartnersОни обещали не предпринимать никаких действий, не проконсультировавшись (без консультации; без того чтобы не проконсультироваться) со своими партнерами 5) обстоятельства причины, с составными предлогами owing to из-за, вследствие, for fear of из опасения и др.; переводится личной формой глагола, существительным или деепричастием. Не did not dare to make public announcements about this plan forfearofbeingcriticizedОн не осмелился открыто объявлять об этом плане из опасения, что его подвергнут критике (опасаясь, как бы его не подвергли...). Примечание. В сочетании с предлогом without герундий может выступать в функции обстоятельства условия, образа действия и сопутствующего обстоятельства. Функция его определяется контекстом предложения. Their policy is based upon the conviction that they cannot possibly win withoutsmashingby military force the resistance.of the nationalistic movement Их политика основывается на твердом убеждении, что они не смогут победить, не сломив (если они не сломят) военной силой сопротивления националистического движения (обстоятельство условия) They can organize their work without being interfered with and controlled by big business. Они могут организовать свою работу без вмешательства и контроля со стороны крупного бизнеса (без того, чтобы крупный бизнес вмешивался в нее и осуществлял над ней контроль) (обстоятельство образа действия) On the opening day a new president was elected withoutanyoneobjectingВ день открытия без каких-либо возражений (единогласно) был избран новый председатель (сопутствующее обстоятельство) 2. Герундий в функции определения обычно следует за предлогом of и переводится инфинитивом или существительным. Since he became Britain's Foreign Secretary, he has been insisting on the importance of negotiating on limited practical questions. С тех пор как он стал министром иностранных дел Англии, он все время на- 27 стаивает на необходимости ведения переговоров по ограниченному кругу практических вопросов. Иногда герундий встречается в сочетании с предлогом for, часто с указанием на назначение предмета, что сближает его с обстоятельством цели. At that time he intends to seek ways for improving cooperation with France. В это время он намеревается искать пути для улучшения (расширения, чтобы улучшить) сотрудничества с Францией. 3. В функции дополнения (предложного и беспредложного) к существительному, прилагательному и глаголу. В функции пред ложного дополнения герундий сочетается с очень большим количе ством предлогов и, так же как и в функции беспредложного допол нения, в зависимости от его лексического значения и от сочетаемо сти слов в русском языке, переводится инфинитивом, существительным или придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что... They succeeded in removing all the obstacles. Им удалось устранить все препятствия. This curious episode merits being inserted in a survey of the activities of the Security Council during that period. Этот любопытный эпизод заслуживает того, чтобы его включили в обзор деятельности Совета Безопасности за этот период. 4. В функции подлежащего, предикативного члена и части составного сказуемого. В этих функциях герундий, как правило, переводится существительным или инфинитивом. Solving Britain's economic difficulties, said the Prime Minister, is a question not so much of political doctrine as of practical judgement. Разрешение экономических трудностей Англии, сказал премьер-министр, это вопрос не столько политической доктрины, сколько практической целесообразности. If the Minister wants to avert a dock strike he had better stop attacking the dockers and start twisting the arms of the mean and stubborn employers. Если министр хочет избежать забастовки докеров, ему лучше прекратить нападки (наступление) на докеров и начать оказывать серьезный нажим на эгоистичных и упрямых предпринимателей. Примечание. 1. Сочетание there is no с герундием в функции подлежащего переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным предложением. 28 There is no denying that danger may be averted by this move. Нельзя отрицать, что этим шагом можно избежать опасности. 2. После выражения far from герундий переводится следующим обра зом: не только не... (+ личная форма глагола), но...; вместо того чтобы (+ инфинитив)...; отнюдь не (+ деепричастие)... Far from averting this threat, this surrender will only bring about still tougher action later. Отнюдь не устраняя самой угрозы, эта капитуляция приведет в будущем к еще более жестким мерам. Far from being a triumph, it was the most ignominious surrender in modern diplomacy. Это не только не было триумфом, но было самой позорной капитуляцией за всю историю современной дипломатии. 3. Простые формы герундия в различных функциях могут пере водиться на русский язык существительным с предлогом, инфини тивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ пе ревода зависит не столько от той или иной функции герундия, сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в рус ском языке. Пассивная и перфектная формы герундия переводятся почти всегда придаточным предложением. They made their decision after being told of the terms contained in a joint union-management statement. Они приняли решение после того, как им сообщили об условиях, содержащихся в совместном заявлении, подписанном профсоюзом и администрацией. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. Before embarking on projects like DMU (a defence and military union), the European Union's big job is to bring in new members from the East. That will mean, among other things, more majority voting in the council. A spokesman for the British Foreign Office said the meeting «provided useful opportunity for consultations» before departing for trips abroad. The Belgian Prime Minister offered his resignation to the King in Brussels yesterday after failing to reconcile a cabinet split over tough new economic measures. The resignation followed a cabinet meeting at which the Premier again failed to gain agreement from his partners. 29 4. After spending most of the post-war era close to the nest, European women — and especially mothers — are taking jobs in record numbers. 5. On arriving at London Airport from the UN Security Council meeting, the Foreign Secretary said that he thought a practical and effec tive resolution would emerge as a result of his talks with African Com monwealth delegates. The national governments will have to stop behaving like pigs at a trough, not just in haggling over cash but also informing and guiding the EU Commission itself. The President's « kitchen cabinet» of wealthy advisers, which gave him his start in politics and has played a crucial role in shaping his ad ministration, has disbanded after a controversy over fund raising. In regulating family relations and sexual morality, political democ racies may adopt restrictive or permissive policies regarding divorce, abortion, and pornography. He insisted that France was as interested as anyone in bringing the budget and agricultural spending in the EU under control. Ms. Dunn, has long been seen as one of the Republicans' best hopes for broadening their appeal to women, and that is one of the argu ments she makes in campaigning to be the majority leader. The US President is able to increase support for his policy by ex plaining it energetically. The constitution [of France] qualifies many of the president's powers by stipulating that the government should «determine and con duct national policy» and by making the prime minister «responsible for national defence». By failing to agree upon any substantial reform of the Common agricultural policy (CAP), the heads of government have guaranteed that little progress will be made in any world trade talks. They have also made it unlikely that they will keep their own promise of capping spending at the current level in real terms. By putting off the party elections, the Prime Minister will effec tively prevent dissidents in the party from mounting an internal challenge to him before general elections. Only by bringing tough measures to control spending, including the runaway cost of farm subsidies, can the EU hope to create the condi tions to accept members from Eastern and Central Europe. The IMF keeps itself in business by winkling money out of rich nations such as the US and handling it out to poorer brethren, who usu ally are poor because of gross economic mismanagement. 30 The opposition Labor Party accused the ruling Israeli government of abusing the state broadcasting authority by masking party propaganda on television as an emergency government announcement. By not losing sight of the long-term objectives they made them selves masters and not servants or victims of economic forces operating in the world. The first lesson, surely, is that the successive Governments added greatly to the public anxiety by declining for so long to give reasonable information to Parliament and the people. There is still time to let every new MP know what the British peo ple want. It can be done by sending resolutions from trade unions and other organizations, and by sending deputations to MPs. They expect that the Prime Minister will try to suppress criticism by pleading that matters are at a delicate stage. « Time» journalism began by being deeply interested in people, as individuals who were making history. We tried to make our readers see and hear and even smell these people as part of a better understanding of their ideas — or lack of them. By agreeing to an Italian proposal that this question be turned over to a committee of U.N. member states for study, the United States lured a number of wavering countries away from the Canadian position. Meanwhile the people and their representatives did what they were told without even the privilege of being informed of the decisions taken by their leaders. European fund-management companies are obsessed with growing their asset bases by entering new markets or raising their profiles in ones where they already do business. The Fed chairman's carefully worded comments about the stock market drew few questions from committee members. They were preoc cupied with trying to get him to take sides in the looming battle between the President and Congressional Republicans over Social Security, the federal budget surplus and tax cuts. Out west, where a motorist may travel 100 miles without seeing another car, nine states will immediately jump to at least 70 mph. A new anti-monopoly law could bring more competition to a few industries. Similar efforts would help curb the conglomerates without creating new government-sponsored outfits to replace them. The United States, seeking to ease the plight of the Cuban people without strengthening its government, will allow a greatly expanded flow of cash donations to Cuba, authorize food sales and permit easier travel to the Carribean island, the US President announced Tuesday. 31 «The three-point program, instead of preventing decentralization of Canada, instead of being a means of uniting the country was dividing it.» Instead of being changed the traditional strategy was merely reas serted and put into operation at the end of the war under the famous and accurate phrase about« negotiation from strength». The US special envoy was scheduled to complete his fourth at tempt at mediating the eight-month border conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia Monday and then return directly to the US. The International Monetary Fund warned that improving econo mies might tempt Asian countries to put off reforms aimed at strength ening their banks and trimming corporate debt, leaving them open to more shocks. Europe's spirit, Cardinal Martini fears, is in danger of being un dermined by affluence and egoistical materialism. There is no better time to perform the politically awkward feat of raising taxes than when oil prices are low and the money can be quickly handed back in lower taxes elsewhere. The European Commission's life was cut short by an investiga tor's report accusing it of tolerating fraud, mismanagement or nepotism. The report stopped short of identifying individuals responsible for various massacres. The president (of the USA) called expanding the western alliance one way of giving other nations «incentive to deepen their democracy». Television, meanwhile, has become a major means of solidifying power and creating — or controlling — national unity in the country. Greek and Turkish Cypriots appear fundamentally ambivalent about finding a formula for coexistence. They are accustomed to the ten sions and conveniences of living apart The conference was supposed to end its work next month, but the United States made that impossible. The U.S. administration insists on reviewing all the decisions taken so far. A Senate labor subcommittee is discussing a measure to permit firms with U. S. contracts to avoid paying overtime for 10-hour, four-day work weeks. The American press did not cover «reports, speeches or resolu tions on UNESCO's basic activities» such as fighting illiteracy, develop ing alternate energy sources and sponsoring research in food production, the study said. Fisheries ministers failed to meet a year-end deadline on formu lating the policy after a Franco-British dispute erupted over France's de mands for access rights for its trawlers up to the British coast. 32 The new leaders in Washington «appear to be bent not on rectify ing but on multiplying the errors of the previous administration, facilitat ing not a lessening of international tension but its growth». Even in specialized fields such as diplomacy and trade, Americans' ability to deal with foreigners in their own tongues lags enormously be hind the mushrooming growth of countries that are insisting on communi cating in their own language. The globe may be getting smaller in terms of the time it takes to get around it, but its babel keeps expanding In keeping with his anti-statist philosophy, Mr.Murdoch hands very little of his profits to governments. The government finds it difficult to strike the right compromise. Old-style nationalists in parliament are vocal in accusing it of selling the family silver cheap to greedy foreigners. But others charge it with merely trying to make a quick buck from selling small chunks of its property, without any ideological commitment to privatisation as a good thing in itself. (Egypt) Oil companies are barred by agreement with the government from making any public statements of their revenues or the amount of oil they are exporting. The Home Secretary threatened yesterday to cut the budgets of police forces that failed to meet his targets for recruiting black and Asian officers. The first prime minister of independent Zimbabwe received a rousing welcome from the UN General Assembly as he thanked the inter national body and the world for assisting the Zimbabwean people in achieving their political independence. A National News Council study of U. S. newspaper coverage of a UNESCO conference in Belgrade criticized the press for concentrating on controversial proposals dealing with the media and ignoring stories on the agency's deliberations on social and humanitarian issues. European fund-management companies are obsessed with growing their asset bases by entering new markets. Although no decision has been made, informed sources said that a number of senior administration officials, including some in the White House and Pentagon, are in favour of selling the jets and that there is strong feeling among them that «it is important for the U.S. to maintain the friendship of Taiwan». The Germans have grown sharply more critical of the EU and its inefficiency since they started noticing that their $ 12 billion net contri bution to the budget was paying many of the bills. 2-553 33 There are countries who would be ready to sign agreements with the developing nations for training some of their people over the next five, ten years. It is nonsense for its supporters to claim that the present policy is a success. It has succeeded in increasing the number out of work, and in reducing production. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcast from pub lishing a public opinion poll on the likely result of a parliamentary elec tion during the 72 hours before the poll closes. 59. Containment has been successful so far in keeping Saddam Hussein from posing a military threat to neighboring countries. But of course the policy has been successful only to an uncertain degree in de nying him the means to build weapons of mass destruction, and it has not been successful at all in accomplishing the one policy goal that counts the most: his departure from power and his replacement by a government that owes its authority to the Iraqi people. Welfare benefits are now several times higher in generous states, such as Vermont, than they are in places like Wisconsin. Wisconsinians take pride in shortening their welfare rolls and seeing those who were previously dependent doing a proper job. Throwing a rope around Brazil's huge budget deficit — now thought to be approaching 9% of national output — is the key to con taining further currency erosion. Avoiding a death sentence depends a lot on having a good lawyer. The European Parliament is set to begin debating amendments to legislation that would impose a 20% withholding tax on income from savings and certain bonds. Far from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, the Government is planning to throw more out of work with its rail and pit closures. Far from helping the low-paid the Prime Minister has hit them hardest of all. By and large, Mr.Blair seems not merely to accept his economic inheritance, but to welcome it. Indeed, far from wanting to turn back the clock, Mr.Blair says that he wants to speed it up. «Modernization» is his motto. There are three main reasons why the markets are so bullish about state banks. First, buying bank shares is the easiest way to profit from the overall expansion of India's economy. Yet the way men define their role has remained remarkably con sistent. Surveys show that being a good provider is at the top of the list. 34 Talking is better than trading threats, something the two have done all too frequently in recent months. How splendid if European commission appointments depended on merit and not on nationality. But spoils-sharing is so far the iron law of international organisations. Giving Taiwan's unofficial offices more access to officials, and perhaps allowing Taiwanese visa-free travel to Asian countries, would be seen as friendly gestures. In the large-scale political democracy of nation state, or city, citi zens participate in the political process in many ways other than through voting, but voting is the central act in influencing policy formation. Concentrating resources in specialist hospitals is essential if health care is to be rationalised and savings made, according to the King's Fund, an independent research organization. The TV viewers may not have votes in the Republican conference, but looking good on television sends a post-election message to their col leagues that the time has come to pick leaders with a wider appeal to the public than Messrs Gingrich and Armey have ever had. Government borrowing [in Ireland] was so badly out of control in the ten previous years that public debt soared from 65% of national in come to nearly 120% (exceeded in Europe only by Belgium). Today bor rowing has fallen to almost nothing. Privatising social spending [in Texas] could enrich big business at the expense of widows and orphans. This argument would be more con vincing if public sector employees were really so high-minded, and did not often care more about keeping their own jobs than helping the poor. II. Герундиальный комплекс Сочетание герундия с существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже, притяжательным местоимением, личным местоимением в косвенном падеже или группой слов, которые являются субъектом действия, выраженного герундием, составляет единое целое и может выступать в качестве члена предложения в тех же функциях, что и герундий. Герундиальный комплекс переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что.; тот факт, что. ; (с тем) чтобы...; после того как..., что... и др. We look forward to much attention being given to this question. Мы рассчитываем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено большое внимание. 2* 35 Трудность, связанная с переводом герундиального комплекса, заключается главным образом в том, что если его субъект выражен существительным, то его можно принять за сочетание существительного с причастием. Синтаксический анализ предложения, в частности определение функции формы на -ing, и контекст предложения позволяют точно установить, является ли данное слово герундием или причастием. When the conference of Foreign Ministers' deputies was subsequently held, the new formula was used by the Americans to prevent an agreed agenda being drawn up. Когда впоследствии состоялась конференция заместителей министров иностранных дел, эта новая формула использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать выработке согласованной повестки дня Если считать, что being drawn up является причастием в функции определения, то следовало бы перевести это следующим образом: «...использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать согласованной повестке, которая в тот момент вырабатывалась», что явно лишено смысла. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. Despite much angry and sometimes ignorant talk, about Japanese burying their guilty secrets, there is a great deal of Japanese literature that deals honestly with the war. The scandal has resulted in the local station chief of America's CIA giving warning that America might stop sharing intelligence with South Korea. The U.S. State Department faulted the Muslim fundamentalist fac tion known as the Taleban for publicly beating women for not being ac companied by a close male relative. Nominal sovereignty is no longer the valuable commodity it once was, and independence may actually lead to people having less control over decisions that crucially affect them. Foreign exchange analysts, despite all the fanfare and pep talk about the United States reasserting its leading role as a bastion of free enterprise, remain extremely skeptical that the dollar's strength can be sustained without the support of high interest rates. With consumer prices in the euro area only 1% higher than they were a year ago, there is little risk of currency depreciation causing a dangerous surge in inflation. 36 The next bad step will be to say that the WTO's* test is wrong: in stead of the importer having to prove that a product is dangerous, let the exporter show that it is safe. The continued success of voluntary mass vaccination depends on governments providing accurate information about the risks and benefits. The Europeans suspect the Americans of cheating on the deal by funneling indirect subsidies to Boeing, in contravention of the agreement to limit subsidies to 30% of a project's cost. The supremacy of EU law over national law is also implicit in the treaties. Nor could the court's powers be repatriated by Britain or anyone else, without a country leaving the Union altogether. The unions sought discussions with the company on supervisory grade matters, about which no understanding agreement existed with the unions, and insisted on shop-floor employees being present during these discussions. Those trade unionists who believed the propaganda about the freeze benefiting the lower-paid workers got a shock just before Christ mas, when agreements affecting farm workers and shop assistants were referred to the Prices and Incomes Board. France is the largest contributor to the offensive after the US and is fully committed to success. Yet at the same time politicians on both the left and right are profoundly wary of France being so closely involved in a military venture that is US dominated and orchestrated through NATO. But if this experiment fails then it is obvious that, far from there being an improvement in the standards of life of the British people, there will be a steady diminution. Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the nation being used to the full. The drift in the EU towards virtue should mean a better deal for taxpayers, and a more efficient commission, even if the spectacle of the European parliament seizing the high moral ground takes some getting used to America is still a place where most people react to seeing a man in a Ferrari by redoubling their own efforts to be able to afford one, rather than by trying to let down his tyres. Great wealth is generally seen as the by product of cool ideas being put into practice It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who WTO — Word Trade Organisation 37 says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up. It is the considered opinion of the Government and people of India that to disturb the status quo must lead to the forces of disorder being unleashed in the entire sub-continent. The Prime Minister said there might not be any question of neona- zis or fascists getting power in Britain, but they could not be under estimated. They should be attacked and isolated from the rest of the community. It is tiresome for outsiders to keep being called upon to put a lid on Cyprus. In any event, Russia had no justification for what it did in in tervening for gratuitous, pseudo-historical nationalist purposes, in playing with fire. They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they af fect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor. Another important American statement shows that the military chiefs object to any idea of each country having its own independent forces and are opposed to the idea being discussed at an international forum. A shadow minister is to challenge the government over reports that prescription charges may be increased next April. An opposition front bench spokesman in health said: «It is evidence of people being de nied medicines on their doctors' advice by the price being charged, and is a tragic breach of the idea of the National Health Service.» ' 25. Harm comes not from people taking measures to control their lives and destinies, but from government and corporate policies which threaten all forms of life, and mock our potential for human creativity and nonco-ercive problem-solving. One hundred and thirty recruits have also joined the party since October without any sort of recruiting campaign being needed. What police described as «appalling» weather conditions pre vented the two helicopters borrowed from the Army taking part in the search. The whole system was nothing but an alarm system designed to go off in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized. One contributor to a debate on the Internet calls for Hong Kong to stop being treated as «a diplomatic football or a fin-de-siecle floor- show» . 30. The latest snapshot has forecasters raising their next year's growth estimates yet again and ordinary Americans pondering some of the likely consequences of that strength such as higher interest rates and a stronger dollar. 38 §3. ПРИЧАСТИЕ I. Причастие в различных функциях Английское причастие выступает в предложении как в функции определения (за исключением перфектных форм), так и в функции обстоятельства (времени, причины, образа действия и сопутствующего обстоятельства). Контекст предложения обычно позволяет установить характер обстоятельственных отношений. 1. 1) В функции определения причастие чаще всего переводится причастием настоящего или прошедшего времени или придаточным определительным предложением. No one minimized the scale of the problems facing the EU, which is seeking to reform its budget. Никто не преуменьшал масштабы проблем, стоящих перед Европейским Союзом, который стремится реформировать свой бюджет. The data obtained are being carefully analyzed and studied. Полученные данные тщательно анализируются и изучаются (подвергаются тщательному анализу и изучению). It is necessary to review some of the arguments put forward by those opposing the idea of such talks. Необходимо рассмотреть некоторые доводы, выдвинутые теми, кто выступает против идеи ведения таких переговоров. 2) Причастие II (страдательного залога) не всегда можно перевести на русский язык страдательным причастием. Тогда оно переводится определительным придаточным предложением или передается лексически. Tomorrow morning the 'Right to Life' campaign supported by nine religious organizations will hold a silent procession. Завтра утром кампания «Право на жизнь», которую поддерживают девять (при поддержке девяти) религиозных организаций, проведет молчаливую процессию. Примечание. В английском языке сочетаемость существительных с причастием гораздо шире, чем в русском. Например, такие сочетания, как the letter (statement, resolution и т. п.) saying (urging и т. п.), на русский язык обычно переводятся: письмо (заявление, резолюция и т. п.), в котором говорится (требуется и т.п.). Вариант перевода Письмо, гласящее стилистически не всегда приемлем. 39 2. 1) В функции обстоятельства причастие можно перевести деепричастным оборотом, придаточным или самостоятельным предложением (последнее, если причастие выступает в функции со путствующего обстоятельства) или иным способом, в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в русском языке. Commenting last night on the plan he warned the Ministry of the critical situation which might develop. Комментируя вчера вечером этот план (выступая вчера вечером с комментариями), он предупредил министерство о том, что может создаться критическое положение. Asked to comment on the U.N. resolution tabled by the Afro-Asian countries, the Prime Minister replied... Когда его попросили высказаться по поводу (На вопрос о том, каковы будут его комментарии по поводу.../На просьбу прокомментировать...) резолюции ООН, внесенной странами Азии и Африки, премьер-министр сказал... 2) Причастие II (иногда причастие I), в зависимости от союза, за которым оно следует, может передавать также и другие обстоятельственные значения. Так, например, в сочетании с союзом if или unless причастие передает значение обстоятельства условия; после союза though — значение обстоятельства уступки. Такие причастные обороты переводятся на русский язык придаточными предложениями. Ifgiventheopportunity, this industry will rapidly develop. Если этой отрасли промышленности предоставить (будут предоставлены) благоприятные возможности, она будет быстро развиваться. But the right-wing Labour leaders, though forced to give way on some questions, will stick to the policies which have brought about a falling standard of living for working people. Но, хотя лидерам правого крыла лейбористской партии и пришлось пойти на уступки по некоторым вопросам, они по-прежнему будут придерживаться той политики, которая привела к снижению жизненного уровня трудящихся. 3. Причастие может выступать также в качестве вводного члена предложения; в этом случае на русский язык оно часто переводится деепричастием или вводным предложением с союзом если |