Трудности перевода. Инфинитив в различных функциях

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banks of Indonesia and Thailand. A negotiating team from Indonesia is expected in Taipei soon.

48. 
    While the break-up of old fixed-wire monopolies preoccupied
    most consumers and investors, a quiet revolution was happening in wire­
    less service.
    
49. 
    The immediate cause [of the violent riots in Harare] was a steep
    rise in the price of Zimbabwe's staple food, maize meal. A committee has
    now been appointed to review all recent price rises.
    
50. 
    An array of cheap government loans and services was made avail­
    able to encourage investment in industry.
    
51. 
    An IMF team will visit Brazil «promptly» to set new economic
    targets in light of the new currency regime and will soon open a perma­
    nent office in Brazilia.
    
52. 
    Although few expect a quick upturn for the Chinese economy, the
    long-term optimists about China continue to rely on rosy economic fore­
    casts.
    
53. 
    The merger trend is roaring full steam ahead in the world auto in­
    dustry, on a scale not seen since the 1920s. Back in 1921, there were 88
    auto manufacturers in the U.S. By 1928, only 32 remained. Today there
    are only 25 auto manufacturers in the world! And by all indications, only
    a few of these will survive the next few years.
    
54. 
    Few diseases have been as politicised as AIDS. And in few other
    cases is political correctness such a danger to the disease's victims.
    
55. 
    To the average housewife, who can see for herself that the prices
    in the supermarket are edging up, the Labor Department's bulletin last
    week was hardly a surprise.
    

But few housewives or their husbands either, were aware of another, «invisible» form of inflation — namely, reductions in the size of pack­ages that are not accompanied by reduction in price.

56. 
    Few industries can boast such rapid growth as this one.
    
57. 
    Few other international problems have such a complex structure or
    such wide repercussions.
    
58. 
    That in turn has left him with little immediate choice but to be­
    come more repressive still: to re-establish his authority by force of loyal
    soldiery.
    

59. 
    The Labour leaders never faced up to what was involved in
    breaking the grip of the giant monopolies on the British economy. They
    showed little understanding of the nature of the state, or of the kind of
    battle needed to transform it.
    
60. 
    Yesterday's proceedings were an antiquated farce, enjoyed by no
    

91

one, and serving little purpose. The sensible way to wrap up a parlia­mentary session would surely be to vote a closure on the last day of the summer term.

61. 
    Certainly there was little evidence that he would be able to shift
    the State Secretary from his fundamental lack of enthusiasm for the proj­
    ect.
    
62. 
    In his address on the House floor Mr. Levigston said Thursday:
    «To my friends on the left: ...Government left unwatched can lead to in­
    justice. To my friends on the right: ...Government is not inherently evil».
    
63. 
    After the sense of drift during John Major's years in power, it is a
    refreshing change for Britain to have a government which inspires wide­
    spread public confidence.
    
64. 
    The government has begun a program in which people aged 18 to
    24 who have been unemployed for at least six months face losing their
    dole money unless they get a job or enter a training program, although the
    jobless rate among the group is 13.5 percent.
    
65. 
    The rise of East Asia in the late twentieth century may ultimately
    prove to be a more important world-historical event than the collapse of
    communism.
    

§ 8. ЧЕТЫРЕХЧЛЕННАЯ КАУЗАТИВНАЯ КОНСТРУКЦИЯ

Перевод конструкции глагол (герундий) + имя + into (out of) + ге­рундий! существительное приобретает каузативное, побудительное значение и представляет известную трудность, так как в русском языке нет грамматических средств для передачи каузативности. В этой конструкции первый член, выраженный глаголом (например: force, frighten, pressure, coerce, bully, talk, draw), передает действие, при помощи которого удается добиться цели; цель передается чет­вертым чченом конструкции, который выражается герундием или существительным. Второй член конструкции — имя (существитель­ное/местоимение или субстантивированное прилагательное) пока­зывает объект, на который направлено действие; третий член — предлог показывает направление действия.

Каузативность при переводе на русский язык в каждом отдель­ном случае передается лексическими средствами.

The President is almost certainly going to talk Congress into giving him the trade-negotiating authority. Президент почти навер-

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няка будет уговаривать Конгресс предоставить ему полномочия для ведения торговых переговоров.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   Не retracted the allegations, saying police had forced him into
   making false declarations through the use of threats and physical abuse.
   
2. 
   The hope is that local barons will no longer be able to bully local
   central-bank officials into providing ill-judged credits.
   
3. 
   The best early step for the new president [of Cyprus] would be to
   postpone these missiles indefinitely. Another would be to cajole Turkish
   Cypriots into working within the island's Greek-led team seeking EU en­
   try, without granting the Turkish-Cypriot leader his wish that his bit of
   the island be acknowledged as sovereign.
   
4. 
   Over a score of federal institutions, including the Cartel Office
   (Berlin) and the Auditing Court (Frankfurt), have been prodded into
   abandoning their current homes for the Rhine. (i.e.Bonn).
   
5. 
   The result of soaring imports and flagging exports has been to push
   the balance of payments into large deficits, straining the foreign reserves,
   pushing up interest rates and forcing the government into restrictive fiscal
   and monetary policies
   
6. 
   Their trade-union bosses, with their policy of compromise lulled the
   workers into inactivity.
   
7. 
   The intent [of the US Department of Education's Office of Civil
   Rights] seems to be to bully schools into dropping tests or at least de-
   emphasizing them.
   
8. 
   The US President had to forgo whatever else he does besides rais­
   ing funds to spend long hours at trying to cajole Israel and PLO into
   coming up with an agreement.
   
9. 
   The sudden need to find a replacement for the outgoing president of
   the Commission provoked the EU's national leaders into almost unbe­
   lievably swift and unanimous action.
   

10. 
    It is a lot easier to talk one man into giving a thousand dollars
    than it is to talk a thousand men into giving one dollar. As a result, the
    legislator takes the line of least resistance.
    
11. 
    The average Congressman sees only a relatively few of the bills,
    so do not let him fool you into thinking that he considers them all, as
    some imply in order to make you think they are overworked.
    
12. 
    The elections have generated enormous excitement in Iran, entic­
    ing thousands of candidates into the ring and raising hopes of a more
    open and pluralistic society.
    

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13. 
    The British Government has conditioned the public into believing
    that it has changed its collective mind.
    
14. 
    They are aiming to get the Bill amended into uselessness.
    
15. 
    This puts the other members in a stronger position: they cannot be
    bluffed and bullied into making serious concessions.
    
16. 
    «Turkey has reached a turning point,» said the President of Tur­
    key to reporters. « We must bring our children down from the mountains,
    because they are our children, misled into terrorism and committing mur­
    ders. »
    
17. 
    The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying
    what he would do if his attempt to renegotiate this agreement were to fail.
    
18. 
    The candidate has been forced to engage in state primary fights to
    garner delegations and he may be pressured into taking clear positions on
    civil rights and labour laws.
    
19. 
    Outnumbered, outfoxed and outraged, Senate Democrats were
    manoeuvred into accepting a $200-million cut in foreign aid.
    
20. 
    The report could add to resentment among some within or close to
    the palace, who believe that the New Labour establishment is trying to
    bounce the royal family into hasty reform.
    
21. 
    He accused the Christian Democrats of joining in a campaign by
    employers to frighten people into voting conservative by warning them
    that a Social Democratic victory would lead to cancelled orders and a loss
    ofjobs.
    
22. 
    U.S. companies are trapped by their own drive for quick and
    highly publicized profits, forcing them into a bonus system that has made
    management itself too expensive.
    
23. 
    Europe seemed to demonstrate a new readiness to use force and
    pull down barriers to consolidating its national defence companies into
    Europe-wide industries.
    
24. 
    Representatives of the Iraqi Kurds say they want no part in pro­
    voking the Iraqi President into another assault on their mountain home­
    land, which, under the protection of the Western no-fly zone, is only now
    putting itself back together from decades in which the Iraqi leader razed
    more than 4,000 of the villages and killed more than 180,000 of their
    people.
    

§ 9. РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ ФУНКЦИИ СЛОВ IT, ONE, THAT

I.It

1. В качестве самостоятельного члена предложения it выступает:

1. 
   в функции формального подлежащего безличного предложе­
   ния типа it is winter, it rains, it is cold. Употребление безличных
   предложений такого типа ограничено, они относятся только к обо­
   значению явлений природы, времени и расстояния. В этих случаях it
   на русский язык не переводится.
   
2. 
   в функции знаменательного подлежащего: как личное место­
   имение со значением он, она, оно и как указательное местоимение
   со значением это.
   

2. В качестве вводного или предваряющего слова (anticipatory
it) it выступает:

1) в функции формального подлежащего в предложениях с логи­
ческим подлежащим, выраженным инфинитивом, герундием, инфи­
нитивным или герундиальным комплексом и придаточным предло­
жением со сказуемым типа it is necessary/possible/wrong и т. п.; it is
supposed/believed/expected и т. п.; it is likely, it seems. В этих случа­
ях it на русский язык не переводится.

Не said it was possible for an agreement to be reached. Он сказал, что достичь соглашения возможно.

2) в функции формального дополнения в тех случаях, когда за
глаголом типа to make, to think, to consider, tofind, to feel считать,
to believe полагать и т. п. стоит сложное дополнение, состоящее из
имени и инфинитива (инфинитивного комплекса или придаточного
предложения). Слово it следует непосредственно за глаголом. На
русский язык не переводится.

Не felt it his duty to help the Government. Он считал своей обя­занностью помочь правительству.

Britain finds it difficult to make European commitments in an election year. Англия считает трудным брать на себя новые обяза­тельства по Европейскому Союзу в год выборов.

95

3) в обороте it is (was)... who (that, when и т. п.), выполняющем эмоционально-усилительную функцию и употребляющемся для вы­деления любого члена предложения (кроме сказуемого). Член пред­ложения, который необходимо выделить, ставят после it is (was). После него идет соответствующее относительное местоимение (who, whom, whose, that и т. п.) или союз (when, where). При по­мощи оборота it is (was)... who (that... и т. п.) может быть выделено и целое придаточное предложение.

При переводе на русский язык для выделения соответствующего члена предложения следует использовать те средства русского язы­ка, которые наилучшим образом передадут эту эмфазу. Она может быть передана лексически (словами именно, это или другими сло­вами) или путем вынесения выделяемых слов в начало или в конец предложения. It is (was) и относительное местоимение или союз не переводятся на русский язык.

It is for that reason that the present book is both timely and appropriate. Именно по этой причине данная книга является акту­альной и своевременной (выделено обстоятельство).

For it is Britain's role in the European Union which is at the heart of the discussion. Ибо главным моментом обсуждения как раз и является роль Англии в Европейском Союзе (выделено подле­жащее).

Примечание. Not till (until) перед выделяемым обстоятельством на русский язык переводится обычно: только после, только когда

It is not until November that the pensioners will receive the increase provided for in the Budget. Прибавку к пенсии, предусмотренную в бюд­жете, пенсионеры получат только в ноябре.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   When the Fed. (Federal Reserve) began its round of interest-rate
   cuts in the autumn, the market had slumped. It made it much more likely
   that the long-predicted slow-down in economic growth would actually
   occur.
   
2. 
   One of the most dangerous products of unjust wars is intolerance,
   violence and repression in the country waging the war. It suits reaction to
   stir up hysteria and, in the name of «patriotism», set the jingo riff-raff
   against those who are campaigning for peace.
   
3. 
   Although it is far ahead of many Middle Eastern countries in terms
   

96

of political pluralism, Iran is still some distance from democracy as prac­ticed in the West.

4. 
   Courts find it almost impossible to pin down a precise enough legal
   definition of privacy.
   
5. 
   He is ready to support a measure of political unity in the EU but
   made it as clear as ever that such a union will be firmly grounded in na­
   tional direction.
   
6. 
   The plus side for poor Bolivians is that every large town has a well-
   established black market. Contraband makes it possible for many workers
   to buy electronic and other consumer goods that would otherwise be out
   of reach.
   
7. 
   The Labour MP made it clear that he believed that a peaceful set­
   tlement in Europe could never be achieved without Russia.
   
8. 
   Under Hong Kong's currency system when speculators attack the
   Hong Kong dollar, that automatically pushes up local interest rates. Those
   higher rates make it more attractive for investors to hold Hong Kong dollar.
   
9. 
   There is little evidence that mergers are making it easier to gouge
   

consumers; on the contrary, the ability to shop electronically, by tele­phone or on the Internet leaves customers with more choices than ever before.

10. It is the role of galvaniser and mentor to nervous new democracies
that suits the secretary-general of NATO now.

\\. It was in an attempt to alter the ratio Between the increase of rice-eaters and of rice that the International Rice Research Institute was con­ceived in 1959, and started operations at Los Banos in the Philippines in 1962.

12. 
    It was at this time, that major money center banks from New York
    to Hong Kong accepted, perhaps unwittingly, the responsibility of recy­
    cling the world's excess liquidity.
    
13. 
    Although it was Germany which had led a financial rescue opera­
    tion earlier in the year, it was, ironically, the relationship with Germany
    which had probably done more to undermine Turkey's economic stability
    than any other single factor.
    
14. 
    But because of government controls on the domestic price, it is in
    the export field that the coal divisions of the leading mining houses har­
    vest the profits that have made them star performers in recent years.
    
15. 
    As foreign minister of Spain, his sweetest moment was convening,
    in 1995, the only conference ever attended by the European Union, Israel
    

4 — 553

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and most of its Arab adversaries. It is the sort of circle-squaring that he thrives on.

16. 
    It is the strength of the peoples that can ensure a world without
    war, without arms, a world of our dreams.
    
17. 
    Like many older people around the world, Singapores feel the
    young have had it easy, and take their present good fortune for granted.
    
18. 
    What's it like being rich, unemployed and hungry for a new job?
    
19. 
    Their mission was to help researchers answer one of life's most
    vexing questions: why is it that some people can eat as much as they want
    and stay thin, while others get fatter with every cookie they swallow?
    
20. 
    If it's a success, it will never be forgotten If it's a failure, we'll
    never be forgiven.
    
21. 
    It was the failure either to coordinate these Ministries successfully,
    or to present an intelligent picture of their activities to the electorate,
    which was the chief weakness of the previous Cabinet.
    
22. 
    The share of imports in Britain's consumption of manufactured
    and semi-manufactured goods increased greatly over the past ten years. It
    was this growth which alarmed the Government and business last year
    when the expansion of imports had a severe effect on the balance of pay­
    ments.
    
23. 
    It was not until the emergence of the women's suffrage movement
    in the 1840s-50s that feminist ideas reached a wider audience, in the form
    of so-called «first-wave feminism.»
    
24. 
    It won't be until the end of the congressional session, 10 months
    from now, that the United States will know what actually can be cut from
    the budget — and at whose expense. But then it will be up to the presi­
    dent and Congress to set taxes to meet public responsibilities, and not the
    other way around.
    
25. 
    The corporation has said earlier that it will not negotiate until
    normal working is resumed.
    
26. 
    The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) wants India to deploy nuclear
    weapons. It hopes that, as long as it does not conduct a fresh nuclear test,
    it will not be subject to international sanctions.
    

II. One

Слово one выступает в качестве числительного и в качестве ме­стоимения.

В качестве местоимения оно может выполнять функцию подле­жащего неопределенно-личного предложения.

One can easily understand peoples' aspirations for world peace. Легко понять стремление народов к миру во всем мире.

Слово one выступает также в качестве слова-заместителя, кото­рое употребляется вместо существительного, упомянутого ранее (one для единственного числа и ones для множественного числа). На русский язык one переводится тем существительным, которое оно заменяет, либо совсем не переводится, если смысл предложения ясен и без него.

The economic crisis is now being compounded by a political one. Сейчас экономический кризис осложняется и политическим (кризисом).

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   But if one has any sense of U.S. history, one has to believe that both
   the corporations and the president whose program they are so enthusiasti­
   cally promoting are on somewhat shaky ground.
   
2. 
   President of the Association of American Colleges said: «We might
   begin to define the educated person as one who can overcome the defi­
   ciencies in our educational system».
   
3. 
   The winner will be the one whom the voters don't want less than
   they don't want his opponent.
   
4. 
   In old age there is a deep and different sense about human beings
   and situations, one that just isn't possible when one is younger.
   

5. Dealers in coca or cocaine have their own reasons for palm-
greasing, and also finance cross-border trade in other goods as one way of
laundering their profits.

6. 
   When one hears such thoughtless declarations, one must realize that
   one has to face here a fundamental misconception.
   
7. 
   Discretion is another necessary quality one finds highly developed
   in interpreters. They often participate in the most confidential and far-
   reaching discussions, and delegates must feel that they can speak freely.
   
8. 
   Economic dependence upon a foreign country is also a major obsta­
   cle to growth although one that is not always obvious and easily defin­
   able.
   
9. 
   Ministers and Tory Spokesmen have been vague, either referring to
   maintaining existing powers or ensuring that any replacement House is at
   least as independent as the existing one
   

10. Brazilians see their land, usually rightly, as a gentle one, untrou­
bled by war or ethnic strife.

4*

99

11. 
    Although Europe produces more films than America, Europeans
    want to watch American ones
    
12. 
    Democratic Presidents are as reluctant as Republican ones to for­
    malize a consultative process on Capitol Hill that the White House might
    not be able to control.
    
13. 
    Of all candidates, the one who comes most closely to the people's
    interests is the one with the least apparent chance of winning the nomina­
    tion.
    
14. 
    For those who see East Asia's crisis primarily as one of panic,
    these market-reinforcing reforms mostly miss the point. Far more urgent
    is the need to control the capital flows themselves.
    
15. 
    The notion that there is a distinctively East Asian political form is
    a less familiar one
    
16. 
    None of the new men in Brazil's cabinet in fact looks any worse
    than the one he has replaced. The new industry minister is as protectionist
    as his predecessor but far more polished.
    
17. 
    As the Cuban missile crisis tapes from the Kennedy White House
    show, presidents have understood that the use of nuclear weapons must
    be the option of the last resort, and even then, one that is all but unthink­
    able.
    
18. 
    His name has been mentioned as a possible future president of the
    European Commission. This would be welcomed by America, which
    spent the cold war keeping a watchful eye on Europe's socialists and
    knows which ones it likes.
    
19. 
    The agency has required companies that want to build a major new
    installation or modify an existing one to install the best available pollu­
    tion control devices.
    
20. 
    If the endless devolution of power has a drawback, it is one of ac­
    countability.
    

III. That

Слово that может выступать в качестве:

1. указательного местоимения. В этом случае оно всегда стоит перед существительным и на русский язык переводится соответст­вующими указательными местоимениями: тот, та, этот и т. д.

A joint fiscal decision-making mechanism for the EU will not be called a confederation but it will be a major step in that direction. Общий механизм принятия решений в области налогообложения

100

для Европейского Союза не будет называться конфедерацией, но он будет серьезным шагом в этом направлении.

2. союза, вводящего придаточные предложения, дополнительные
и предикативные. На русский язык переводится соответствующими
союзами: что, чтобы,

Voters in the EU are starting to notice that their national govern­ments have less and less to do. Избиратели в ЕС начинают заме­чать, что у их национальных правительств остается все меньше и меньше функций.

3. союзного слова, вводящего придаточное определительное
предложение. На русский язык переводится соответствующими со­
юзными словами: который, которая и т. д.

Some voters, notably in Germany, are growing unhappy with a EU's budget that leaves them paying in much more than they get out. Некоторые избиратели, особенно в Германии, все больше и больше недовольны бюджетом ЕС, в который они должны отда­вать больше, чем получать (из него).

4. слова-заместителя, которое употребляется вместо существи­
тельного или группы слов, упомянутых раньше (that для единствен­
ного числа, those для множественного числа). На русский язык пе­
реводится заменяемым существительным или соответствующим
личным или относительным местоимением.

Increasingly, New York's style of policing is being contrasted un­favourably with that of other cities, particularly Boston. Стиль рабо­ты полиции в Нью-Йорке все больше сравнивается, и не в пользу Нью-Йорка, со стилем работы полиции в других городах, в част­ности в Бостоне.

Примечание. Сочетание с наречием now that означает теперь, ко­гда сочетание not that переводится не то, чтобы

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   It is clear that continental voters are no longer content to be run by
   those who tolerate fraud, incompetence and nepotism.
   
2. 
   There is now a recognition [in Singapore] that history is best not
   

101

paved over: that it is part of a sense of patriotism and national identity — qualities the government certainly does want to inculcate.

3. 
   Reforms are hard to do at national level, but one virtue of the euro
   is that it imposes obligations at a European level which countries can use
   as a pressure to force domestic changes.
   
4. 
   The unprecedented destructive power of modern means of warfare
   demands that the main actions should be directed towards preventing war.
   
5. 
   One trouble with EU as a whole is that what served a club of six or
   nine well enough no longer looks adequate for a club of 15. Let alone one
   of 20 or 25, especially one with so many responsibilities.
   
6. 
   Tuition fees were introduced by the Blair government. The argu­
   ment is that money is needed to finance the expansion of the higher edu­
   cation system and that students should contribute to the cost of an educa­
   tion that will benefit them financially in later life.
   
7. 
   Industry executives said an «Intel» endorsement could have a big
   impact on a market that has taken off slowly, because the company helps
   define PC specifications and sells about 85 million chips a year.
   
8. 
   The American Medical Association's decision to fire the editor of
   its leading scientific journal exploded into a collision between medicine
   and US politics that reflects the 152-year-old organization's struggle to
   find its role in the rapidly changing health-care system.
   
9. 
   The big surprise isn't that the companies (in China) are doing badly
   but that they are admitting it.
   

10. 
    The European Commission has asked Japan to relax some restric­
    tions on banking activities that it feels are hindering the growth of foreign
    banks' business in Japan, Commission sources said Monday.
    
11. 
    The report estimated that there were more than 4,000 foreign
    companies, which do not trade in Britain, that enjoy virtual taxfree status.
    
12. 
    As Prof. T. sees it, there are two related problems that the interna­
    tional financial community must soon address.
    
13. 
    Last week, the Greek government announced a series of air traffic
    control measures that are expected to facilitate Turkish flights over the
    Aegean.
    
14. 
    The proposed amendment is a fake. When the political will exists
    to balance the budget, it will be balanced. When that will does not exist,
    there are innumerable ways to make an unbalanced budget appear bal­
    anced.
    
15. 
    Childhood is the only time and place that grows larger as it is left
    behind.
    
16. 
    East Asia's current woes are in large part the price of its previous
    success — and that success itself has been much misunderstood. This
    

102

survey will debunk many old myths about it, including the belief that all these economies are highly flexible and well-governed, and that high in­vestment is always a sign of strength. But the biggest myth of all is that of a single Asian economic model.

17. 
    The saddest thing about the budget fudge is that it brought to an
    end a fortnight in which Europe suddenly seemed to be making progress,
    ridding itself of a tired commission and agreeing smartly on a heavy­
    weight reformer, Italy's ex-premier to run the new one.
    
18. 
    « The weakness of the European [film] industry was that it was
    based on a core fantasy, which is that there was a group of artists that
    could put together a rather expensive product and hope that somewhere
    out there it might find an audience.» (David Puttnam).
    
19. 
    These political shenanigans have postponed for another few weeks
    voting on a crucial one of those reforms: that of pensions.
    
20. 
    Stressing that the salaries were not as high as those paid «in cer­
    tain sections of industry», Deputy Leader of the House said that the
    Power Minister had referred to the possibility of a review of salaries in
    other nationalized industries.
    
21. 
    For the few that have ruled modern Japan the political struggle
    that really counted was that carried on among themselves for wealth and
    power.
    
22. 
    The depressing economic news out of China has been building for
    months, so that when China recently announced a 7.8 per cent annual
    GDP growth rate, even its Prime Minister admitted that the figure lacked
    credibility because of bogus reporting at the local level.
    
23. 
    Britain has been enviably stable. But that is because it has been
    governed pragmatically, by politicians prepared to adapt the system in re­
    sponse to popular pressure — for example in the series of reform acts,
    which widened the franchise and ushered in mass democracy.
    
24. 
    Japan's central bank has the power to buy up the country's entire
    national debt, if necessary, and pay for it with new currency and bank re­
    serves. That would be wildly inflationary of course. But it makes the
    point that low interest rates do not make a central bank helpless.
    
25. 
    That devolution will allow different political cultures to flourish
    was evident even at the formal oath-taking by members of the Scottish
    Parliament.
    
26. 
    Iran offered itself as a «safe bridge» between the Caspian and the
    Gulf, but oil companies rejected that, preferring to create routes through
    Russia and Georgia to the Black Sea.
    
27. 
    Though he gets more credit for radical reform than he deserves,
    

103

that is very much the sort of work that governments want to have done now at the European Commission.

28. 
    The complaint that the French judiciary is under the thumb of
    whatever government may be in power is scarcely new. According to le­
    gal historians, it is a complaint that goes back for centuries — at least to
    the time of Louis XIV, whose ministers centralized the legal system, sub­
    ordinating local and church law to that emanating from the royal court.
    
29. 
    The European Union, now that it has launched its common cur­
    rency, is due next to forge a common foreign and security policy.
    
30. 
    Now that Mr Gingrich has announced that he will leave the speak-
    ership and Congress, Ms Dunn has decided to gamble her own leadership
    post.
    
31. 
    He resigned as Secretary of State last May. It was not that he disa­
    greed with the President, although that might have been enough. It was
    that his judgement on a critical policy matter was rejected.
    

§ 10. МНОГОЗНАЧНЫЕ И ТРУДНЫЕ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕВОДА СЛОВА

1. Существительные и прилагательные

Известную трудность при переводе представляют многозначные слова. Полисемантизм вообще характерен для английского языка, и нужно все время иметь в виду, что любое казалось бы хорошо зна­комое слово в зависимости от контекста может иметь совсем иное значение. Так например:

1. power имеет следующие значения: 1) держава, государство; 2) сила, мощь; 3) власть, могущество; 4) (мн. ч.) полномочия; 5) энергия. В сочетании с предлогом in приобретает адвербиальное значение: 1) у власти; 2) в состоянии

According to the UN Charter the important task of maintaining peace lies mainly with the great powers. В соответствии с Уставом ООН важная задача поддержания мира лежит на великих держа­вах.

They have mastered sufficient sea, air and land power to win back that territory. Они собрали достаточные морские, воздушные и су­хопутные силы, чтобы отвоевать эту территорию.

Who sits in a second chamber is secondary to its functions and powers. Вопрос о том, кто входит во вторую палату [Британского

104

парламента] вторичен по отношению к ее функциям и полномо­чиям.

2. case имеет следующие значения: 1) случай, обстоятельство,
положение, дело; 2) факты, доказательства, доводы (в пользу ко­
го-л. или чего-л.); 3) судебное дело; 4) (мед.) случай, пациент, ране­
ный и ряд других значений. В зависимости от контекста слово case
может переводиться также следующими словами: вопрос, момент,
прецедент и др. (in case в случае; it is not the case этонетак; as
was the case какэтобыло).

The executive of the National Union of Steel Metal Workers has passed the case back to the local officials to resolve. Исполком на­ционального союза металлургов вернул дело (вопрос) на рас­смотрение местной администрации.

The case will be tried in the law court next week. Дело будет рас­сматриваться в суде на следующей неделе.

An epidemic of the grippe broke out in England. The first cases were immediately sent to hospital. В Англии вспыхнула эпидемия гриппа. Первых заболевших сразу же отправили в больницу.

3. record имеет следующие значения: 1) запись, летопись, исто­
рия; 2) протокол (заседания), официальный документ, запись, от­
чет; 3) характеристика, репутация; послужной список; 4) факты,
данные, достижения; 5) рекорд, рекордный уровень; 6) грампла­
стинка; 7) позиция.

The General Assembly should transmit to the States concerned the record of the discussion of the item at that session. Генеральной Ас­самблее следует передать заинтересованным государствам про­токол обсуждения этого пункта на той сессии.

The delegation wished to go on record that they viewed with great concern this act of overt aggression. Делегация высказала пожела­ние официально зафиксировать свою позицию о том, что она с глубокой озабоченностью рассматривает этот акт открытой аг­рессии.

According to New Orleans police records, they were detained at the request of the FBI Согласно данным (материалам, досье) поли­ции Нового Орлеана, они были задержаны по требованию ФБР.

105

4. pattern может переводиться на русский язык следующими
словами: 1) образец, пример; 2) система; 3) путь; 4) характерное
явление, характер; 5) форма, схема, шаблон, модель; 6) формула.

Antitrust experts say that the government is trying to show a pat­tern of illegal behavior by Microsoft over years. Эксперты по анти­монопольной политике говорят, что правительство пытается на примере « Микрософта» показать схему незаконной деятельности компании на протяжении ряда лет.

Turkey's pattern of development since 1948 cannot be explained only as a drive for self-sufficiency. Путь (характер) развития Тур­ции с 1948 года нельзя объяснить одним лишь стремлением к экономической самостоятельности.

5. office может переводиться на русский язык следующими сло­
вами: 1) служба, должность; 2) обязанность, долг, функция;
3) власть; 4) аппарат, контора; 5) ведомство, министерство;
6) пост; 7) in office у власти и др.

It is true that much of the political debate in Parliament is a sham fight. It is also true that the real distinction of point of view often seems to be between those in office and those out of office. Действи­тельно, большая часть политических дебатов в Парламенте пред­ставляет собой показную борьбу. Но правда и то, что реальный раздел точек зрения, кажется, проходит между теми, кто у влас­ти, и теми, кто вне ее.

Since he moved to the White House, the President's Office has been radically reorganized. С тех пор как он вступил на пост пре­зидента, вся система аппарата Белого дома была коренным об­разом реорганизована.

The leader of the victorious party is offered the office of Prime Minister. Главе победившей партии предлагают (занять) пост премьер-министра.

6. facilities. Есть целый ряд английских слов, которые не имеют
эквивалента в русском языке и поэтому иногда их приходится пере­
водить по-разному, в зависимости от контекста, иногда описатель­
ным путем. Одним из таких слов является слово facilities, которое
обозначает предмет или обстоятельство, совокупность предметов
или обстоятельств, помогающих совершить действие. Так например:

106

facilities for transport средства передвижения; facilities for studies

необходимые помещения, и оборудование, и даже наличие соответ­ствующего времени, необходимого для занятий. Словарь дает сле­дующие значения: 1) благоприятные условия, льготы; 2) оборудова­ние, приспособление, аппаратура; 3) средства обслуживания, удоб­ства. В зависимости от контекста может переводиться и другими словами: возможность, помещение и т. д.

MPs already complain of lack of facilities to do their work while Press and other staff also find they work in overcrowded and unsuitable conditions. Члены парламента уже жалуются на отсут­ствие благоприятных условий для (выполнения) работы; работ­ники печати и другие служащие считают, что они также работа­ют в переполненных помещениях и в плохих условиях.

A more recent project has been the modernization of port facilities and the improvement of natural ports. Более поздний проект преду­сматривает модернизацию оборудования (служб) порта и улуч­шение естественных портов.

7. 
   community имеет следующие значения: 1) община; 2) общест­
   во; 3) население, группа населения; 4) круги; 5) сообщество, объеди­
   нение; 6) сотрудничество; 7) общность. Перевод слова зависит от
   того, в каком словосочетании оно встречается. Например: the
   interests of the community интересы общества. Black (white)
   community чернокожее (белое) население, financial (business)
   community финансовые (деловые) круги, community of goods общ­
   ность владения имуществом, community of interests общность ин­
   тересов.
   
8. 
   public n. 1) народ; 2) публика; З) общественность; adj. 1) об­
   щественный; 2) общенародный; 3) публичный, общедоступный; 4)
   открытый, гласный; 5) государственный, официальный и др. public
   figure общественный/государственный деятель; public image ре­
   путация, мнение общественности (о каком-л. деятеле); public li­
   brary публичная (общедоступная) библиотека; public facilities
   службы общественного пользования; public officer государствен­
   ный служащий, чиновник, должностное лицо; public servant долж­
   ностное лицо; лицо, находящееся на государственной службе;
   public career политическая карьера; public relations 1) связь (лица,
   организации) с общественностью, прессой; 2) служба/отдел ин­
   формации; отдел связи с печатью, пресс-бюро; public servicies со­
   циальные службы (здравоохранение, образование) и т. д.
   

107

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   As American presidents have understood since Harry Truman de­
   clined to use nuclear bombs in Korea, legitimising the use of these weap­
   ons in battle would weaken the taboo that restrains other nuclear powers
   from using theirs, doing far more to imperil America's global security
   than to advance it.
   
2. 
   At present, the Lords has extensive powers which go much further
   than its self-proclaimed role as a revising chamber.
   
3. 
   The main reasons for the uncertainty are clear enough. The separa­
   tion of powers means that President and Congress are elected separately.
   The federal structure of the huge country means that between presidential
   elections the local party organizations more or less go their own way.
   
4. 
   Only when agreement is reached on the role and powers of the
   second chamber does it make sense to consider its composition.
   
5. 
   Apart from power in Parliament the other great source of power
   over people is from those who control the largescale combines and the
   national Press.
   
6. 
   With a spirited competition among liberals and conservatives, re­
   formers and traditionalists the elections in Iran are important because part
   of the power of the government is going to transfer to the people.
   
7. 
   China's repeated failure to sustain economic reform and its persis­
   tent unwillingness to become a status quo power accepting the constraints
   of interdependence are all failures sustained by a mistaken belief in the
   correctness of the 1949 revolution (Gerald Segal).
   
8. 
   He is having to exercise his persuasive powers fully, to prevent the
   negotiations from falling too far behind the time-table.
   
9. 
   The balance of power in Europe, maintained for many years, had
   been shattered in six weeks.
   

10. 
    The power to gather and disseminate data electronically is grow­
    ing so fast that it raises an even more unsettling question: in 20 years'
    time, will there be any privacy left to protect?
    
11. 
    Last week, friendly talks between the two companies broke off,
    reportedly over an inability to agree on a power-sharing arrangements
    between the chief executives.
    
12. 
    As the last government witness nears the end of his testimony, it is
    increasingly clear that the government's antitrust case against Microsoft
    Corporation is an indictment not only of the business practices of the
    world's dominent software maker but also of its corporate character.
    
13. 
    The urgency with which the Americans are pressing the case for
    seaborne deterrent is explicable in terms of the coming Presidential elec­
    tion campaign.
    

108

14. 
    The minister doubtless has in mind demands from the employers
    that, in the case of wages, strong action should be taken if the board de­
    nounces any particular claim.
    
15. 
    Brazil had been a test case for a new global «financial architecture» that the US President proclaimed to the world last fall.
    
16. 
    In any case, what the interpreter is after is the reasoning, the se­
    quence of arguments, starting with the premises and leading up to the
    conclusions.
    
17. 
    The Foreign Secretary and the Government will, as was the case
    with the previous Government, stir up a hornet's nest if they attempt to
    interfere with these cost-of-living agreements.
    
18. 
    The British Government declares that it is going to resist the im­
    plementation of these plans. However, this is not the case. The deeds of
    Britain's ruling circles in any case up to the latest time attest to the con­
    trary.
    
19. 
    Once again logic must defer, in this case, to the vanity and power-
    hunger of national politicians.
    
20. 
    But in concentrating their efforts on the most egregious cases in­
    volving the suspected illegal confinement of servants, federal agencies
    have skipped over others that fall short of that standard, even when they
    include apparent violations of federal labor, immigration and tax laws.
    
21. 
    The Labour government was accused of publishing the names of
    informants who tipped off British police about those responsible for a
    racist murder.
    

The case has caused a massive round of national soul-searching over the treatment of minorities.

22. 
    The government's case seems persuasive. Yet as the trial has
    plodded since October through cross examinations of witnesses, with
    both sides presenting mountains of documents, there is certainly room for
    doubt.
    
23. 
    On March 19th Mr Clinton invited a few key senators over to the
    White House to press his case for intervention [in Yugoslavia].
    
24. 
    Far from getting rid of a headache by giving the Scots a parlia­
    ment, Labour ministers in London have found that the first stages of
    devolution have given them a kingsize migraine. The row over tuition
    fees for university students is a perfect case in point
    
25. 
    Private debt, for both house holds and corporations, has been
    growing at an impressively rapid rate, and while the trade deficit shrank
    at the end of last year, it nonetheless set a record for the year as a whole.
    
26. 
    Sheffield has a proud record of progressive politics. There is no
    doubt that this is the reason behind the progressive rehousing ideas.
    

109

27. 
    The Labour Party is on record as saying that if any industry is
    failing the nation or its workers, then the Labour Government will take
    steps to bring it under public control.
    
28. 
    Ms Dunn has a solidly conservative voting record. But while she
    is a fiscal conservative, her mixed voting record on abortion has angered
    some conservatives.
    
29. 
    Many senators were already on the record opposing intervention,
    on the ground that America should on principle avoid getting embroiled
    in civil wars, or that the president has exceeded his prerogative by plan­
    ning for war without consulting Congress first.
    
30. 
    That candidate's record shows what can be expected from him: a
    redbaiter, character assassin and a labour-hater.
    
31. 
    Many member states are now on record as favouring this ap­
    proach, which was first formally presented at the general debate of the
    19th session of the General Assembly.
    
32. 
    The US President spoke as the State Department released in
    Washington its annual human right report to Congress. The timing put
    him in the awkward position of defending China — and his policy of en­
    gagement with the communist giant — at the same time that his Admini­
    stration reported a sharp deterioration in that country's human rights rec­
    ord.
    
33. 
    Trade, Taiwan and security have all caused protests between the
    two countries and the US Secretary of State faces an even tougher task
    after the US Senate resolution, which urged that the UN condemn
    China's rights record.
    
34. 
    When I got to Detroit and tried to board the Traverse City flight,
    the gate agent told me my «ticket» was not a ticket. She then looked in
    her computer and told me, quote: «Well, there's no record that you are
    here.» « But I am here,» I pointed out.
    
35. 
    Bridgestone Corporation, the world's largest tire-maker by reve­
    nue, said yesterday its net profit last year tripled to a record on strong
    demand in the United States and Europe, lower prices for raw materials
    and a weaker yen.
    
36. 
    Important official records in the UN are issued in the five official
    languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
    
37. 
    The Minister played his well-worn record about it being impossi­
    ble to plan the economy and not plan wages.
    
38. 
    The pattern has been that African territories have been compelled
    by colonial rule and by their economic power to serve as raw materials
    appendages for western industry and western food consumption.
    

110

39. 
    New patterns of economic development have brought material affluance to, notably, the oil-rich states of the Middle East and the newly industrialised states of East Asia, South East Asia, and, to some extent,Latin America.
    
40. 
    Like a kaleidoscope, the patterns of world affairs shift with each
    spin of the globe.
    
41. 
    «What we in America regard as most important is that Japan pur­
    sues policies that will deliver strong domestic demand-led growth and
    contribute to a more balanced pattern of growth in the world economy,»
    said an expert in economy.
    
42. 
    Political fact Number One to most candidates is that it takes
    money to run for office — great gobs of it. To get this money, the legis­
    lator must go to people who have some extra cash.
    
43. 
    The Tory leaders have evidently forgotten that their chief duty lies
    not towards their party or their personal ambitions, but to the offices they
    hold and the public they claim to serve.
    
44. 
    Like armies that quit power in Chile, Pakistan, Argentina and
    elsewhere, Nigeria's military is seeking protection against retribution for
    its acts in office or a loss in status.
    
45. 
    The EU's new Nordic members are far less inclined than the
    Mediterraneans are — or were — to see high political office as a chance
    to dole out the patronage and delegate the detailed stuff.
    
46. 
    The major reason why the people of Africa have taken over the
    running of their countries is the ambition to lift their homeland out of the
    category of « economically underdeveloped» regions, to raise their mate­
    rial standards of living and provide adequate social and cultural facilities.
    
47. 
    Education is seen by the council as having a key role to play in in­
    creasing the economic effectiveness of the West Midlands and it urges
    the fullest use of the region's facilities
    
48. 
    In the field of industry special emphasis has been placed on the
    heavy industries, such as coal, steel and cement, but consumer goods fa­
    cilities such as sugar refineries and textile plants have also received at­
    tention.
    
49. 
    « Facilities for retraining need to be developed to enable regional
    industry and the people employed in industry to cope with the technologi­
    cal and economic changes that are certain to be encountered,» the report
    says.
    
50. 
    The Swiss business community is sophisticated and highly experi­
    enced in international trade.
    
51. 
    The first reaction from the financial community abroad to the
    measures taken by the British Government was cautiously favourable.
    

111

52. 
    The National Security Agency officials were worried, said one
    source monitoring the intelligence community, «that people would take
    toys (Furbies) home and they'd start talking classified.»
    
53. 
    The double boom of the explosion could be heard for miles,
    setting off car and burglar alarms and rattling windows throughout the
    nearby community.
    
54. 
    He knows how to handle real power. Most germane of all, he did
    an impressive job of knocking Italy's indisciplined public finances into
    more rigorous shape.
    
55. 
    Capitol Hill is the place people think they know more about than
    any other place on earth, because everything on Capitol Hill seems to be
    public Everyone refers to it as a public place, and it is true that, at times,
    you can see all the public men whose salaries are paid by the public
    
56. 
    Direct democracy enables the public to express their own views
    and interests without having to rely on self-serving politicians.
    

57. The majority of the American people must buy power from pri­vately owned utilities and they pay rates two, three, four or more times higher than those paid to a publicly-owned utility.

Publicly-owned power systems aren't perfect in the United States. But there is no question that they are better than privately owned systems. They are run by local, state or federal government, special regional gov­erning bodies, or as cooperatives.

58. The Scottish Films Television Archive has been awarded
£377.000 towards cataloguing and restoring thousands of films that have
been stored in its Glasgow premises since it began an appeal in 1976 for
the public to donate material lying in attics and basements.

59. 
    The Party leader played down reports that the opposition was split
    over plans to orgarnize a public petition against the proposal to give
    citizenship to millions of foreigners in Germany.
    
60. 
    With no satisfactory agreement even close on the budget, perhaps
    the European Union could ill afford a public falling out among its
    members.
    
61. 
    The EU's greatest achievements have been through laws and
    treaties and eliminating trade barriers; none has arisen through public
    spending at the supranational level.
    
62. 
    Although civil society can be distinguished from the state, it
    nevertheless contains a range of institutions that are thought of as
    «public» in the wider sense that they are open institutions, operating in
    public, to which the public has access.
    
63. 
    Bringing jobs to communities rather than compelling workers to
    tear up their roots and move hundreds of miles maintains social cohesion.
    

112

64. 
    The United States has already destroyed one facility in Sudan in its
    attempt to target chemical weapons.
    
65. 
    Washington has imagined no serious challenge to American power
    until the distant future.
    

II. Служебные слова

1. Since — грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в
качестве союза, since переводится на русский язык: 1) поскольку,
так как, 2) с тех пор как, после этого (того) Выступая в качестве
предлога, since переводится с, со времени и т. д.:

Up to the present, international agreements on the prices of certain major products have scarcely modified the situation since prices are always dictated by the big industrial powers. Вплоть до настоящего времени международные соглашения о ценах на некоторые ос­новные продукты вряд ли изменили положение дел, поскольку цены всегда определяются (диктуются) крупными промышлен­ными державами.

The arrival of a common European currency is the most important event for European integration since the Treaties of Rome in 1957. Введение единой европейской валюты — самое важное событие в европейской интеграции со времени подписания Римских дого­воров в 1957 году.

Примечание: Словосочетание since then переводится: с тех пор, с то­го времени, после этого; ever since 1) с тех (самих) пор (как); 2) со времени; long since давно уже.

2. While — многозначный союз. Переводится на русский язык:
\) в то время как, пока; 2) хотя, тогда как, несмотря на то, что;

3) и, а, но

The EU economies enjoy a trade surplus, while the United States has a $200 billion annual trade deficit. Экономика Европейского Союза имеет положительное сальдо торгового баланса, а (в то время, как) США имеют дефицит торгового баланса в размере 200 млрд. долларов ежегодно.

While the scope of the bloodshed had been generally known, the report is the first to lay out the extent of the violence and pin it on the government. Хотя масштабы кровопролития были в общих чертах

11З

известны и раньше, в этом докладе впервые приводятся данные о насилии и возлагается вина за это на правительство.

Примечание. While в сочетании с причастием обычно не переводится.

The Iraqi Kurds, while not wanting to give offence to the US and happy about any offers of weaponry, are determined to avoid significant action against their President. Иракские курды, не желая обижать США и привет­ствуя любые предложения о поставках оружия, стремятся избегать серьезных акций против своего президента.

3. For — грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в
качестве союза, for переводится на русский язык: ибо, так как, по­
тому что

Television is the prime culprit/or it has become the model for eve­rything in our society. Телевидение — главный виновник, т.к. оно стало моделью всего в нашем обществе.

Выступая в качестве предлога, for переводится: 1) за, ради; 2) за, по; 3) для; 4) в течение, на какой-либо срок; 5) из-за, по причине, вследствие; 6) на, к; 7) от, против (болезни); 8) за, вместо; 9) for all... несмотря на, при (всем)... вопреки, чтобы... не...; ...for one со своей стороны; for one thing во-первых, прежде всего; for that matter несмотря на всё; и всё же; в сущности, фактически; собст­венно/по правде говоря; если на то пошло; что касается этого, в этом отношении; but for если бы не.

For many Americans, capital punishment seems more a symbol of society's indignation at the evil in its midst than a fair or useful weapon against crime. Для многих американцев смертная казнь представляется скоре символом возмущения общества злом в его среде, нежели справедливым или полезным средством борьбы с преступностью.

4. As — грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в ка­
честве союза, переводится: 1) когда, в то время как, по мере того
как; 2) так как; 3) как. После прилагательного (в функции предика­
тивного члена) в инвертированном предложении имеет уступитель­
ное значение и переводится: хотя, как ни.

The gloom in East Asia is likely to deepen in the months ahead as

114

more firms and banks go bust and unemployment and inflation rise. В Восточной Азии в предстоящие месяцы наблюдаемые ныне на­строения подавленности, вероятно, будут нарастать по мере то­го, как все больше фирм и банков (будут) разорятся, а безработи­ца и инфляция будут расти.

Difficult as the task was, they set a time-limit for its fulfilment. Как ни трудна была задача (хотя эта задача была очень трудной), они установили срок для ее выполнения.

Выступая в качестве наречия, as переводится: как, как например. В сочетании с прилагательным и наречием — так же ... как, такой же ... как. Другие сочетания: as to (for) что касается; as if как если бы, как будто; soas (с тем) чтобы; так (настолько) чтобы; as it is (в начале предложения) как бы то ни было, в действительности, можно сказать; (в конце предложения) уже и так, без того; as it were как бы то ни было; as it happens между прочим, оказывается; as a matter of fact фактически, в действительности; as a whole в целом.

Roughly 3 1/2 m people live in today's Ireland, making it about as big, in terms of man-power, as many a good-sized American city — Boston, say. В сегодняшней Ирландии живет приблизительно 3,5 млн. человек, делая ее по численности населения такой же, как любой крупный американский город, например, Бостон.

5. But — грамматический омоним. В качестве предлога but пере­водится на русский язык: кроме, за исключением; anything but дале­ко не, все что угодно, только не. В качестве союза переводится: 1) но, а, однако, тем не менее; 2) если не, как не, чтобы не; but for если бы не. В качестве наречия переводится: только, лишь.

The Bank of England issued orders to banks to limit advances to all but exporters. Банк Англии разослал указания банкам ограни­чить выдачу ссуд всем, кроме экспортеров.

Примечание. But после cannot означает двойное отрицание; перево­дится не может не...

The single currency cannot but pose a financial and economic challenge to Washington. Единая валюта (в Европе) не может не представлять серьезной финансовой и экономической проблемы для Вашингтона.

115

6. Once — грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в
качестве наречия, переводится: один раз, однажды, когда-то, неко­
гда, выступая в качестве союза, переводится: как только, коль скоро

Referendums, once a rarity, have now become a regular feature of our constitutional practice. Референдумы, когда-то бывшие ред­ким явлением, сейчас стали привычной чертой нашей конститу­ционной практики.

The rules that Europe has adopted say that no country can with­draw from the Union once it enters. Правила, принятые Европей­ским Союзом, гласят, что ни одна страна не может выйти из Союза, коль скоро она в него вступит (вступила).

7. Слово well в сочетании с различными частями речи, сохраняя в
основном свое значение, переводится по-разному:

1. well + глагол (well стоит после глагола) и well + причастие II
(well стоит перед причастием): хорошо, вполне

The plan, if well designed, will make it possible to save our resources. План, если он хорошо составлен, даст возможность со­хранить наши ресурсы.

2. well + модальный глагол (well стоит между модальным и ос­
новным глаголом): вполне, с успехом.

This question may well be discussed at the next sitting. Этот во­прос с успехом может быть обсужден на следующем заседании.

3. well + наречие (союз) значительно, очень, довольно; well after
значительно позже; well before задолго до; as well также; as well
as так же как, как... , так и . , кроме того, не только, но

Private consumption was well down in the first part of the year. Потребление в частном секторе было очень низким в первой по­ловине года.

Cheap oil could cause instability as well as poverty. Дешевая нефть может вызвать не только бедность, но и нестабильность. (Дешевая нефть, помимо бедности, может также вызвать не­стабильность).

116

Обратите внимание на инверсионный порядок слов в переводе. Если сочетание с as well as выделено запятыми, то в переводе это будет выражено в прямом порядке слов.

Today nearly all Western democracies, as well as dozens of other countries, have abandoned capital punishment. Сейчас почти все за­падные демократические государства, а также десятки других стран, отказались от смертной казни.

Примечание. Наречия very очень и then тогда в функции прилага­тельного приобретают другое значение: very (тот) сам, сама, самый, then тогдашний

Some dismiss political correctness (PC) as a danger to the very fabric of American life. Некоторые не принимают «политическую корректность», усматривая в ней угрозу самой основе американского образа жизни.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   The government has put the court in an awkward position, since
   judges almost never clarify rulings unless it is in the context of a subse­
   quent case.
   
2. 
   Since Leftwing MPs (Members of Parliament) have thus far failed
   to agree to the law imposing fines and imprisonment on trade unionists
   who continue to defend and improve their working conditions, a party
   meeting is being held on Wednesday.
   
3. 
   Since then Poland's political make-up has changed fundamentally.
   
4. 
   Since 1989 the United States has been, in economic and military
   terms, the most powerful state in the world.
   
5. 
   The popularity of the German coalition government has dropped
   sharply since its victory in last October's general elections, an opinion
   poll indicated Sunday.
   
6. 
   Since his own landslide victory, Mr. Khatami has struggled against
   conservative rivals who have jailed his political allies.
   
7. 
   Since drug legalization — which might work, and which this paper
   has supported — is unacceptable to either side, the two countries [the
   USA and Mexico] will need to lower their defences in a different way: by
   being honest with each other.
   
8. 
   The State Department told Congress on Friday that China went into
   reverse on human rights last autumn, backtracking on political reform
   while continuing «to commit widespread and well-documented human
   rights abuses» that defied international norms.
   

117

9. The report fueled talk that US interest rates may be raised this year
while expectations are for lower rates in Europe.

10. 
    In the Protestant Netherlands, bourgeois buyers became important
    patrons of art, and genre paintings found a solid market, while in Catholic
    Italy, where church and aristocratic patrons called the tune, attitudes were
    ambivalent toward pictures outside the mainstream of religious and his­
    tory painting.
    
11. 
    Sources in the Administration while saying that no decisions have
    been made, suggest that the current consensus of senior advisers favor a
    lower-temperature policy designed to improve the bargaining position of
    the United States.
    
12. 
    A high-ranking Transport Ministry official recently stated that
    while Japan is sympathetic to the plight of European shipbuilders, it is
    unlikely that the Japanese shipbuilding industry will be able to make fur­
    ther concessions on the matter.
    
13. 
    Some Americans fear an arms race in space, while others see the
    military use of the shuttle as a natural consequence of the superiority of
    U.S. space technology although such superiority may prove temporary.
    

14. While discussion of a possible link between the krone and
Europe's new single currency is at the top of the agenda, analysts expect
little more than vaguely worded communiques pledging cooperation be­
tween Norway and the EU.

15. 
    But the figures also illustrated that while the company's order
    backlog remains healthy, fewer customers are purchasing its (Boeing's)
    most expensive and profitable airplanes.
    
16. 
    He is reported to have emphasized to the Cabinet that Canada was
    concerned at the possibility of military action, while Asian members of
    the Commonwealth were all opposed to the use of force.
    

17. 
    While pressing for every kind of financial help to the local
    authorities, it is evident that only nationalization of all urban land is an
    essential need.
    
18. 
    The Foreign Secretary will propose a package of measures de­
    signed to increase the democratic legitimacy of the European Union while
    curbing the powers of the European Commission.
    
19. 
    While the US unemployment rate fell back to a 28-year low of 4.3
    per cent, the German jobless rate jumped to 10.9 per cent from 10.2 per
    cent.
    
20. 
    «...do not allow France alone to be represented by two «heads of
    government,» President and his prime minister at the EU summits, for
    they simply compete to be seen back home as the fanner's best friends,»
    said a EU official.
    

118

21. 
    ...the riot surpassed those that had preceded it. For here was the
    most sensational expression of an ugly mood of nihilism and anarchy that
    has ever gripped a small but significant segment of America's Black mi­
    nority.
    
22. 
    As nuclear stations are expensive to build but cheaper to fuel and
    therefore more suitable for base-load supply, the public utilities associa­
    tion proposes, on grounds of cost if for no other reason, to meet about 70
    per cent of the additional capacity requirement (22,000 megawatts) by
    commissioning 20 new nuclear power stations over the next 10 years.
    
23. 
    When is an economic slump not a slump? The answer: When the
    economy in question is Japan's. For what Japanese economic and busi­
    ness leaders are all too ready to define as a «slump» or «slowdown»
    would be considered a rosy picture in virtually any other industrial coun­
    try of the West.
    
24. 
    The Battle of the Budget will be fought on two levels: in the Con­
    gress and between private organizations in the nation that support or op­
    pose President's economic program.
    

The second level is particularly interesting, for its object is to influ­ence public opinion, and whoever wins this campaign could be decisive in the final votes on Capitol Hill.

25. We no longer prefer to confront reality directly, for long ago we
learned and accepted the fact that reality has for all practical purposes be­
come unmanageable. Instead we have turned our energies to the prolif­
eration and production of endless amounts of unreality to soothe our tired
and fractured egos.

26. Former Attorney General R.C. and U.S. representative G.G.
opened a conference on Cuba here last weekend with strong demands for
an end to the U. S. economic and political blockade of that island nation .

« We call for an end to the economic blockade of Cuba not only be­cause we believe it is just, not only because we believe it is humane, but also because it is strategically, economically and politically in the inter­ests of the United States.»

27. 
    For most of American history, relations with Europe have been
    cool.
    
28. 
    All this proves that all this talk about the so-called greater democ­
    racy of secret ballot is so much eye-wash. It is open to abuse and is no
    substitute for our trade union procedure of full discussion at a meeting
    and a show of hands, said Mr. M.
    
29. 
    After lengthy negotiations they substituted a treaty for an unoffi­
    cial agreement.
    

119

30. 
    The mill workers in Scotsville had been out for a year and a half
    already and they were becoming desperate for food and clothing.
    
31. 
    For these reasons the dreams of a solution along these lines are
    empty castles in the clouds.
    
32. 
    The right of the states to decide voting qualifications is preserved,
    so long as it is not used for systematic discrimination.
    
33. 
    As always, growth is bound to be uneven. Mexico is being kept
    aloft by the strong US economy. South Korea is growing again, Japan is
    showing some signs of life, but Asia is apt to remain shaky for a while to
    come.
    
34. 
    For the first time in their history teachers are threatening a real
    showdown on their objection to the supervision of school meals, the daily
    duty that means many of them have to work during their lunch hour.
    
35. 
    It is considered that Atlantic relations for all their seeming nor­
    malcy face a profound crisis.
    
36. 
    Already, Israeli officials in Europe, in background meetings with
    correspondents, have bitterly criticized the plan as an attempt to impose
    conditions on Israel and as European appeasement of Arab oil states.
    
37. 
    At the same time, the reported compromise reaffirms the desire of
    leading administration policy-makers to re-direct foreign aid along more
    conservative lines that would give bilateral aid priority over multilateral
    aid as a political tool to reward friends of the U.S. wherever possible.
    
38. 
    «China is bracing for a slower economic growth rate as troubles at
    home and abroad take their toll on gross domestic product,» officials said
    yesterday.
    
39. 
    As other western democracies have condemned and abandoned the
    death penalty, America has defended it with increasing vigour.
    
40. 
    It was a grueling process of editorial refinement that either im­
    proved and sharpened the story at each successive stage, or distorted it as
    it passed from hand to hand and mind to mind.
    
41. 
    Trading on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange was suspended for a
    second Monday as brokers and administrators waited for clarifications
    from the finance ministry of controversial new tax laws.
    
42. 
    Religious groups in China, including Protestants and Catholics,
    again experienced interference and repression even as the number of ad­
    herents in many churches continued to grow at a rapid pace.
    
43. 
    As recently as early March of this year, the Prime Minister re­
    buffed one of his top subordinates who strongly urged him to point out to
    American officials that a lot of their balance-of-payment troubles were of
    their own making.
    

120

44. 
    The incident occurred as MPs were voting in a second round con­
    fidence vote for the formation of a new centrist government.
    
45. 
    «But as media conglomerates evolve into media monoliths, con­
    flict of interest can only become more frequent.»
    
46. 
    Crude [oil] is gushing from the ground at the rate of 66 m. barrels
    a day, half as copiously again as in OPEC's prime.
    
47. 
    There is a flip side to Elizabeth Dole's big-heartedness. Her steely
    temper and icy glares are almost as legendary in Washington as her acts
    of charity.
    
48. 
    Coming as they do in the wake of the fascist outrages at Bologna
    station and the Paris synagogue, the disclosures are bound to raise the
    question of how much longer the authorities will turn a blind eye to these
    open preparations for fascist terrorism in Britain.
    
49. 
    The Commerce Department is mulling sanctions on offending for­
    eigners, and the vice-president wants to sound concerned. Much as he
    wishes to be the apostle of orthodox economics and free trade, he cannot
    afford to seem insensitive to the losers in this system.
    
50. 
    The latest operation is not quite like those others. First, it is
    NATO's first unambiguous attack on a sovereignstate that stands accused
    of being vile not to its neighbours but only to its own people. Such be­
    haviour, offensive as it is, has long been considered the prerogative of
    properly constituted governments.
    
51. 
    As far as Presidential elections are concerned, they are not very
    democratic. It's really a monopoly of the two parties, and each year it has
    been getting more difficult for Independents to get on the ballot in many
    states.
    
52. 
    As far as the mind is concerned racism cannot be done away with
    by legislation. But acts of racism can. That's where we can pinpoint the
    question. When racist acts become illegal, that becomes a much firmer
    basis to remove racism from the minds of people. That's an educational
    process but we can lay the legal basis for it.
    
53. 
    Ms. Daly, while widely respected for her scholarship, is consid­
    ered a perpetual thorn in the side of the college administration, as much
    for her feminist theories as for her views on Catholicism.
    
54. 
    In 1973, when most people feared that nothing could stop greedy
    OPEC members from raising oil prices as much as they chose, the
    producers affected to accept western cash for their black bullion out
    of charity.
    
55. 
    In unexpectedly strong language, the report describes the Guate­
    malan policy at the height of the war as a policy of genocide.
    

121

56. 
    Sociologists are fond of characterising Italy as a place, strong on
    families but feeble on «civic society».
    
57. 
    The full effect on trade of rising costs caused by high wage settle­
    ments and a rising exchange rate has yet to be felt in Britain, the bank
    said. Company profitability in the first six months was the worst recorded
    and real unemployment is growing twice as fast as official jobless statis­
    tics show.
    
58. 
    Several distinguished economists testifying on Capitol Hill have
    cast doubts on the administration's predictions. L.K., the Nobel Prize
    winner, says, « The outlook is not as rosy as far as growth is concerned,
    as far as inflation is concerned and as far as the balanced budget is con­
    cerned.»
    
59. 
    However, any concession as valuable as this was to the British
    could not be allowed to evaporate.
    
60. 
    Both astronauts emphasized that they did not expect any major
    problems during the maiden flight. As for the technical problems that had
    delayed the shuttle's launch by almost three years, they remarked that
    «engineering problems are the name of the game.»
    
61. 
    In East Asian countries death penalty is applied to drug smugglers
    and rapists as well as to murderers.
    
62. 
    The deregulation of the 1990s has created competition between the
    states in attracting investment from within India as well as from foreign
    investment.
    
63. 
    The idea of «the man of feeling» describes America's perception
    of its role in today's world as well as in the world of 1776.
    
64. 
    Space station « Freedom», as it was then called, was to be com­
    pleted at a cost of $8 bln. As well as asserting America's might as a
    space-faring superpower, it let researchers monitor the effects of very
    long-term weightlessness on astronauts.
    
65. 
    The World Bank has prepared a draft set of «principles of good
    practice social policy,» which draws on its own experience of social de­
    velopment as well as action plans and declarations drawn up by other
    bodies.
    
66. 
    Though George Gallup is most famous as a political pollster, he
    built a fortune telling manufacturers and film makers, as well as politi­
    cians, what people thought.
    
67. 
    If Cardinal Martini did become pope, he might shake things up
    quite a bit. For sure, no one else in the Catholic hierarchy has the same
    grasp of issues, worldly as well as spiritual. He knows the ins and outs of
    global immigration. He is a diplomat who has deftly handled such tortu-
    

122

ous matters as relations between Christians and Jews. He is well-travelled and sophisticated, as popular in the Anglo-Saxon world as in Southern Europe.

68. 
    But if the blunt instrument of bombing succeeds in this, it will owe
    as much to luck as to precision.
    
69. 
    On the constitution, the Blair government can justly claim to be
    radical. Decentralisation of government was overdue. Just as important
    will be the fulfilment of promises for a Freedom of Information Act, and
    for greater protection of human rights. But the impetus for reform came
    as much from political expediency, in particular a desire to fend off Scot­
    tish nationalism, as from a coherent vision of a modern constitution.
    
70. 
    The gut anti-Americanism of the European left, often as much
    cultural as ideological, was diluted in Mr Solana's case by his time spent
    in the USA as a Fulbright scholar in the 1960s.
    
71. 
    In recent weeks, several heads of government have begun to muse,
    after the years of belt-tightening needed to qualify for euro, about reduc­
    ing their high unemployment by increased public spending. Yet, though it
    would be as wrong to pursue too restrictive a fiscal policy as too tight a
    monetary policy, should economies slow sharply, more public spending is
    the last thing Europe needs.
    
72. 
    Perhaps the European Commission should resign more often. Its
    decision to do so last week has so far been nothing but a tonic.
    
73. 
    While Elizabeth Dole was considered warm and friendly by the
    rank and file at the Labor Department, those who worked more closely
    with her in the executive suite often saw a woman who could be cool and
    inaccessible to all but a few trusted aides.
    
74. 
    For a generation, Italy — to its credit — has educated women on a
    par with men, forever broadening their horizons beyond the kitchen and
    crib... But the government has all but ignored the flip side of sending
    women off to work: the children and household responsibilities they leave
    behind.
    
75. 
    The Government has declared war on the unions. They have no
    alternative but to fight back with every weapon at their disposal.
    
76. 
    We cannot but recall in this connection the statement made by Mr.
    Eden in the League of Nations Assembly in 1936.
    
77. 
    «Everything from the strength of our economy, to the safety of our
    cities, to the health of our people depends on events not only within our
    border but half a world away,» the President said.
    
78. 
    What response the Japanese people will make to that defeat can
    now be but dimly foreseen.
    

123

79. 
    Despite a «difficult year» last year, the bank increased its net
    profits by 24 per cent and shareholders would have been given a bigger
    increase than that recently announced but for the Government's restraint
    rules.
    
80. 
    In our epoch the peoples and states have but one choice: peaceful
    coexistence or nuclear war of extermination.
    
81. 
    In view of profound political upheavals of the late twentieth cen­
    tury, it could be foolish to suggest that any system of classification of po­
    litical regimes can be anything but provisional.
    
82. 
    She casts herself as a representative of traditional Christian family
    values, yet her personal history has been anything but traditional.
    
83. 
    Once it could be presumed that all American consumers wanted
    basically the same thing, American producers suddenly had a large stake
    in knowing what that was.
    
84. 
    He once had a dozen chiefs and vice presidents reporting directly
    to him and oversaw a 500-person company. Now his only employee is a
    personal assistant who left the company with him.
    
85. 
    Once the negotiators initial* the package in Geneva, the partici­
    pating governments will go over the fine print** to iron out possible minor
    differences, then sign a revised «final act.»
    
86. 
    Once thinking and reason have been expunged, it's merely a mat­
    ter of which belief system one prefers and how that belief system defines
    the «Higher good.»
    
87. 
    If the Saudi royal family, in particular, were overthrown, it would
    send oil markets into turmoil. Once low prices move more production
    back to the Middle East, even a toppled emirate or two might be enough
    to cause disarray.
    

88 For once, « Britain, France and other European governments feel that they are moving seriously on defence, so they want Washington to let the alliance stand on its laurels and not roil allied relations,» a pro-American ambassador at NATO headquarters said.

89. 
    Informal discussions have begun on a third treaty that could bring
    both sides down to 2.000 warheads or lower. Once the United States and
    Russia reach that level, arms reduction talks will have to include the other
    nuclear powers as well.
    
90. 
    The morning's debate had produced more passion than reason,
    more noise than skill. The Secretary of State moved the successful motion
    on defence costs with a speech well below his best form.
    

*initial — парафировать **the fine print = the details

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91. 
    In the federal elections they will probably not do quite so well, but
    nevertheless they are likely to gain seats.
    
92. 
    For the French, the biggest beneficiaries of agricultural subsidies,
    the question concerns not only money but the very character of the EU.
    

93 This was the very week in which big business started to fire its pro-Euro artillery, with the official launch of the «Britain in Europe» campaign headed by the Chairman of British Airways.

§ 11. СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

Некоторые сложноподчиненные предложения представляют зна­чительную трудность при переводе. Для того, чтобы правильно пе­ревести такое предложение, надо уметь правильно его анализиро­вать. Синтаксический анализ сложноподчиненного предложения ре­комендуется проводить в следующем порядке:

1. 
   При разборе предложения прежде всего надо найти главные
   члены предложения: сказуемое и подлежащее. Сказуемое определя­
   ется по наличию глагола (смыслового или глагола-связки) в личной
   форме. Подлежащее находится слева от него. Анализ сложноподчи­
   ненного предложения надо начинать с конца предложения. Количе­
   ство грамматических подлежащих и согласованных с ними сказуе­
   мых помогает установить количество предложений.
   
2. 
   Надо найти подчинительные союзы и союзные слова, так как
   они помогут выделить придаточные предложения и установить ха­
   рактер подчинительной связи предложения (придаточное определи­
   тельное, дополнительное, условное, временное и т.д.). Следует пом­
   нить, что в английском языке предложения могут присоединяться
   бессоюзно*.
   
3. 
   Далее надо выяснить, какие второстепенные члены имеются в
   главном и придаточном предложениях. После этого можно перехо­
   дить к переводу сложноподчиненного предложения.
   

Примерный анализ сложноподчиненного предложения

In order to get around the problem that the United Nations already had of getting its members to pay their subscriptions, on which its

Перед придаточными дополнительными и классифицирующими определи­тельными, так же как и перед придаточными при бессоюзном присоединении, запятая не ставится

125

peace-keeping efforts depend, it has been proposed that there should be a new tax on arms sales, which would help to pay for current and future UN activities.

Начинаем анализ с конца предложения:

1. 
   находим первое сказуемое — would help и стоящее слева от
   него союзное слово which, выполняющее роль подлежащего.
   Следовательно, это придаточное определительное неклассифици-
   рующее (о последнем, в частности, свидетельствует запятая перед
   which);
   
2. 
   находим второе сказуемое — should be и его грамматическое
   подлежащее there. Это предложение вводится союзом that, который
   может вводить и придаточное дополнительное, и придаточное опре­
   делительное. Так как перед этим предложением стоит глагол — has
   been proposed, то, следовательно, это дополнительное придаточное;
   
3. 
   находим третье сказуемое — has been proposed, к нему отно­
   сится подлежащее it;
   
4. 
   находим четвертое сказуемое — depend и подлежащее — its
   peace-keeping efforts; это предложение тоже вводится союзом
   which с предлогом on, перед которым стоит запятая; следовательно,
   это придаточное определительное неклассифицирующее;
   
5. 
   находим пятое сказуемое — has, за которым следует предлог
   of и герундий getting, вводящий каузативный оборот — get its mem­
   bers to pay... и подлежащее — the United Nations; перед данным
   предложением стоит союз that; существительное (problem), стоящее
   перед предложением, говорит о том, что в данном случае that вво­
   дит придаточное определительное классифицирующе (перед ним
   нет запятой);
   
6. 
   в начале предложения находим инфинитивный оборот — in
   order to get around the problem в функции обстоятельства цели.
   

Итак, мы имеем одно главное предложение и четыре придаточ­ных. Проанализировав грамматическую структуру предложения, а также лексику, приступаем к переводу:

Для того, чтобы разрешить проблему, которая уже стоит пе­ред ООН — заставить членов организации платить взносы, от которых зависят ее усилия по поддержанию мира,— было внесе­но предложение, чтобы на продажу вооружений был введен но­вый налог (или: ввести новый налог...), что помогло бы (который помог бы) оплачивать текущие и будущие операции ООН.

126

Наиболее трудными для анализа являются предложения, в кото­рых:

1. Подлежащее выражено придаточным предложением
(придаточное подлежащее). Придаточное подлежащее выполняет
функцию подлежащего к сказуемому предложения и вводится сою­
зами that, if, whether, союзными словами who, what, which, how,
where, when, why.

Whether the tax increase is the right solution is something some observers have recently begun to doubt. Некоторые обозреватели в последнее время начали сомневаться, является ли увеличение на­логов правильным решением вопроса

Если союзное слово what в придаточном предложении выполня­ет функцию подлежащего или дополнения, то при переводе таких сложноподчиненных предложений требуется перестройка всего предложения. Эмфаза, создаваемая в английских предложениях их построением, передается в русском языке синтаксическим или лек­сическим путем.

What has changed unexpectedly since last fall is not the US trade deficit, but the willingness of foreign investors and central banks to fi­nance it. С осени прошлого года неожиданно изменился не сам дефицит торгового баланса США, а изменилась готовность ино­странных инвесторов и центральных банков его финансировать.

Примечание. Если в придаточном подлежащем what выступает в ка­честве подлежащего, то предложение на русский язык, как правило, перево­дится неопределенно-личным предложением, начинающимся со слов нуж­но, необходимо, требуется и т. п.

What is required is an end to double standards in human rights policy. Необходимо положить конец (отказаться от) двойным стандартам в по­литике прав человека.

2. Предикативный член выражен придаточным предложени­
ем (придаточное предикативное). Придаточное предикативное
стоит после глагола-связки (чаще всего после связочных глаголов to
be, to seem, to appear) и вводится союзами that, whether, as if,
because или союзными словами what, which, where, who, why,
when, how. На русский язык такие предложения переводятся прида­
точными предложениями с соответствующими союзами и союзны-

127

ми словами. При переводе часто используется коррелятивная части­ца то в соответствующем падеже, которая ставится перед союзом.

The only basis on which the deal could be described as a success is ifthetrueobjectivewassimplytheavoidanceofafightbetweentheEUmembersЕдинственным объяснением, на основании которого достигнутое соглашение можно было бы охарактеризовать как успех, является то, что подлинной задачей, по-видимому, было не допустить столкновений между членами ЕС

Если придаточное предикативное предложение вводится союзом whether, то на русский язык такое придаточное предложение пере­дается бессоюзным придаточным предложением, начинающимся с глагола с частицей ли.

The question is whether the NATO members, especially America, are prepared to accept such state of affairs. Вопрос заключается в том, готовы ли члены НАТО, и в особенности Америка, согла­ситься с таким (с существующим) положением дел.

3. Бессоюзное присоединение придаточного предложения. В

английском языке бессоюзное соединение придаточных предложе­ний наблюдается в дополнительных, определительных и, реже, ус­ловных предложениях.

При бессоюзном соединении подлежащее придаточного допол­нительного предложения стоит непосредственно после сказуемого главного предложения. На русский язык такие предложения перево­дятся придаточными дополнительными предложениями, вводимыми союзом что, а придаточные определительные — союзными место­имениями который, которая

Critics say that sending troops to a zone of conflict (such as Soma­lia) can mean the real difficulties of a country are neglected. Критики заявляют, что отправка войск в любую зону конфликта, (как, на­пример, в Сомали), может означать, что подлинные трудности страны не принимаются во внимание (игнорируются).

The report the workers' delegation made on returning home was listened to with great interest by members of our trade union. Члены нашего профсоюза с большим интересом слушали доклад, кото­рый был сделан делегацией рабочих по возвращении на родину.

128

Бессоюзные условные придаточные предложения встречаются в предложениях с глаголами в сослагательном наклонении. (См. «Сослагательное наклонение», § 5.)

4. Главное предложение в сложноподчиненном предложении
разделено придаточным. При правильном анализе предложения
перевод его на русский язык не представляет трудности.

The Administration, which has been on its best behaviour throughout the summer in not pressing Britain to reach an early decision, is now making it plain that it would welcome an immediate answer. Правитель­ство (США), которое проявляло поразительную выдержку в течение лета и не оказывало давления на Англию в отношении немедленно­го принятия решения, теперь дает понять, что оно желало бы по­лучить немедленный ответ.

5. Последовательное подчинение. В этом случае какой-либо
член придаточного предложения определяется другим придаточным
предложением (вторая, третья и т. д. степень подчинения).

The question for the other members of NATO now is (1) whether they are prepared to accept (2) that France can share in the benefits of membership (3) while it is refusing the commitments and opposing part of the aims.

Придаточное предикативное — whether they are prepared to accept (1-я степень подчинения); придаточное дополнительное — that France can share in the benefits of membership (2-я степень подчине­ния); придаточное времени (уступки) входит в состав придаточного дополнительного — while it is refusing the commitments and opposing part of the aims (3-я степень подчинения).

Придаточное 2-й степени подчинения может стоять сразу же по­сле союза, вводящего придаточное 1-й степени подчинения. В таком случае два союза будут идти подряд.

Everything shows (1) that (2) what the country needs is a budget (3) which drastically cuts military spending and export of capital.

В данном сложноподчиненном предложении главное предложе­ние — everythingshows, придаточное предложение начинается с союза that, за которым следует союзное слово what, вводящее при­даточное подлежащее — whatthecountryneeds, которое входит в дополнительное придаточное предложение — whatthecountryneedsisabudget, к предикативному члену которого (budget) относится

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придаточное определительное, вводимое союзным словом which — which drastically cuts military spending and export of capital.

Перевод на русский язык предложений с последовательным подчинением не представляет особой трудности, если придержи­ваться основных правил анализа, изложенных в начале главы.

Примечание. В некоторых случаях не только сложноподчиненные, но и сложносочиненные и простые распространенные предложения могут представлять известную трудность при переводе. В этих случаях тоже необ­ходимо проанализировать предложение, выделить его главный состав и оп­ределить остальные члены предложения.

Проанализируйте н переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   What is thought of as tax policy in the United States cannot exist in
   the European Union because the EU levies no taxes of its own.
   
2. 
   However ingeniously information-processing technology is used,
   what seems certain is that threats to traditional notions of privacy will
   proliferate.
   
3. 
   What is more striking about Ireland's new economy is how tightly it
   is linked to Europe and the world.
   
4. 
   Exercising control over who knows what about you has also come
   to be seen as an essential feature of a civilised society.
   
5. 
   What began some years ago as a band of fledgling mobile-phone
   companies has today become a powerful force that is reshaping Europe's
   industrial landscape and, in many cases, overshadowing telephone titans
   that had enjoyed a solid monopoly for more than a century.
   
6. 
   What does motivate Scottish nationalism, and has also been the
   driving force behind demands for devolution of power from London over
   the past century, is the strong Scottish attachment to the country's civic
   institutions.
   
7. 
   The decision of Turkey's constitutional court, on the urging of
   meddlesome generals, to ban the party which won the most recent gen­
   eral election and which, until last summer, led a government coalition is
   foolish. It will do nothing to give stability to a politically unstable coun­
   try.
   
8. 
   In what may be the crowning irony of scandal-steeped culture in
   the nation's capital, Kenneth Starr, the grand inquisitor so vilified by
   President Clinton and his allies, may now become the quarry of an out­
   side prosecutor himself.
   
9. 
   The Conservative constitutional affairs spokesman claimed details
   of plans (by Labour) to cut back the royal family's annual funding
   

130

increase by two thirds to a figure in line with the Government's inflation target was further evidence of Labour support for the «back door Republicanism which Demos organization presents.

10. 
    What India says gets listened to respectfully in that triangle south
    of the Himalayas; farther afield, its voice fades.
    
11. 
    The Federal Reserve's ability to maintain its integrity while pay­
    ing due deference to the democratically elected authorities with which it
    works provides a model more appropriate to a complex economy of the
    EU than does the haughty independence of Bundesbank..
    

12. The very criterion that limits political democracy most seriously — the fact that it is a set of methods and procedures governing how poli­cies are to be arrived at rather than what policies are to be effected — is also the source of its greatest strength.

13. 
    Whether the Prime Minister will be successful in his plea for an
    early improvement in world payment arrangements is rather doubtful.
    
14. 
    Whether Japan is a party to this collision is not evident.
    
15. 
    It means that Britain is going to have a further period of balance of
    payments deficit, lasting for quite some time to get through. Whether
    Britain can do it without renewed pressure on the pound is the problem
    which faces the Government.
    
16. 
    While few would argue with the notion of engagement with China,
    what is most depressing is how the optimists continue to see the virtues of
    treating Beijing with kid gloves.
    
17. 
    The effort to encourage policy reform — if that is what today's
    pattern of aid describes — had been made at an enormous cost in terms
    of unrelieved poverty.
    
18. 
    What is important is whether a country's resources are fully and
    effectively utilized and developed by and for its people.
    
19. 
    But this does not mean Britain is overpopulated. What it means is
    that there is something basically wrong with the system.
    
20. 
    The overseas trade position has therefore remained much better
    than last year. What is not certain is whether the improvement is con­
    tinuing sufficiently fast.
    
21. 
    The most startling thing about the rapid rise of Vodafone, perhaps,
    is that it wasn 't the only mobile-phone upstart on the march.
    
22. 
    When you have only two candidates running and one of them will
    be elected, the electorate has what we could call a choice of two national
    disasters.
    
23. 
    What is most depressing is that some American China watchers
    conclude that we need to be nicer to China, not tougher — apparently for
    fear that Beijing will get even nastier with the West.
    

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24. 
    The idea the party wants to convey is that the dogmatism was just
    a phase the Tory once went through.
    
25. 
    Colombian officials said they were disappointed that the head
    

of the largest rebel group in the country had not attended peace talks aimed at ending a 34-year-old civil war, but they signaled that the nego­tiations would continue.

26. The computer maker estimates its profit fell almost a third last

year.

27. Kuwait, which has most reason to support the use of force against

Iraq (but has in fact been a bit equivocal), is one of the few to say it

will attend the conference - but showed its feeling by saying it would

send only an under-secretary from the finance ministry.

28. 
    The financing deal, which is unusually large for a computer com­
    pany, highlights how economic crisis has altered the way Asian compa­
    nies approach high-tech investments and how that, in turn, is demanding
    sophisticated and riskier solutions from US exporters.
    
29. 
    Renault SA, which is seen as overly reliant on the European mar­
    ket and historically slow to expand overseas, is in the midst of the take­
    over that could render it more attractive to potential marriage partners,
    industry analysts believe.
    
30. 
    The minority three-party coalition government, which controls
    25% of the seats in the country's legislature, the Storting (Norway), lacks
    the political muscle to withstand pressure from the opposition.
    
31. 
    The paper, on which that calculation is based shows that if the
    present aid budget were switched entirely to an efficient poverty-reducing
    allocation, 80 m people a year would be lifted out of poverty at a cost of
    $450 per person, compared with the present 30 m a year at a cost of
    $1,200 per person.
    
32. 
    Encryption, which scrambles data for protection from eavesdrop­
    pers, is becoming key to electronic communications and commerce.
    
33. 
    Traditionalists who see a Scottish parliament as a dangerous
    change to a system which has delivered Britain centuries of peace and
    stability are missing the point.
    
34. 
    The riots in Karawang, 60 kilometers east of Jakarta, broke out
    Friday after rumors spread that the police had mistreated motorcycle driv­
    ers who ferry passengers for a living.
    
35. 
    The original university which emerged in Italy and France in the
    12^th and 13^th centuries, was what we would now call a professional
    school, designed to train theologians, doctors, lawyers, and philosophers
    who were usually teachers.
    

132

36. 
    The latest turn in the Starr inquiry is bound to be part of the debate
    that begins in earnest this week over whether Congress should renew the
    federal law that creates independent counsels.
    
37. 
    The New York Times, correctly, objected: «The notion that nu­
    clear war can be kept limited and, in some sense, 'won' is not only dubi­
    ous; to adopt it may actually increase the risk of nuclear suicide.»
    
38. 
    Meanwhile, a quarrel over whether the European Parliament has
    the right to push through extra budget spending after the budget ministers
    failed to agree on its proposals, could end up in court if France refuses to
    pay the extra funds.
    
39. 
    The lawsuit alleges that the airline failed to rescue the trapped
    passengers or allow them to leave the aircraft after several hours of what
    they said amounted to forced detention.
    
40. 
    Nineteen companies involved in everything from property devel­
    opment to bicycle manufacturing announced that they would post losses
    in their earnings reports for last year, which are due by the end of April.
    
41. 
    The European Commission has made a convenient target for the
    Parliament, which is flexing its muscles in advance of elections in June
    and fighting off the popular perception that it is a gravy train in which
    many of its members habitually fiddle their expenses.
    
42. 
    Having a single standard was a boon to manufacturers, which
    could produce equipment for a single European wireless market, and for
    operators, which could form so-called roaming agreements that let cus­
    tomers from one country cross borders and use networks in another.
    
43. 
    As the European Union threw its cell-phone market open to com­
    petition, other unknown operators began making deep inroads into what
    quickly became the fastest-growing segment of the EU $171.8 billion
    telecom market.
    
44. 
    The IMF subsidizes two very influential constituencies, interna­
    tional bankers and the profligate politicians who preside over such places
    as Russia, Indonesia and Brazil.
    
45. 
    Justice according to the whims of the nearest mob is not justice at
    all, but arbitrariness. And that is not good for what little legitimacy inter­
    national law has.
    
46. 
    The fear of ethnic tension between the majority Chinese popula­
    tion and the Malay, Indian and other minorities [in Singapore] has led to
    an emphasis on what the races have in common rather than what makes
    them distinct.
    
47. 
    Singaporeans are used to their government taking a paternal inter­
    est in what they do and think, and to its perennial campaigns telling them
    how to behave.
    

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133

48. 
    America can now lay claim to what conservative critic D.Frum has
    aptly called «history's first mass upper class.»
    
49. 
    The UN Security Council stands firm on the principle that it itself
    must determine whom it sends to decide whether Iraq has dismantled its
    weapons of mass destruction.
    
50. 
    In what may be a model for future operations, France has taken its
    soldiers out of the Central African Republic, replacing them with an 800-
    strong African force from six African countries.
    

51. When Hong Kong's carefully picked «provisional» legislature
was sworn in last July, replacing the elected one that China deemed un­
acceptable, the easy prediction was that it would be the poodle of the new
chief executive and even of Beijing.

§ 12. ЭЛЛИПТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

1. Эллиптические конструкции типа if any, if anything имеют
экспрессивно-усилительное значение и передаются на русский язык
придаточными условными предложениями, а также словами почти,
пожалуй, вовсе, вообще и др.

Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once. Если и имеются возражения против этого плана, то они должны быть немедленно представлены комитету. (Возражения, если они имеются...)

Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defence of his policy. Почти ничего нельзя было сказать в поддержку его поли­тики.

Примечание. If anything может переводиться также словосочетани­ем во всяком случае, не что иное как

If anything, it will be in their interests to follow this course. Во всяком случае, в их интересах следовать этому курсу.

2. К эллиптическим конструкциям относятся также уступитель­
ные придаточные предложения, вводимые союзами whatever,
however, в которых отсутствует сказуемое (иногда подлежащее). На
русский язык такие уступительные придаточные предложения пере­
водятся полными уступительными придаточными предложениями с
союзами какой бы ни, каким бы ни (восстанавливается сказуемое и
подлежащее полного предложения).

134

The British people have to submit to new taxation, howeverhighАнглийскому народу приходится примириться с новыми налога­ми, какими бы высокими они ни были.

3. К эллиптическим конструкциям относится и сочетание if + причастие II(или прилагательное) На русский язык это сочетание переводится придаточным уступительным предложением.

If considered from this point of view, the problem takes on a new aspect. Если рассматривать проблему с этой точки зрения, то она приобретает (принимает) другой характер.

But the decision, if logical, requires a measure of courage. Но это решение, хотя оно и логично, требует известного мужества.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   Investors go back to looking at domestic conditions. And what they
   find in the United States is an economy that shows few if any signs of the
   slowing growth that the Fed. (Federal Reserve) Chairman predicts is on
   the way.
   
2. 
   You would have thought that, after the economy crashed in August,
   the arts in Russia would have grounded to a half. If anything, the opposite
   is the case.
   
3. 
   What, if anything did the President bring back from Beijing? Above
   all, the event itself, the fact that it took place.
   
4. 
   National governments like the European Commission weak, and
   even the voters do not want hyperactivity in Brussels. Nor should they: if
   anything, it should have less money to spend in future, not more.
   
5. 
   Scott Reed, who ran the 1996 campaign for Bob Dole is quoted to
   say on the buildup by Governor George Bush of Texas toward an an­
   nouncement on his plans for a presidential campaign: «If anything, the
   Bush team has learned that you need to put the filler out there or the void
   will be filled by somebody else.»
   
6. 
   New patterns of economic development have brought material af­
   fluence to the oil-rich countries of the Middle East. In contrast, poverty
   has, if anything, become more deeply entrenched in parts of sub-Saharan
   Africa.
   
7. 
   Such policies contributed to the crisis, and if left in place would
   harm long-term growth.
   
8. 
   It may be long time, if ever, before South Korea is strong enough to
   face unification unaided.
   

135

9. However venal politicians may be, there is a general, if grudging,
acceptance that they are always with us.

10. 
    In Hungary, Poland and Russia communist parties, now embracing
    if with differing degrees of conviction, the principles of social democracy,
    have made an electoral comeback.
    
11. 
    His greatest skill lies in enticing and reassuring those who are not
    enemies and who might, if handled correctly, become friends.
    
12. 
    In the United States, critics have seized on a series of damaging
    espionage cases and China's apparent attempts to influence U.S. elections
    as proof of a continuing if amorphous, threat from the world's most
    populous nation.
    
13. 
    Whatever the tigers' shortcomings, however, the markets almost
    certainly overreacted.
    
14. 
    Whatever the outcome of the leadership contests on November 18
    (the Republican Conference is due to elect a new Speaker), the wounds
    may be deep and hard to heal.
    
15. 
    Perhaps the party's wobbles are, indeed, exaggerated: after all, the
    Republicans still control both House and Senate, and whatever the
    party's setbacks in close contests, the country as a whole voted for the
    status quo (of 401 House members seeking re-election, 395 won).
    
16. 
    Under him, and with a strong political will to show Europe as
    united whatever the cost, Airbus Industry operated in a unique manner,
    with parts being flown in from Britain, Germany and Spain to be assem­
    bled in Toulouse.
    
17. 
    Whatever his reasons he has now brought the other members of
    NATO face to face with some very big and difficult questions about the
    military and political structure of Europe and its relations with the United
    States.
    
18. 
    But whatever his long term aims, the President's immediate inten­
    tions and motives were made relentlessly clear at his last Press conference
    less than three weeks ago.
    
19. 
    Though this thesis sounds admirably democratic in principle, most
    people believe that it would make it extremely difficult, if not impossible,
    for them to attain unity and real democracy.
    
20. 
    Of course, interpreting, if more spectacular, is not the only aspect
    of linguistic activity in the international sphere. Whatever the length of
    the discourse, a good interpreter never asks the orator to stop in order to
    enable him to render it bit by bit. Some orators have been known to speak
    for over an hour non-stop. Interpretations, of course, are usually some­
    what shorter than original speeches, but even then, this represents tre­
    mendous effort.
    

136

21. By virtue of longevity, if nothing else, Egypt has seen more
changes than most.

22. 
    If anything, Ireland has become less fiscally attractive to foreigners
    over the past few years: many of the grant and tax dodges once used to
    seduce them have gone.
    
23. 
    Latin America, like Canada, will long remain dependent on the
    United States for export markets. Its migrants will still go north, legally or
    not. So will its drugs. Willy - nilly, it will still have to recognise the pri­
    macy of its giant neighbour. But, however imperfectly, and however un­
    evenly — it is far from homogeneous — Latin America is today part of
    the same free-market, democratic society.
    

§ 13. ПРЕПОЗИТИВНЫЕ АТРИБУТИВНЫЕ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ

Препозитивные атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные при помощи соположения ряда существительных, очень распространены в английском языке. Они представляют трудность для перевода из-за многообразия семантических связей между членами словосочета­ния, а в ряде случаев из-за многозначности словосочетания, а также из-за различия структур английского и русского языков.

Для правильного перевода словосочетания необходимо проана­лизировать внутренние смысловые связи между его членами.

I. Двучленные словосочетания

Первый член двучленного атрибутивного словосочетания может переводиться на русский язык:

1. 
   прилагательным: emergency meeting внеочередное/экстрен­
   ное заседание, power station электрическая станция, factory com­
   mittees фабричные комитеты
   
2. 
   существительным в родительном падеже: incomes policy по­
   литика доходов, wage rise повышение зарплаты, budget increase уве­
   личение бюджета
   
3. 
   существительным с предлогом: strike warning предупрежде­
   ние о забастовке, disarmament conference конференция по разору­
   жению (предложное дополнение); Coalbrook disaster несчастный
   случай в Колбруке (обстоятельство места).
   

137

Примечание. 1. В отдельных случаях первый член атрибутивного словосочетания может переводиться придаточным предложением или при­частным оборотом: wage deadlock тупик, в который зашли, переговоры о повышении заработной платы (в вопросе о заработной плате).

2. В ряде случаев двучленные словосочетания могут быть многозначны­ми. Например: university books университетские книги; книги об универси­тете

Для правильного перевода необходим либо широкий контекст, либо ос­ведомленность о данной ситуации.

II. Многочленные словосочетания

1. При переводе многочленных словосочетаний надо придержи­
ваться следующего правила:

1) перевести определяемое существительное (последнее слово словосочетания); 2) проанализировать смысловые связи между чле­нами словосочетания и разбить их на смысловые группы (анализ проводится слева направо); 3) перевести словосочетание, начиная с определяемого слова, и затем переводить каждую смысловую груп­пу справа налево.

В зависимости от смысловых связей многочленные словосочета­ния могут переводиться по принципу двучленных словосочетаний. Например, надо перевести словосочетание Bank Credit Regulation Committee. Переводим последнее слово словосочетания: комитет. Далее разбиваем все словосочетание на смысловые группы: 1. Bank Credit, 2. Regulation Committee. Переводим все словосочетание: Ко­митет по регулированию банковских кредитов.

2. 
   В некоторых словосочетаниях одно из существительных, вы­
   ступающих в функции определения, может переводиться на русский
   язык причастием: raw material production countries страны, произво­
   дящие сырье.
   
3. 
   Атрибутивные словосочетания могут начинаться прилагатель­
   ным или причастием. В этом случае надо выяснить, к какому слову
   относится первый член словосочетания. Например: sudden policy
   change внезапное изменение политики; combined operation
   headquarters штаб совместных действий; National Liberation Front
   successes успехи Национально-освободительного фронта.
   
4. 
   В том случае, когда в начале атрибутивного словосочетания
   стоит имя собственное, обозначающее географическое название, оно
   переводится на русский язык прилагательным, существительным в
   родительном падеже или существительным с предлогом (обстоя-
   

138

тельство места) : London district committee районный комитет Лон­дона; Paris peace talks мирные переговоры в Париже (происходящие в Париже).

5. 
   В том случае, когда в середине атрибутивного словосочетания
   стоит прилагательное, оно переводится на русский язык прилага­
   тельным (определением к тому слову, перед которым оно стоит):
   NATO pact military chiefs военные начальники пакта НАТО.
   
6. 
   Атрибутивная группа может состоять не только из существи­
   тельных, в ее состав могут входить и другие части речи: числитель­
   ные, причастия, глаголы и т. д. Некоторые элементы этих словосо­
   четаний соединяются между собой дефисом или заключаются в ка­
   вычки. Такие атрибутивные группы обычно переводятся причаст­
   ными оборотами или придаточными предложениями: the Labour-
   controlled city council городской совет, в котором большинство при­
   надлежит лейбористам; a six-point control plan контрольный план,
   состоящий (который состоит) из 6 пунктов; take-it-or-leave-it draft
   resolution проект резолюции, носящий (который носит) ультима­
   тивный характер; «Back to work before talks begin» declaration тре­
   бование, чтобы рабочие вернулись к работе до того, как начнутся
   переговоры.
   

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   China yesterday attacked a US Senate resolution condemning Chi­
   nese human rights violations, adding to tensions between the two giants.
   
2. 
   The US President is scheduled to make a four-day, four-nation
   swing through Central America.
   
3. 
   The conservative parties' petition against the plan (to give citizen­
   ship to millions of foreigners in Germany) was counterproductive, he
   said, and would encourage xenophobia and bolster extreme-right groups.
   
4. 
   Order books and industrial confidence have weakened significantly
   since last spring, while industrial-production growth also has slowed
   during the past year.
   
5. 
   She is one of her party's most active and successful fund-raisers
   and has used her political action committee to funnel campaign contribu­
   tions to other House Representatives.
   
6. 
   ...the public-safety commissioner of Birmingham, Ala., was ready
   to use water canons and attack dogs on a group of civil rights demon­
   strators.
   
7. 
   However, domestic-based American export industry will lose the
   dominant-currency advantage it has enjoyed for 50 years.
   

139

8. Among the other provisions of the administration's new crime
package are background checks for buyers at gun shows, a lifetime ban
on gun possession by juveniles convicted of certain violent crimes, and
child safety locks on all guns.

9. Major donor nations promised Cambodia $470 million in aid, but
they linked it to implementation of political and social reforms in the pov-
erty stricken nation.

10. 
    The prewar corporate world was more loosely structured, allow­
    ing smart, ambitious women to break out of the secretarial ranks.
    
11. 
    The Santo Clara company, the world's biggest chipmaker, was
    expected to discuss encryption and other information-security issues at an
    industry conference that began Monday in San Jose, California.
    

12. The euro zone is facing a short-lived growth slump because of
problems in Brazil and other regions across the globe, the president of the
European Central Bank said.

13. Apart from pay and pension fund cuts, the earlier cost-cutting
moves included lower utility, transport and rental costs.

14. Home Office spokesman said yesterday that their policy was not to
disclose any information about a taxpayer or his affairs without his prior
consent.

15. 
    The announcement of assistance to Cambodia by 17 donor coun­
    tries and six international finance organizations was made at the close of
    the two-day Consultative Group Meeting for Cambodia.
    
16. 
    The Treasurer introduced a Bill to implement the Government's
    plan to give preferential taxation treatment to life insurance companies.
    
17. 
    Bangladeshis went to work and schools Friday, to recoup losses
    suffered from a three-day anti-government strike that paralyzed the
    country's main cities and claimed seven lives.
    
18. 
    In Suburbia live one-third of the nation, who represent every patch
    of democracy's hand-stitched quilt, every economic layer, every laboring
    and professional pursuit in the country.
    
19. 
    Suburbia is the nation's broadening young middle class, staking
    out its claim across the landscape, prospecting on a trial-and-error bal­
    ance for the good way of life for itself and for the children that it pro­
    duces with such rapidity.
    
20. 
    The United Nations' Drugs Control Programme (UNDCP) could
    become the centerpiece of a special session of the UN General Assembly
    in June, leading to a new global drug-control convention to replace the
    cat's-cradle of existing accords.
    
21. 
    This [the elections to the new Scottish parliament] has been per-
    

140

haps the first revolution (how else do you describe the re-establishment of a nation's government?) that has been conducted by pen-pushing com­mittees of lawyers, clergymen and accountants rather than cells of bearded radicals.

22. 
    Unfortunately, his choices on Europe are likely to be more com­
    plicated than a clash between a forward-looking embrace of Europe, and
    a backward-looking scepticism
    
23. 
    If Mr. Blair is not careful enough [with the modernisation of the
    welfare state] he could end up with a mess, like Mr. Clinton's ill-fated
    health-care reforms.
    
24. 
    Britain's classrooms face collapse. This stark warning comes from
    the government's own official schools inspectors who issued their latest
    annual report yesterday.
    

And their devastating indictment of the impact of the cuts wrung the admission from Education Secretary that every third school did not have enough books and every fifth school did not have enough teachers.

25. 
    Canada's defence industry is up in arms over changes to US export
    control regulations that have eliminated Canada's long-standing exemp­
    tion from certain US export licensing requirements.
    
26. 
    Backing Thursday's mass lobby was the first decision taken by
    delegates from 30 union organisations called together by steel workers
    action groups at the weekend to set up a grass-roots Fight Back for jobs
    movement.
    
27. 
    The Japanese government, and some economists elsewhere, have
    proposed that Europe, the United States and Japan set exchange rate
    «target zones» so as to re-establish the stable international currency re­
    lationships that existed under the Bretton Woods system and ended when
    the United States «floated» the dollar in 1971.
    
28. 
    The war in Guatemala, which began in 1960, pitted a rightist
    military-controlled government against a classic Latin American leftist
    insurgency.
    
29. 
    Credit Lyonnais 's privatisation arrangements will be published
    after discussions with the European Commission, officials at the French
    Finance Ministry said.
    
30. 
    The broad network of community, trade union, professional, sen­
    ior citizen, and public interest groups that organized the state's Citizen
    Labor Energy Coalition is the decisive force in the current struggle.
    
31. 
    The economic assistance package was discussed briefly during a
    private briefing of the Senate Appropriations Committee by senior offi­
    cials from the Departments of State and Defence, and the CIA.
    

141

32. 
    Coupled with the spending and tax proposals were changes in the
    federal regulatory process and monetary policy.
    
33. 
    When recession suggests a continentwide need for stimulus, the
    pressure will be on the member states (of the EU) to create some sort of
    joint fiscal decision-making mechanism
    
34. 
    When mothers return to their jobs, reliable, affordable child care
    is provided by a vast network of government-backed neighborhood day-
    care centers
    
35. 
    John Kasich, the 46-year-old House budget chairman, is a popu­
    list fighting «corporate welfare» tax cuts for big business. And he's a
    maverick who helped Democrats try to kill spending for the B-2 bomber
    and pass a ban on assault weapons.
    
36. 
    In the past few years coordination agencies have been created by
    the Government to include a Foreign Exchange Committee and an Inter­
    nal Finance Committee, and the Central Bank and the Ministries of Fi­
    nance, Commerce and State Enterprises exert some influence in this
    sphere.
    
37. 
    A week of county council election opened in England and Wales
    yesterday when Monmouthshire and Norfolk went to the polls.
    
38. 
    Public support for the railway strike decision is growing. This is
    shown in an opinion poll published in yesterday's Mail.
    

39. 
    The protest is against National Coal Board redundancy notices to
    140 miners, mainly young men of under 21, which take effect today.
    
40. 
    An official from Taiwan's China Development Corporation, the
    island's biggest investment group, has described the current condition as
    a « once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.»
    
41. 
    Reflecting on last week's disastrous local election results most
    Labour MPs have at last realized that their Prime Minister's home and
    foreign policies are vote-losers
    
42. 
    The get-rich-quick mania also plays into people's natural com­
    petitiveness and, often, deep-seated feelings of inadequacy.
    
43. 
    Only one-quarter of the world's synoptic surface weather obser­
    vation posts are below the Equator.
    
44. 
    The three month United Nations World Trade and Development
    Conference, which was attended by representatives of 122 Governments,
    was called the Little General Assembly.
    
45. 
    Now the Civil Rights Commission, in two days of open hearings,
    has turned the spotlight on the near-ghetto conditions in which Blacks
    live in the only major city in the country where they are in a majority.
    

142

46. 
    The three-man UN mission leaves London today after four days of
    talks with the British Government. The mission yesterday described the
    London talks as « useful».
    
47. 
    The president has ordered up a war. A humanitarian crisis has
    erupted. And the Republicans? Save for the predictable isolationism of
    Pat Buchanan and the direct we 're-in-it-let 's-win-it response of John
    McCain, they're flummoxed — and it's gone from bad to worse.
    
48. 
    Several magistrates are staying away from the civic luncheon be­
    ing given by the Labour-controlled city magistrates
    
49. 
    Paradoxically, the poll returns mean that he will be able to go
    ahead with his plan to introduce a pay-as-you-earn income tax scheme,
    which had been the main issue of the elections.
    
50. 
    The contest, also held on May 6th but on traditional first-past-the-
    post rules, produced some grossly skewed results.
    
51. 
    Most of British men who came to adulthood in the first half of the
    century had stay-at-home wives and manual jobs.
    
52. 
    The country has become an anything-goes, chaotically libertarian
    society
    
53. 
    Members of Parliament of all shades last night in the Commons
    fought a genuine, no-holds-barred scrap over the fate of Britain's unem­
    ployment.
    

54. The Prime Minister back-to-hearth-and-kitchen reproach to
women — many of whom will themselves feel very angry at her attempt
to make them feel guilty for going out to work — comes at the end of a
year of attacks on provision for children.

55. 
    There was never a promise to aid an uprising lest it result in the
    fragmenting of the Iraqi state with who-knows-what consequences for the
    region's balance of power.
    
56. 
    Far more questionable are the restrictions proposed for the state-
    financed unemployment benefit programs for the short-term unemployed
    
57. 
    Civil Service unions, who staged a one-day nationwide protest
    walkout Monday against government pay curbs, threatened widespread
    chaos at airports at midnight Thursday, aimed at U.S. airliners.
    
58. 
    The report listed a whole range of tax-deductible items available to
    companies, including company houses, yachts for entertaining overseas
    clients and even company racehorses.
    
59. 
    The author criticized the American reporters for relying too much
    on interviews and too little on documented evidence, for chasing too
    many spot stories and spending too little time examining long-term
    trends
    

143

60. 
    It was disquieting to learn the other day that a CIA-led task force
    has proposed removing many current restraints on collecting information
    on Americans — on Americans, moreover, neither accused nor suspected
    of committing any crime.
    
61. 
    Gun control has been a hotly debated national issue for the last
    two decades. But with every assassination and attempted assassination,
    public outcries for effective national controls have been followed either
    by congressional inaction or passage of such weak legislation that gun-
    control proponents have branded it of little use.
    
62. 
    The sources said the US President was reluctant to take part in a
    North-South summit meeting after a eight-nation economic summit meet­
    ing.
    
63. 
    « These supply-oriented policies are directed at the medium-term,»
    the panel said. «If they are successful, it will raise the international com­
    petitiveness of German products.»
    
64. 
    Militant regional leaders of Britain's miners defied a return-to-
    work order from their national union Thursday, declaring mistrust of the
    Conservative government despite its abrupt turnaround over threatened
    pit closures.
    
65. 
    The cool, pragmatic premier lately had come under a barrage of
    criticism from the right-wing and others in his faction-ridden Union of
    the Democratic Center, which was supposed to have begun its second
    congress Thursday on the island of Majorca.
    
66. 
    The left, they [centre-right politicians] concede has done better at
    presenting itself as a source of reassurance, a comforting pair of hands to
    protect ordinary people against the wicked forces of unfettered market
    economics. The New Left stands for a kind of anti-post-cold-was-
    capitalist triumphalism, which plays mercilessly on the caricature of an
    unfeeling Right.
    
67. 
    Sanyo Electric expects to show record profit and sales figures for
    the year ending next Nov. 30, company president said Tuesday. He said
    after-tax profit for the period will rise.
    
68. 
    The tricky job of unemployment-benefit policy-makers is thus to
    provide adequate compensation to allow worker adjustment to necessary
    economic change without, at the same time, interfering with labor mar­
    kets by promoting worker turnover, increasing payroll costs and pro­
    longing unemployment.
    
69. 
    Mere mention of the Senate Democrats these days calls to mind a
    row of chin-on-fist Rodin figures, all of course called The Rethinkers. But
    we suspect those ostensibly «rethinking» Democrats we have been hear-
    

144

ing so much about are going to have to give some early and careful thought to their opposition role. It is one with which they are unfamiliar and, some would say, for which they are temperamentally breathtakingly unsuited. The tension on their side of the aisle (and, in a way, within the Democratic majority in the House as well) is likely to» be between the hothead, fight-everything, obstruct-wherever-you-can folks and those (soon to be called «sell-outs») who will be arguing the old line about re­straint and being seen to be helping the administration govern.

70. 
    «However, the of-necessity somewhat hypocritical nature of a
    number of our findings and their dependence on certain political, biologi­
    cal and technical assumptions is a feature they share with many contem­
    porary planning schemes,» he said.
    
71. 
    Such divisions [in the president's party] exist on trade, for exam­
    ple. Mr. Clinton's economic team, is by and large supportive of trade lib­
    eralisation, whereas the labour-union base of the Democratic Party is
    hostile. This explains why Mr. Clinton never made a convincing case for
    fast-track trade-negotiating authority, which Congress consequently
    blocked.
    
72. 
    In one breath senior Republicans are calling for a national dia­
    logue on tax reform to simplify the country's distorted tax code. In an­
    other, they are clamouring for an end to the « marriage tax penalty» —
    the fact that many couples pay more taxes if they marry than if they re­
    main single. Ending this «penalty» implies an expensive, loophole-
    creating tax cut within the existing system.
    

§ 14. НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ

I. Неологизмы — это новые слова, еще не зарегистрированные в
англо-русских словарях, или не зафиксированные словарями новые
значения слов, уже существующих в языке.

Для уяснения значения неологизма рекомендуется: 1) выяснить значение слова из контекста, 2) обратиться к послед­нему изданию одного из англо-русских или англо-английских сло­варей и попытаться отыскать данное слово в разделе «Новые сло­ва» , 3) постараться выяснить значение нового слова, исходя из его структуры.

II. При переводе неологизмов используются следующие пере­
водческие приемы: 1) транскрипция, 2) транслитерация, 3) кальки­
рование, 4) описательный перевод.

145

1. 
   Примеры транскрибирования неологизмов: beatniks битники,
   beatles битлзы, briefing брифинг, p.r.(public relations) — пиар
   
2. 
   Транслитерация в настоящее время практически не употребля­
   ется: inauguration инаугурация, Benelux Бенелюкс
   
3. 
   Примеры калькирования неологизмов (т. е. воспроизведения
   средствами русского языка значения и морфологической структуры
   нового английского слова или словосочетания): air bridge воздушный
   мост, shadow cabinet теневой кабинет, nuclear umbrella ядерный
   зонтик, brain trust мозговой трест
   
4. 
   Примеры описательного перевода: to lobby посылать делега­
   тов для оказания давления на членов парламента — депутатов их
   округа, deterrent средство устрашения, сдерживающее средство,
   оружие, redundancy увольнение по сокращению штатов, landslide
   полная (блестящая) победа на выборах, gimmick трюк, штучка,
   хитроумное приспособление, какое-либо новшество, направленное
   на то, чтобы привлечь всеобщее внимание, brain drain эмиграция
   квалифицированных кадров («утечка умов»), brain washing идеоло­
   гическая обработка («промывание мозгов»), hawks and doves сто­
   ронники расширения войны и сторонники мира («ястребы и голу­
   би»), brain power квалифицированные кадры, brain tank мозговой
   трест,brain bank банк информации, think tank исследовательская
   группа, мозговой трест, резервуар научных кадров, научный центр,
   fact sheet перечень (документ о ) фактических данных, skinheaded
   бритоголовые (часто о фашиствующей молодежи); low profile
   скромный, малозаметный, high profile яркий, очень заметный, вы­
   дающийся, runaways предприятия, переведенные на другую терри­
   торию или за границу
   

III. Образование неологизмов.

1) Расширение значения. Слово, употребленное в различных контекстах, приобретает новые оттенки значения, а в ряде случаев и новые значения Так, слово confrontation -первоначально означало очная ставка, сличение, сопоставление С течением времени это слово стало употребляться в словосочетании confrontation of armed forces и приобрело значение соприкосновение вооруженных сил В настоящее время слово confrontation приобрело значение (откры­тое) столкновение, противостояние, противоборство Такие слова, как deterrent, redundancy, landslide и другие, также изменяли свое значение в связи с возникновением новой ситуации, возникшей по­требности.

Так, например, прилагательное «green» расширило свое перво­начальное значение и в различных сочетаних в разное время означа-

146

ло: a green revolution — «зеленая» революция (революция в сель­ском хозяйстве ряда развивающихся стран, связанная с введением продуктов, полученных с использованием генной инженерии); the « greens» — доллары; green power — власть денег; the Green Party — партия «зеленых» (например, в Германии), выступающая в защиту окружающей среды; to do smth. in a « green» way — делать что-либо экологически чистым путем.

2) Префиксальное и суффиксальное образование новых слов.
Префикс re- означает повторность действия: rethinking переосмыс­
ление, renazification ренацификация, retraining переподготовка, пере­
квалификация, reimposition введение чего-л снова

Префикс de- придает значение обратного действия demilitarize демилитаризовать, denazify денацифицировать, denazification дена­цификация, denuclearise лишать ядерного оружия, deescalation деэс­калация, inflation инфляция, reflation рефляция, deflation дефляция

Суффикс -ее образует существительные, которые очень часто пе­редают значение объекта действия: detainee задержанный (аресто­ванный), parolee взятый на поруки, retiree ушедший на пенсию

3. 
   Образование неологизмов путем конверсии: the needy нуж­
   дающиеся, to front-page помещать на первой странице, tosnowball
   быстро распространяться, увеличиваться (расти, как снежный
   ком), the go-ahead предоставление «зеленой улицы»
   
4. 
   Появилось много слов типа teach-in. Эти слова употребляются
   для обозначения различных форм протеста или разъяснительной
   кампании. Глагольный корень указывает на место или форму про­
   теста или кампании: teach-in диспут протеста (протест в форме
   проведения диспута); pray-in протест в церкви, sit-in демонстрация
   сидящих в знак протеста людей; sitters-in участники сидячей демон­
   страции
   

Иногда такие слова указывают, на что направлено требование протестующих: buy-in требование равных возможностей при по­купке (дома), apply-in требование равных возможностей при найме на работу

5) Образование неологизмов путем объединения двух слов:
information + entertainment = infortainment; documentary + drama =
docudrama; election + engineering = electioneering.

При переводе восстанавливаются полные значения обоих слов (например, информационно-развлекательный)

В результате нашумевшего во время президентства Р. Никсона политического скандала — использование в ходе его предвыборной

147

кампании шпионажа для получения информации о планах соперни­чающей Демократической партии, национальный комитет которой находился в отеле Watergate,— слово gate в сочетании с именами собственными, иногда нарицательными, приобрело значение грубо­го политического скандала и привело к образованию ряда новых слов: Watergate Уотергейт; Lockheed-gate Локхидгейт — скандал, связанный с дачей компанией «Локхид» взяток японскому прави­тельству для получения выгодных заказов; Reagangate, debategate, briefinggate брифингейт—скандал, связанный с кражей людьми Рей­гана во время президентских выборов конфиденциальных докумен­тов Дж. Картера.

В последнее время в образовании неологизмов стали участвовать имена известных компаний Кока-Колы, Макдональдс и др. Так, to become the « Coca-Cola» of global wireless communication — стать всемирно известной (как Кока-Копа) компанией сотовой связи.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. 
   The major deterrent is in a man's mind. The major deterrent in
   the future is going to be not only what we have, but what we do, what we
   are willing to do, what they think we will do. Stamina, guts, standing up
   for the things that we say — those are deterrents, — wrote Admiral
   A.Burke in 1960.
   
2. 
   Local officials who obstruct or refuse voters registration can also be
   severely punished (though jury trials are a somewhat flimsy deterrent in
   the south of the U.S.A.).
   
3. 
   There was a dramatic confrontation between one of the dismissed
   lecturers and the Director.
   
4. 
   The Advisory Committee on Juvenile Delinquency— set up by the
   former Home Secretary and widely regarded as a gimmick — has been
   disbanded, the Commons was told yesterday. Its work will be taken over
   by specialist bodies.
   
5. 
   Stamp trading—the latest «something for nothing» gimmick aimed
   at shoppers — is coming under heavy fire this weekend from cooperative
   and retail trade chiefs.
   
6. 
   The Cambodien authorities have supplied the returnees with food,
   clothing and other essentials.
   
7. 
   When House and Senate conferees meet to reconcile conflicting
   versions of a bill, staff assistants get into the act. They formulate possible
   compromises and translate the agreements reached into legislative lan­
   guage.
   

148

8. 
   Top British economists today fired a deadly broadside at govern­
   ment monetarist policies and called for a « reflation» U-turn.
   
9. 
   Pressure is certainly building up before next month's budget for the
   trimming of the government's sails and a modest dose of reflation to soak
   up some of the unemployed.
   

However, there is no indication that the Premier is seriously listening to these appeals, nor that the Cabinet «wets» are yet strong enough to force him to change course.

10. 
    America's smaller governments are flexing their muscles; and
    devolution, which used to mean the shifting of power to the states, now
    increasingly means the shifting of power to cities and townships too.
    
11. 
    However, the president's drive toward « deregulation» goes in ex­
    actly the opposite direction, proposing to ease restrictions on coal dust
    and air pollution in general.
    
12. 
    Natural gas decontrol will have an explosive effect on inflation,
    while, at the same time, it will rob the economy of billions of dollars of
    productive capital needed to create jobs.
    
13. 
    He also repeated Britain's desire to see this question settled by the
    General Assembly as soon as possible, but there is still no indication
    whether Britain is actively lobbying for this behind the scenes.
    
14. 
    The car workers' lobby last week was an important step in the right
    direction. The issue should be pressed throughout the trade union move­
    ment and taken up by the workers in all industries.
    
15. 
    The movement «to kill the Bill» may snowball to irresistible pro­
    portions by the time when the Trades Union Congress recall conference
    on June 5.
    
16. 
    The US administration has given Israel the go-ahead to sell certain
    US-supplied military equipment to third countries, according to Israeli
    television.
    
17. 
    Bank workers' leaders yesterday gave the go-ahead for a series of
    selective one-day strikes at Barclays and Lloyds computer centres starting
    next week.
    
18. 
    With an officially estimated 50,000 jobs lost to plant closures and
    runaways between January and September, organized labor here (in Cali­
    fornia) has been pressing for protection.
    
19. 
    When the EU Parliament refused last month to approve the budget
    because of graft and mismanagement charges, the Socialists introduced a
    censure vote as a substitute for a confidence motion. But in doing this,
    they touched off an unprecedented movement of revolt among deputies
    ranging from Greens to the far right.
    

149

20. 
    The proposal is being backed by the moto industry, which fears
    that reuse and recycling targets may prove impossible unless vehicles are
    channeled into « green» dismantling and scrap yards.
    
21. 
    The editorial of the New York Times proceeds on the assumption
    that the main problem confronting the United States is «the debilitated
    state of American industry and the need for changes in Government pol­
    icy to revive it».
    

This is, in essence, the repeatedly tried and bankrupt «trickle down» policy. The corporate establishment seated in Washington decrees meas­ures to «save» maximum profit appropriation, with the possibility that something will trickle down to the mass of people.

22. Reaganites have their pet project — a formula which strongly fa­
vors big business by faster depreciation writeoffs. This measure is par­
ticularly opposed by organized labor as a big business ripoff

Next week the candidate will announce a supposedly «new» eco­nomic policy, which will also include big tax cuts for big business, on the «trickle down» theory. That theory argues that big business should get a lot so a little can trickle down to the people.

23. 
    Honest Clintonites admit that the leak probably came from their
    own side.
    
24. 
    Supply-side economic theory argues the economic growth is a re­
    sult of promoting production rather than increasing consumption. If the
    rewards of production are stifled through high taxes and burdensome
    government requirements, potential producers will not engage in produc­
    tive enterprises and the economy will not grow, according to the supply
    siders
    
25. 
    Editorial-page article, sings a supply-side true believer's praises of
    the sales tax relief granted by the internet Tax Freedom Act. Unfortu­
    nately, it only provided tax relief from sales tax on Internet access charges —
    such as the $ 21.95 or so that users pay for monthly access.
    
26. 
    Thanks mainly to their workaholic new chairman, Germany's
    Christian Democrats have bounced back surprisingly well from their
    thumping defeat in the general election seven months ago.
    
27. 
    « Scandilux» is a newly coined phrase, current in Washington, to
    describe a trend in some smaller NATO countries toward becoming ab­
    sorbed in domestic political questions and neglecting broader issues of
    Western security.
    
28. 
    American think tanks offer prolific proposals for Transatlantic re­
    design.
    

150

29. 
    Graham Leicester, director of the Scottish Council Foundation, a
    think-tank, says that Scotland has one of the highest rates of child poverty
    in Europe.
    
30. 
    Downing Street yesterday moved swiftly to deny support for pro­
    posals from the Government's favoured think-tank for root-and-branch
    reform of the monarchy.
    
31. 
    According to a recent study of the brain-drain problem, the out­
    flow of highly trained personnel from many developing countries to a few
    major developed countries is increasing at a rapid rate. The study reveals
    that the United States and Canada are the main beneficiaries of the brain
    drain
    
32. 
    The term «brain-washing» was first used by an American jour­
    nalist and originally the word used to describe indoctrination techniques.
    But it has since spread to refer to any form of influence that one disagrees
    with. At first conjured up as some «mysterious oriental device», it is now
    understood as an organized form of influencing individuals, groups or
    masses.
    
33. 
    Skinhead groups (of Central Europe) are well run. They distribute
    propaganda printed by American neo-Nazis in various languages and
    send out «skinzines» illegally through the post.
    
34. 
    Armed skinheads, chanting «Sieg Heil», mounted «a revenge
    raid» on black people in a London suburb, an Old Bailey jury was told
    yesterday.
    

Between 30 and 100 white youths, some with their heads shorn almost bald attacked about 100 to 150 black people in cinema queue in Wool­wich.

35. Not content with slogans inciting to violence, some of the demon­
strators acted in the tradition of the American lynchers. Spotting a long­
haired youth, they jumped off their lorry shouting: «Get him, kill him, he
is a beatnik, he burnt our flag.»

36. 
    The Minister of Economy need not conclude that the British
    worker is too cussed to fit into an economic plan, or that he will inevita­
    bly frustrate labour mobility. But grandiose general statement in White­
    hall about « shaking out labour» and redeployment are only convincing if
    they are accompanied by practical measures to make the intention a reality.
    
37. 
    In July a team of U.N. communications specialists moved into the
    country almost at the very moment the first contingents of «blue hel­
    mets» were deplaning at the Leopoldville airport.
    
38. 
    The biggest teach-in for London Telephone Region engineers is to
    be launched early next year.
    

151

39. 
    Workers on strike in several enterprises have occupied their plants
    and are staying day and night. The first to start the sit-in and sleep-in
    strike were the workers of the nationally owned Sud-Aviation plant at
    Nantes.
    
40. 
    He indicated in his statement that lowering the U.S. profile ap­
    pears to be a reasonable approach to the problem.
    
41. 
    He himself is doubtless aware the low-profile concept still leaves a
    number of questions unanswered. Some of the most pertinent.
    
42. 
    The President indicated in his statement that lowering the U.S.
    profile appears to involve a process of drawing up a list spelling out when
    the United States will—and when it will not interfere in Asia ...
    
43. 
    All of this adds up to what in diplomatic jargon has come to be
    known as the Administration's «low-profile» Asian policy. Boiled down
    to its essentials, low profile means that the U.S. will seek maximum influ­
    ence at minimum risk.
    
44. 
    President of the Czeck Republic yesterday had dinner with the
    Queen at the start of a high-profile trip intended to honour his role in
    leading his country to democracy.
    
45. 
    Buy Malaysia! Well, that is what some high-profile brokerages are
    suddenly telling clients. An expected easing of the capital controls is the
    chief reason behind the change of heart.
    
46. 
    High-profile miscarriages of justice persuaded many judges, law­
    yers and politicians that courts, no matter how careful, could never avoid
    executing some innocent people.
    
47. 
    The Russian National Orchestra has the highest profile, if only be­
    cause its independence gives it freedom of maneuver.
    
48. 
    The administration should put people to work by spending on liv-
    ingry, not weaponry,
    
49. 
    The picture of a European economy in perpetual decline is a cari­
    cature. For example, American punditry has ignored the one-time effect
    of German unification in slowing European growth.
    
50. 
    In the journalistic labeling game, any political scandal touching
    the presidency is now a Something-Gate
    
51. 
    Israel's rancorous election campaign was rocked Wednesday by a
    break-in at the Washington offices of a US political pollster advising
    Ehud Barak. The incident, which the Israeli media likened to Watergate,
    threatened to overshadow the opening of a Labor Party convention.
    
52. 
    The top spot on Mr. Blackwell's list of the worst-dressed women
    has gone to Linda Tripp. She has a look that makes her the « Starr» of her
    very own «Stylegate,» the former fashion director said.
    

152

53. 
    Labour accused Mr. King of blatant electioneering as he placed
    the crucial order for short range air-to-air missiles. Labour defence
    spokesman said: «It will come as a relief to the work force of those com­
    panies. Whether it will come as a relief to the Conservative candidates in
    those seats, it will remain to the election day to find out.»
    
54. 
    Another example of infortainment is docudrama, where real
    events are dramatised and reenacted by actors.
    
55. 
    The authors of the housing association report stress that their
    guidelines are not about ghettoisation or segregation, but are intended to
    promote intergration of minority cultures into mainstream Britain.
    
56. 
    Mr.Bauer's think-tank was created by James Dobson, a pluto­
    cratic televangelist, not surprisingly he maintains that Republican policies
    should rest on religious conservatism.
    
57. 
    Mr.Gate's presence threw Hong Kong into a technotizzy as the
    government announced a lot of Singapore rivalling projects, from a $1.6
    billion «cyberport» to efforts to make Hong Kong the region's e-
    commerce hub.
    
58. 
    The drift towards virtue, along with a new code of conduct for
    Eurocrats published this week, is welcome.
    
59. 
    «Eurospeak is a separate in-house language, full of jargon, acro­
    nyms, abstractions — and a lot of it is gobbledygook», — said a British
    translator. He and others have begun a drive called «Fight the Fog» to
    prod officials into producing clear sentences.»
    
60. 
    American Eurosceptics accuse the European allies of being free
    riders on American-provided security.
    
61. 
    Just as European anti-Americanism damaged Western solidarity
    during the Cold War, so American Eurobashing threatens to unravel
    Transatlantic cooperation in the post-Cold War era.
    
62. 
    The President will do almost anything to get the press cameras
    lined up in the White House for pictures of him bringing two bitter adver­
    saries together [Israel and PLO]. He needs a foreign policy success or,
    more to the point, something that looks like a success. We have come to
    call this «photo-op diplomacy »
    
63. 
    Photo-op diplomacy lacks an important ingredient — credibility.
    
64. 
    Clinton's defenders have transformed the Washington version of
    truth — telling into a subtle new form and demonstrated, for any who
    might have forgotten, how easy it is to manipulate the press — and, ulti­
    mately, the public.
    

The latest peek at the tricks of the trade comes from Lanny Davis, a former White House lawyer and one of Clinton's chief spin doctors dur-

153

ing the 1997 congressional inquiries into alleged campaign fund-raising abuses.

65. 
    Another device for ensuring that bad news got a good spin was
    what Davis calls « deep-background private placement»: telling tales to a
    hand-picked reporter or news organization.
    
66. 
    Davis admits that all the spin had limited effect. «There is no way
    to spin the public away from the presumption of guilt when a public offi­
    cial is accused of scandal,» Davis tells US News.
    
67. 
    Sometimes the world of spin is more than an inside-the-beltway
    game.
    
68. 
    Through his refusal to follow the diktats of the spin-doctors and
    public relations consultants who dominate White Hall and Westminster
    when Parliament is in session, the Deputy Prime Minister has transformed
    his own image for the better.
    
69. 
    All the spin-doctoring in the world will not preserve the Govern­
    ment's present popularity.
    

70. Something odd is happening to political correctness (speech
code). On the one hand it is thriving. On the other hand its opponents are
thriving too.

71. 
    Some dismiss (the language of) political correctness (PC) as an ir­
    relevance hyped up by the right; others see it as a leftist danger to the very
    fabric of American life; still others argue that it is plain passe. Is America
    in the throes of new-PC, anti-PC or post PC? It is hard to tell.
    
72. 
    Few diseases have been as politicised as AIDS. And in few other
    cases is political correctness such a danger to the disease's victims.
    
73. 
    Single-issue activists, incensed by human wrongs in Burma or re­
    ligious persecution in Tibet, increasingly drive American foreign policy.
    
74. 
    Both single-issue activism and the casual treatment of allies can
    hurt America. The single-issue crowd fails to consider the cost to Amer­
    ica of taking sanctions against each injustice that it cares about.
    

75 Less welcome is the harsh political fact that pragmatists have trou­ble building constituencies, especially in this era of single-issue politics.

76. 
    Cellular phones are perhaps one of the most user-friendly devices
    modern technology has devised. However, can you imagine the potential
    stored within?
    
77. 
    In general, the regional parties [in India] are investor-friendly.
    
78. 
    While it is only realistic to acknowledge that devolution could «go
    wrong,» the reality is that the new parliaments in Scotland and Wales are
    more likely to invigorate Britain than enfeeble it. In different ways, the
    English, the Scots, the Welsh and the British as a whole stand to benefit
    from devolution.
    

154

79. 
    «Renault» and «Nissan» = Renissant? Pushing together «Re­
    nault» and «Nissan» does not quite spell renaissance. Yet, that is what
    both car firms now seek.
    
80. 
    The new (mobile-phone) company, to be called Vodafone Air
    Touch PLC... aims to become the «Coca-Cola» of global wireless com­
    munication — the main brand recognized by consumers world-wide.
    
81. 
    One of Britain's leading directors yesterday expressed despair at
    being told unofficially by the Art Council that «there is sufficient serious
    theatre in London. He said that the council's attitude was symptomatic of
    the Government's populist and narrow-minded approach — a
    « McDonald's culture.»
    
82. 
    «Escapism» is a word that tends to pop up frequently in discus­
    sions with students and faculty members.
    

§ 15. ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ

И ПСЕВДОИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ

ЛЕКСИКА. «ЛОЖНЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ

ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА»

В современных словарях английского и русского языков есть чрезвычайно большое число сходных по форме и звучанию слов, а в последние десятилетия объем такой лексики увеличился. Можно на­звать десятки английских слов, вошедших в русский язык: atlas, football, progress leader, diplomacy process, tendency и т.д. Однако да­же среди безусловно интернациональных слов можно отметить раз­ницу в их употреблении в английском и русском языках (что не от­носится к терминам). Так, progress — не только прогресс, но и ус­пехи, достижения, развитие; leader — не только лидер, но и руко­водитель, глава (делегации) и т.п. При переводе выбор нужного эк­вивалента определяется жанром переводимого текста, сочетаемо­стью слов в русском языке и другими факторами.

Для переводчиков хорошо известна «легкость» перевода интер­национальной лексики.

1. Прежде всего, это так называемые «ложные друзья» перево­дчика, т.е. слова, схожие с русскими словами по фонетической или/и графической форме, но имеющие совершенно иное значение. На­пример:

prospect перспектива (а не проспект)

155

magazine журнал (а не магазин)

actual действительный (а не актуальный)

decade десятилетие (а не декада)

momentous важный (а не моментальный)

accurate точный (а не аккуратный)

technique способ, метод (а не техника)

advocate сторонник (а не адвокат)

aspirant претендент, кандидат (а не аспирант)

complexion цвет лица (а не комплекция)

Список «ложных друзей» приводится в учебниках по переводу, а также в некоторых словарях, например: Cambridge International Dictionary of English.

2. Большую трудность чем собственно «ложные друзья» перево­
дчика представляют многозначные английские слова, одно из зна­
чений которых вошло в русский язык, причем, нередко не самое
частотное (см. § 10 Многозначные слова). Например:

nation нация, народ, государство