Трудности перевода. Инфинитив в различных функциях
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Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. Private providers of social services should be on formal contracts with the government, and accountable to it. To outsiders of all stripes, it has long been evident that Cypriots should put aside their feud and create a federation that would amount to double self-rule and single formal sovereignty. But at least both sets of Cypriots, if they are not going to work seri- 3* 67 ously to resolve differences, should keep them below the threshold of disturbance to others. The main parties accept that the Commons should continue to be the superior House, but how far should the second Chamber be formally recognized as a check and balance? The poll found 60 per cent of people thought the monarchy should be modernised, while 49 per cent believed the Queen should relinquish her political role, including the right to dissolve parliament The Act of Supremacy of 1559, which makes the monarch the head of the Church of England, should be repealed, the report suggests. A ref erendum should decide whether or not the heir should succeed to the throne. The other problem is constitutional. Should minority nations be content with some special status within the host country, or should they seek separation? «We in America need to think harder about the urgencies and pit falls of intervening in a civil war over the government's protests and on the rebels' side. If it sets a precedent, it should not set a rule,» — a US official said. As for the European parliament, its role as scrutineer and bringer to book should grow. 10. Trade unionists should not be taken in by the blood-curdling shrieks from the boardrooms. The deal, once ratified by both sides, should take effect at the end of the year. The Council president added that the call should be backed by the official bodies of the labour and trade union movement supported by broad democratic and community organizations. He said that this was not a temporary problem. Lasting arrange ments should be made. It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble. This news sums up the impact of inflation and economic crisis, aggravated by policies pursued by successive governments, particularly the present one. It is odd, therefore, that the Chancellor should have chosen yesterday to tell an audience of French government business figures that Britain was «always a politically stable country.» 16. It was not without significance, he said, that people who were 68 connected at that level with the situation should be expressing grave disquiet. The Premier admitted yesterday that it was natural that people should be disturbed at food being thrown away when millions of people were undernourished. It can hardly be fortuitous that the Minister should have taken the opportunity of the last meeting in Delhi to publicly summarize his plans for the future of the three fighting services. The voters are beginning, at last, to wonder whether it is right that farming should absorb almost half the EU's budget. They insisted that the exact demands should be outlined so that the European Union could be in no doubt about them. It appears doubtful whether the formula will meet the Govern ment's insistence that the UN sanctions should not lead to economic con frontation with that country. 22 Three days later the Administration had served formal notice that it would insist that the General Assembly, on its opening day November 10, squarely face the decision of whether or not to invoke Article 19. 23. William Hague insisted that Tory peers reject the closed-list provisions of the European elections Bill. The paper also recommended that the eligibility age for retirement benefits be raised gradually from 65 to 68 by the year 2012. There should be considerable support for the demand that the Minister of Justice act to invalidate the outrageous court decision ordering two dedicated social workers to forfeit 300 bail sureties following the failure of a youth to appear in court on charge. The report suggests that the monarch's role [in Britain] should be that of head of state, but with « minimal connection with the executive, the legislature or the judiciary.» A report published by one of the largest housing associations suggests that architects and planners should cater more considerately for the ethnic tenants who rent roughly 14 per cent of their homes. Models of democracy that have been consructed on the basis of liberal individualism have usually proposed that democracy be restricted to political life, with politics being narrowly defined 29. Because of Russian and French opposition, the UN Security Council could not agree to a proposal from America and Britain that Iraq be warned of « serious consequences» should it persist in thumbing its nose. 30. «The moment requires that we be aware of our responsibility and 69 be austere in balancing our accounts,» President of Brazil said during inauguration of a Volkswagen AG plant in southern Brazil. The majority of people, be they politicians, trade unionists or em ployers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers. Mr. Gingrich, nobly taking responsibility for the Republicans' election disappointment, has resigned as speaker of the House of Repre sentatives lest his presence be « an excuse for divisiveness and factional ism.» II. Can, may, must 1. Глагол CAN. Кроме своего основного значения, передающего умение, способность или объективную возможность совершить дей ствие, глагол саn (в утвердительной форме) выражает предположе ние и переводится словами может быть, возможно, мог и т. п. или сомнение (в вопросительной и отрицательной форме) и переводится словами неужели, не может быть, чтобы и т. п. Форма could пере дает меньшую уверенность предположения или сомнения. Перфект ная форма инфинитива после саn и could относит действие к про шедшему времени или она означает, что действие могло состояться, но не состоялось. It could be true but it is advisable to find out first what has really happened there. Может быть, это и правда (что сомнительно), но лучше сначала выяснить, что же в действительности там произошло. 2. Глагол MAY. В языке газетных статей глагол may чаще всего выступает в значении предположения и переводится словами мо жет быть, возможно Форма might указывает на меньшую уверен ность предположения, на сомнение. Перфектная форма инфинитива после may относит действие к прошедшему времени. The Chancellor's measures might help towards an agreement on an incomes policy. But this still has to be proved. Мероприятия, предложенные министром финансов, может быть, и помогут достичь соглашения по политике доходов. Но это еще нужно доказать. Two factors may temporarily have increased their caution. Возможно, два фактора временно усилили их осторожность. 70 Примечание. 1. Глагол may может выступать также в качестве вспомогательного глагола, образуя форму сослагательного наклонения, главным образом в придаточных предложениях цели после that, so that, lest и в придаточных уступительных после whatever, however и т. п В таких случаях may не переводится Theyaredeterminedtoachievethisaim, howeverdifficultitmay seem Они полны решимости добиться этой цели, какой бы трудной она ни казалась 2 После глаголов саn и may слово well означает вполне, с успехом TheEUCommission'sfatecould well bedecidedbythetenorofthecommittee'sreport Вполне возможно, что судьба Комиссии Европейского Союза будет определена тональностью ее доклада 3. Глагол MUST. Основное значение глагола must — долженствование. Кроме того, глагол must (в утвердительной форме) часто употребляется в значении предположения со значительной долей уверенности и переводится словами должно быть, вероятно, по всей вероятности и т. п. Перфектная форма инфинитива после must означает, что предположение относится к прошедшему времени. They must have known about it for a certain time. Они, должно быть, уже в течение некоторого времени знали об этом. Примечание Предположение со значительной долей уверенности, относящееся к прошлому, может также передаваться глаголом will с перфектным инфинитивом Some kind of decision will have been taken by now. К настоящему времени какое-то решение уже по всей вероятности принято, (...вероятно, они уже приняли какое-то решение.) They will have finished that discussion by now. К этому моменту (сейчас) они, наверняка, закончили это обсуждение. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. « Sooner or later the country [China] will have to come to under stand that society and the world we are living in simply cannot purchase stability at the expense of freedom.» By spurring inflation, some economists say, consumers and compa nies could be persuaded to spend more now. 71 To the U.S. nearly $100 million in equipment offered by Congress to Iraqi opposition groups may seem like a gift horse for the Iraqi Kurds. But the Iraqi Kurds themselves fear it may in fact be a Trojan horse that could bring them fresh disasters. To cope with regulations of different governments, Intel is consid ering building chips that can be electronically reprogrammed with differ ent encryption strengths after they are built. A reformed second chamber could have powers to block constitu tional changes until after further general elections or a referendum. Such a chamber might perform the «checking» role that the judges might oth erwise assume [Britain]. Even in a panic-market, someone must buy the «damped» shares, but stocks were dropping from 2 to 10 points... before a buyer could be found for them. Sound stocks at shrunk prices — and nobody to buy them. It looked as if US Industries' little partners were in a fair way to bankrupt the firm. A single nuclear bomb exploding in the atmosphere over the United States could lead to a nationwide power blackout because U.S. power stations are too vulnerable, according to an official study. Months of wrangling over fishing rights have led to tension be tween EU governments, and there are fears that this could spill over to embitter discussion of a series of other problems at the two-day meeting starting on Monday. The foreign banks are launching a counterattack into markets for domestic loans and services that until now have been dominated by the Japanese banks They are also exploring some new fields that the Japa nese banks could not, or would not touch The report noted that companies could claim back the entire cost of investments in plant and machinery in tax relief— one of the most fa vorable tax benefits of any industrialized nation. Berlin left open the possibility that its assistance program could be paid for through outright grants and that government-to-government lar gess might be arranged for other development projects. Britain both could have and should have stayed out of the Second World War, leaving Russia to crush Hitter's Germany. People in Russia say that the former president could have been a better president if he had been able to be elevated one degree above the political combat he faced. Now OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) will begin to force employers to give workers their medical records and also 72 the records of air pollution inspections conducted by the company which could have caused poor health to the worker, declared the head of the OSHA Administration. If Japan's population had been half its present level, or—more rea sonably — one-third, the country could have enjoyed a relatively high level of industrialization while continuing to produce enough foodstuffs to prevent disaster in the event of cutoffs in international trade. Secret «briefings» were used to discredit the probe which is trying to root out corruption in the London police. Ex-chief constable of Dorset was bitterly assailed by Metropolitan Police Commissioner and City of London police chief. Secret briefings followed yesterday in a shameless attempt to discredit him. His view is that as many as 25 police officers could be brought to trial. Outlining circumstances in which Washington might use nuclear weapons may seem a surreal exercise. Situations in which America may have to choose between rival policies advocated by her European partners are bound to arise. Such is the speed of history today that, when this is published, so many new and perhaps more shocking developments may have taken place that the events herein detailed may seem even more remote. In reality the Pope may not have been anxious to see his sugges tion, advanced from the marble rostrum of the General Assembly on Oc tober 4, enacted a bare six weeks later. EU sources said France will favor protectionist measures in critical sectors, but because of German resistance this may not be agreed to at the EU level. Some economic analysts predict that the tax-cutting and the splurge in consumerism may backfire on the Likud [one of the Israeli parties]. The relationship between Japan and the United States has been evolving rapidly since Pear! Harbor. First, the two countries were bitter enemies, then occupier and occupied, then big brother and eager emulator and now it may have reached the, point of role reversal. In the big cities, the contest may have generated too much enthu siasm, creating a fog of names, that voters may find hard to penetrate. Cheap oil might merely aggravate the twin evils of corruption and bad management in oil-producing countries. Some excuse for the behaviour of Tory chieftains might be pro vided if it could be shown that the leadership battle revolved round central issues of public importance. But throughout, the dispute has been con cerned with personalities and patronage — gang warfare in all its sterility. 73 When the delegates are taken to see the outstanding work of the Road Research Laboratory, and the examples of brilliant design and con struction of British technicians and workers, they will be able to compare in their minds' eye what might be, with what is. Finally, a new political balance in Europe, based on effective unity, might turn out to be the precondition of disengagement. The Prime Minister mentioned that a more radical stand on some issues might have enabled the party to have avoided defeat. 30. There were signs that this tour might have marked a turning point. .31. Discussions could explore the economic problems that might fol low disarmament and the question of security. Such problems, as a rule, may begin well before the trial and con tinue after the appeal. Thus the Government appears to be sending conflicting signals to the United States at a time when government officials and industrialists in this country are expressing deep concern over the policies the American administration might take both in the south Asia region and with regard to aid to developing Third World nations. A senior research scientist said their requests for information were met by delays of years and they had received no classified information since November. They state « one might as well ask whether the present Administration is as honest as the previous one.» As a result, the government might try to close the gap by increas ing taxes. But in its turn that would also cut purchasing power. The sinking of the Nissho Maru will be recorded as an accident that might have been avoided If cash-strapped producers cut expenditure faster than consumers spend their windfall, the effect of lower oil prices might even be to slow world economic growth. He might have fallen into the trap but he understood the danger in time. The victory of the Liberal Party with an overall majority over the Progressive Conservatives and the New Democratic Party reduces the bargaining position of the New Democratic Party. NDP, with growing trade union support, might have been expected to do better. Just as oil's scarcity seemed a fact of life in the 1970s, its abun dant flow might be too easily taken for granted to-day. In a covering letter, the majority leader of Congress suggested that members might use his analysis in preparing public comments about the administration package. 74 Piracy in the harbor here, for years a petty annoyance, has reached such an outrageous level that shipping agents representing lines from the United States, Europe and the Far East are concerned that their maritime unions might boycott the port. He said he expected that a committee concerned with energy is sues would be set up. Although this Committee would not be empowered to discuss the question of oil prices, which remains the prerogative of OPEC, it seems that security of supplies, as well as energy sharing, and the search for alternative energy sources, might be valid subjects for dis cussion. The prospect that exports might be boosted means that the meas ures announced Friday will be scrutinized closely in Europe and the United States. At the Mexico meeting, optimists at the Vienna talks declared it might be possible to lay foundations for a deal about global energy sup plies. If the energy outlook can be stabilized it might be possible to strike a new deal about aid that would open both OPEC and Western purses and markets. The impression that the Government and the G.P.O. [General Post Office] are prepared to turn a blind eye on the operations of the radio pi rate stations has been encouraged by the delay in introducing legislation to outlaw them. The legislation is more complex than might have been imagined The penalty clauses may well require requisition of the com pany's assets on land as well as the stations. It was the sort of message for which the smaller members of the alliance may well have been waiting. In the opinion of some political connoisseurs, that measure may well improve the prospects of the Conservative party with the nation as a whole. The British Premier and the French President might well talk also about the Middle East —a region which least of all has claims to being called static. The Norwegian Foreign Minister has said that the Security Coun cil might well be given greater powers over the financing of peacekeep ing. What can the West do to increase the chances of success, however defined? For a start, it can and should do its utmost to tell the Serb people at large that the outside world bears no animus against them. The Home Secretary told chief constables that they must recruit thousands more officers from ethnic communities and should aim to make their manpower mirror the communities they cover. 75 The U.S. government spends millions every year policing the economy against agreements among competitors to restrict supply and thereby raise prices. Such conspirators ordinarily must meet in darkest se crecy, and can go to jail if they get caught. Yet here is the administration pressuring Japanese automakers to do precisely what it ordinarily forbids. We must not assume that the free play of public opinion must reg ister itself in parliamentary forms. The US President outlined a foreign policy of active involvement overseas, saying Americans «must embrace the inexorable logic of globalization». In the long run, if Brazil is to avoid foreign-exchange problems and boost its growth rate, it must do more than just tinker with the current policy mix. In massive demonstrations in colleges all over the country yester day, students showed exactly what they thought of the Government's plan to treble the fees of overseas students. If the Education Minister didn't get the message three weeks ago, when more than 4,000 students lobbied their MPs, then it surely must have been rammed home on him yesterday. It must have been hard for them to agree to this resolution, but at that time there was no alternative course open to them. Meanwhile it will not have escaped notice that some members (of EU) seem to be contemplating just that sort of un-European behaviour. The visit will have been a pleasant and useful excursion for the State Secretary. III. To be Глагол to be в сочетании с инфинитивом имеет модальное значение и может выражать: 1. долженствование, обусловленное договоренностью или пла ном; переводится обычно при помощи должен или глаголом в бу дущем времени. The Prime Minister is to go to Paris next week. На следующей неделе премьер-министр должен поехать (поедет) в Париж. Примечание Сочетание формы was/were с перфектной формой инфинитива означает, что действие не было совершено. 2. возможность (в этом случае за глаголом to be обычно следует пассивная форма инфинитива). 76 Responsibilities and obligations possessed by the Russian trade unions aretobeenvied Можно позавидовать той ответственности и тем обязанностям, которые имеют профсоюзы в России. 3. намерение, цель, желание — в придаточных предложениях, вводимых союзом ifпереводится инфинитивом с союзом чтобы (для того, чтобы), реже — если мы хотим, чтобы. If the United Nations is to deal adequately with the new situation, it itself will first require reform. Чтобы ООН адекватно реагировала на новую ситуацию (если мы хотим, чтобы ООН...), ей самой, прежде всего, необходимо реформирование. Примечание Следует помнить, однако, что сочетание to be с инфинитивом может представлять собой составное сказуемое, где to be выступает в качестве глагола-связки, а инфинитив — в качестве предикатива. The task of the committee is to find ways for a workable agreement. Задачей этой комиссии является изыскать (изыскание) пути для практически приемлемого соглашения. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. Voting, which began at 8 a.m. and was to last eight hours, was ex tended by one or two hours in a number of cities, including Tehran. A «federation fund» of A$l billion is to be spent on projects of «national significance» leading up to the centenary of Australia's federa tion. The talks aimed at ending the civil war in Colombia are to establish an agenda and location for full-scale negotiations later this year. Labour is to move quickly to introduce legislation to ban advertise ments for cigarette smoking, the Commons heard yesterday. The External Affairs Minister who was to have addressed the Gen eral Assembly on the Canadian position yesterday, suddenly postponed his statement. Another topic was the importance of fully integrating nations such as Russia and China into the world economic scheme if the United States and Europe are to have stable relations with them. The report from the left-leaning think-tank Demos stops short of recommending abolition of the monarchy, but argues «democratic» re form is needed if the institution is to match public expectation. If either or anything is to survive, they must find a way to create an indissoluble partnership. 77 9. Any EU nation needs to have an inner self-confidence if it is to step out of what is otherwise an EU consensus position on foreign and defence policy. Italy needs to get a firmer hold on this corner of the market if its dominance of the fashion industry is not to be threatened Mr Largent believes that the Republicans' mistake at the recent election was to forget their message. He realised early that France had to collaborate with other Euro pean countries if it was to compete with the American aviation giants. Yet strong African leadership is essential if the punative African peacekeeping force is not to look like an extension of American or Euro pean power in Africa. If capitalism with Chinese characteristics is not to become as dirty a phrase in China as crony capitalism has in Russia, Eastern Europe and parts of East Asia, checks are urgently needed to stop local bosses en riching themselves at others' expense. Their hesitations have already encouraged Serbia's president in his refusal to make concessions at the negotiating table; they could yet curtail a military campaign that should go on for weeks if it is to have any chance of achieving its aims. If one administration after another proved unable to deal with its own household finances, its incessantly proclaimed top priority, was its competence to be trusted in the less visible and comprehensible matters of defence, strategic arms, diplomacy or finance? If the mistakes of the neighbours are to be avoided, people need to be free to debate government policy and to hold accountable those who do wrong. But this success must be made the starting point of a new effort if the impetus is to be maintained and still bigger successes won Changes seem inevitable, but no one can say what. But changes there must be if confidence in the board is to be restored and it is to function properly. These are only a few of the questions which arise out of the vast subject « Planning and Economic Growth». A choice must be made, in view of the breadth and diversity of these questions, if certain aspects of the problem are to be examined at all deeply within the limits of this brief article. But it is savings and investment, as well as goods and chattels, that Egypt needs if it is to reach the magic growth figure. Osama al-Baz, a wise Egyptian who advises the president, says: 78 «We will not allow moneyed people to dominate the government. They can have loud voices on economic reform but... it is still a question of social justice.» And so, if this economic revolution is to succeed, it should be. Now, after three months of closer scrutiny, at the point at which the bills were to have been presented to Parliament, they have suddenly been withdrawn for redrafting. It was to have been the biggest merger in corporate history, creat ing a colossus with a market capitalization of $ 205 billion, second only to that of General Electric. But the official went on to emphasize that the new administration's aim is to reduce and manage disagreements through the consultation process that has now begun. Their initial goal is to end three years of budget deficits and inflation by the end of this year. IV. To have 1. Глагол to have с последующим инфинитивом означает должен ствование, вызванное силой обстоятельств, необходимостью. На русский язык, как правило, переводится: пришлось, придется, при ходится, предстоит The negotiations might fail. In that event the Government would have to decide what to do. Переговоры могут окончиться и неудачей. В таком случае правительству пришлось бы решать, что делать (предпринять). The Government has promised to abolish the death penalty, although it has yet to win ratification of this pledge from the Parliament. Правительство обещало отменить смертную казнь, хотя ему еще предстоит добиться ратификации этого обещания в Парламенте. 2. Глагол to have с последующим сложным дополнением (имя сущ/местоим. + неличная форма глагола или наречие) передает: 1) каузативность (побуждение или содействие осуществлению действия). На русский язык передается при помощи таких слов, как заставить, устроить, сделать так, чтобы, добиться того, чтобы, и другими лексическими средствами. We had them beaten this time. На этот раз мы их одолели 79 (содействовали их поражению /устроили так, чтобы они проиграли и т. п.). (В зависимости от контекста) I would haveyoutoknow. Я хотел бы поставить вас в известность.. They will have him back. Они заставят его вернуться 2) действие, совершенное по инициативе, побуждению лица, вы раженного подлежащим. The town council has had three houses built. Городской муниципалитет построил три дома. 3) действие, совершенное помимо (независимо от) воли или же лания лица, выраженного подлежащим, и направленное на него. We had a note handed to us. Нам вручили записку. Перевод глагола to have представляет значительную трудность, так как в русском языке нет аналогичных грамматических средств для передачи этих значений. Кроме того, точное значение вытекает иногда из более широкого контекста. При переводе приходится пользоваться различными лексическими средствами, которые наиболее точно передают значение английского предложения. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. If budgetary reforms are ever to be achieved, the EU leaders will have to bind themselves to use qualified majority voting, not consensus, for such matters. In the year ahead the Danish premier will have to tread a careful line, both in terms of domestic policy and in airing the campaign to join the euro. The probability that many more innocent people would also be exe cuted would have to be weighed against the benefits of deterrence. Among his many roles, the Spanish politician has to play the American to Europeans, and the European to Americans. The free trade purists contend that various industries have to sink or swim on their own and that providing relief through Japanese export re straints would provide an umbrella for higher American automobile prices, which would hurt consumers and harm the battle against inflation. 80 Motorists will have to prove they have scrapped their car in an envi ronmentally friendly way to get an authorised Certificate of Destruction. Most EU countries have yet to pass the domestic laws needed to implement the directive, so it is difficult to say how it will work in practice. « We see NATO as a bicycle that has to keep moving or else the rider falls off, so there's a feeling that we need to be very forward- leaning,» an American official said. Schooling (in Egypt) was never entirely free at the best of times: a parent had to pay a tiny entry fee, buy a school uniform, provide a bite of food. What is disastrous now is the need for private tutoring. Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons and the Lords before the session ends it will have to be started all over again in the new session in November. The Chancellor of the Exchequer told Labour MPs on Tuesday night that public spending will have to be cut to avoid a «tough Budget» next year. Most of the imported mobile phone sets operate on a wave-band used by a number of authorized radio services in Britain and can cause serious interference. When they cause interference they have to be traced and their owners are prosecuted. United Nations economists warn that something drastic has to be done, or developing countries will be forced to reduce their rate of social and economic expansion. In larger communities — nations, states, provinces and cities — there has to be a division of labour. Some persons have to make the im portant political decisions for the whole society, and specially trained administrators and civil servants have to perform the tasks of manage ment and administration for society as a whole. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have the dead lock broken had been outmanoeuvred by the United States. The big problem is the difference between the fastest and slowest vehicles on a stretch of highway. The safest thing safety researchers sug gest, is to have everyone driving at roughly the same speed. The committee gave overwhelming approval to a separate resolu tion that would have the Assembly urge all states to take such separate and collective action as is open to them in conformity with the Charter. Any other activities of the world organization will be financed by the whole membership only by their unanimous and active support. And even in those rare cases it will be by having the Secretary-General solicit voluntary contributions. 81 Using language heard frequently in the past from Iraq and Russia, the French proposal said that this commission would have «its independ ence ensured and its professionalism strengthened.» If the speculative excesses of the last few years are finally wrung out of the market — and they always are, sooner or later — it will take time for investors to regain the kind of confidence that has everyone dreaming of instant riches. Few things are likelier to give free trade a bad name than to have it associated with the foisting on consumers of potentially unsafe food. In Piedmont, the regional government has been fighting an unsuc cessful battle against the central government in Rome in an attempt to have the Piedmonese dialect taught in schools. A university student who wrote his graduation paper in Sardinian had it turned down. V. To do Глагол to do представляет некоторую трудность при переводе, когда он выполняет следующие грамматические функции: 1. функцию эмоционально-усилительную: 1) глагол to do под черкивает факт совершения действия или усиливает значение дейст вия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым в утвердительной форме Past или Present Indefinite. На русский язык передается словами дейст вительно, все-таки, же, ведь и т. п.; 2) подчеркивает побуждение к действию или просьбу (в повелительном наклонении). In fact his words did show that he was reluctant to get involved. Ha самом же деле его слова действительно показали, что он не хочет участвовать в этом (иметь с этим дело). Примечание. В инвертированных предложениях (обычно после отрицательных наречий и союзов nowhere, not, no sooner, nor, not only ... but и др.) глагол to do не переводится. Эмфаза инвертированного предложения на русском языке передается лексическим способом. 2. функцию слова-заместителя, во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого глагола или целого предложения. В зависимости от со четаемости слов в русском языке переводится соответствующим глаголом, предложением или не переводится вообще. В сочетании со словом so чаще всего переводится сделать это (так). 82 Did the Foreign Secretary know that such an arrangement existed? His replies in Parliament yesterday clearly implied that he did. Знал ли министр иностранных дел, что существует такая договоренность? Из его ответов в парламенте вчера можно было ясно понять, что он знач. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. President Roosevelt might not have done all the things he promised to do and all the things he did do might not be for the country's good in the long run — but what he did do seemed so much better than the deeds of any other single citizen in the land... Those immigrants who do arrive are kept in detention centres, called «welcome centres» in official jargon. The Turkish Constitution, written seven decades ago by the founder of the modern nation, Kemal Ataturk, does indeed decree that the country must be governed along strictly secular lines. In the past Arkansas did endure a reputation for being backward, and its residents were the butt of jokes portraying them as dim-witted hillbillies. The trip did demonstrate that the secretary of state, whatever his political standing in Washington, seems to be highly respected by foreign leaders. 6. These developments (parliamentary elections in Scotland and Wales) do not signal the rebirth of Scotland and Wales as independent countries. But they do signal a historic — and welcome — shift in the way Britain is governed. What the report prepared by a body of the most conservative character does show is that newspaper economics, and particularly the enormous and growing reliance on advertising revenue, puts the whole industry into crisis. The defenders of the present United Nations system point out that the agencies do in fact work together successfully on a number of projects. What does represent a growing danger for the effectiveness of this organization is the reluctance of some of its members to render assistance in case of financial difficulties. The Foreign Secretary did not show any willingness to discuss this question, but he did refer to the responsibility of both governments as co- chairmen of the 1954 Geneva conference. What our politicians do not talk about — the abuses of the Federal Reserve Board, the practices of the lobbyists, the strange actions of many 83 in the Executive Branch — frequently can be more significant to knowing persons than things the Representatives do say Yet for large and small nations their record in the General Assembly does provide a yardstick with which to measure the application of their publicly announced foreign policy principles. All the same the state of the economy and the general trend of national politics do have some influence on the voters. Nowhere in America or Europe not even among the great liberated thinkers of the Enlightment did democratic ideas appear respectable to the cultivated classes. Both sides are already moving back toward common ground. Not only did Beijing finally shut down the anti-American protests, but the Chinese President after an initial snub, finally talked by phone with the US President and discussed ways to rebuild their relationship. Not only does shipping bring the Greek economy more than $1.5 billion in receipts each year but its growth over the last 15 years (with the fleet almost tripling in size) has been almost unparalleled. The supply of fund managers keeps growing, but so does demand from investors. Economies to-day depend less on oil than they did. In real terms, oil now costs roughly what it did before 1973. Non-Asian minorities tend to score lower on standardized tests used for college admissions than do Asian-Americans and whites. Next year will be another depressing year on the farm. The federal government will try to help out with emergency aid and by opening trade barriers, as it did recently with a new export agreement with China. Not until the 19th century did democratic government make its way in any considerable part of the world — in the great states of conti nental Europe, in South America, in Canada and Australia, in South Af rica and Japan. § 7. АРТИКЛЬ Поскольку в русском языке нет грамматической категории артикля, переводчику приходится передавать различные функции артиклей лексическими или синтаксическими средствами русского языка. В тех случаях, когда артикли кроме своей грамматической функции (маркера существительного) несут и смысловую нагрузку, выступая в качестве определения, они переводятся обычно при- 84 лагательными, относительными местоимениями и другими частями речи. I. Определенный артикль 1. Определенный артикль переводится прилагательными (выступает в функции определения): текущий, нынешний, настоя щий, (ныне) существующий, действующий и т. п., а также относи тельными местоимениями: тот, тот самый, этот, все, все и дру гими словами в зависимости от контекста. The allies took big political risks at home by agreeing to base the new missiles in their countries, and some critics at the time had suggested they should be based at sea. Согласившись на размещение этих новых ракет на территории своих стран, европейские союзники пошли на серьезный политический риск. В свое время некоторые критики проекта предлагали базировать ракеты на море. 2. Часто определенный артикль приходится передавать лексиче ской разверткой (т. е. дополнительными и (или) уточняющими зна чение словами). Так, например, существительное war с определен ным артиклем в зависимости от контекста может означать и вторая мировая война, и война во Вьетнаме и др.; the Depression Великий кризис 30-х годов Контекст предложения, абзаца или всего текста подсказывает правильный перевод. Despite the performance and growing opposition within the Conservative party, the Prime Minister shows every sign of staying on course. Несмотря на неутешительные результаты и растущую оппозицию внутри консервативной партии, премьер-министр полон решимости продолжать свою политику. П. Неопределенный артикль 1. Часто переводится такими словами, как: один из, один, некий, какой-либо, новый, такой, известный, определенный, любой и др. Too often the stories about amazing Russian weapons come from people in reporters' services or defense contractors with an interest in 85 exaggeration. Очень часто источником россказней о необыкновенном российском оружии оказываются (либо) репортеры (либо) или агенты по военным заказам, которые имеют определенный интерес (определенно заинтересованы) в преувеличении. 2. Необходимость соблюдения при переводе норм сочетаемости слов в русском языке требует лексической развертки в тех случаях, когда существительному с неопределенным артиклем предшествуют такие глаголы, как to call for, to announce, to seek, to favour, to propose, to drive, to plan, to wage и т. п., или существительные с тем же значением: proposal, appeal и т. п. The US President plans to call for a new round of global trade negotiations. Президент Соединенных Штатов намеревается призвать к проведению нового раунда переговоров по мировой торговле. ' Примечание. В тех случаях, когда неопределенный артикль употребляется для обобщения (с классифицирующим значением), определяемое существительное часто переводится существительным во множественном числе In a foreign policy address, the choice of theme is in itself a policy decision, the choice of topics sets priorities; the choice of words is studied closely in foreign capitals. В посланиях по внешней политике выбор (главной) темы — является своего рода политическим решением; выбор (включенных) проблем выстраивает приоритеты; выбор формулировок тщательно изучается в столицах других государств. 3. Когда неопределенный артикль выполняет функцию маркера центра высказывания (информации), в русском языке это значение часто приходится передавать синтаксическим способом, т. е. изме нением порядка слов, так как в русской письменной речи центр вы сказывания обычно находится в конце предложения. Сравните: The plan of action was worked out thoroughly and in great detail. План действий был разработан тщательно и во всех деталях (подчеркивается, как был разработан план). A plan of action was worked out, thoroughly and in great detail. Весьма тщательно и подробно был разработан план действий (подчеркивается, что было разработано). In view of many Latin American officials an effort to impose a 86 tighter ideological alliance with Washington would be strongly resisted by the regional leading powers. Многие политические деятели Латинской Америки считают, что ведущие государства этого региона решительно выступят против (любой) попытки навязать более тесный идеологический союз с Вашингтоном Примечание. В некоторых случаях употребление или отсутствие неопределенного артикля изменяет значение слова, так например, a power держава, power власть, могущество, электроэнергия, a government правительство, government управление, a few, a little некоторое количество (положительное значение); few, little мало (иногда просто отрицание). Не has a few objections, but they are unimportant. У него есть несколько возражений, но они несущественны. Не has few ideas on that matter. По этому поводу идей у него мало (нет). They said they have little faith in the premier's promises. Они сказали, что мало верят обещаниям премьера. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения. The report does not include a section on rights observance in the United States itself. The issues confronting Europe go to the heart of its great construc tion. It would be progress to get away with the notion that oil is scarce — an assumption that led to two decades of energy policy mistakes, such as subsidising coal and nuclear power. Even as prices fall, governments of oil consuming countries should be guarded against the dangers of oil dependence. Unless Europe and Asia are able to keep the US committed to open multilateralism, the Asian crisis may yet produce nasty results. The debate over the House of Lords reform has so far missed the main point. [Britain] The decision set off a furor in the publishing industry on both sides of the Atlantic. «Nestle» confirmed its earlier warnings that the coming year sales- volume growth fell below the company's 4% growth target. The Swiss company blamed the results on economic turmoil in emerging markets. The poll echoes a warning from the Trade and Industry Secretary, that Britain may be vulnerable to charges by fellow EU countries that it is turning its back on Monetary Union and therefore Europe. 87 10. Initially I thought she was copying pictures out of books. Then the penny dropped: it was not a copy, but the original. 11. Official figures showed yesterday that the economy, despite slowing under the weight of higher rates, the strong pound and the eco nomic crisis in Asia, is still creating jobs. As the country's deepest postwar recession continues, with indus trial production plummeting and unemployment soaring at rates last seen during the Depression, fears are growing that Prime Minister's medicine may be permanently disabling rather than curing. Doomsayers predict a decade of lost growth in East Asia, like the one that Latin America went through after its debt crisis in the early 1980s «Which candidate are you against?» ... «All the candidates have given me a reason to vote against them.» Democratic economists believe that at a time when business is op erating with considerable slack, the nation could stand even larger deficits without much risk of accelerating inflation. After a treaty intended to establish a permanent International! Criminal Court was negotiated in 1998 in Rome, the British Foreign Of-i fice said «the institution would help to tackle the grotesque paradox whereby the killer of one person is more likely to be brought to justice than the killer of thousands.» His aides made clear that the ideas, disclosed in an interview, were not fixed in stone and were simply the start of a « free-thinking» exercise on possible EU reforms. Legal advice will be available from booths in Community centres, doctors' surgeries and public libraries under plans outlined by the Lord Chancellor yesterday. 19 Diplomats fear an influx into Western Europe this summer of illegal immigrants being released from Italian detention centres under loopholes in new immigration laws. The Government, besieged by criticism of its handling of the economy, yesterday gratefully pounced on news of a fall in unemploy ment to its lowest level for 18 years, combined with an easing in wage pressure which had been responsible for interest rate rises. The new doctrine, approved by President Clinton last month, marks an important step forward a world in which the United States relies on fewer nuclear weapons for its defense. A president who spends most of his working hours figuring out how to buy votes with public money is not likely to be very critical of a multilateral agency (the IMF) that does pretty much the same thing. 23 The new administration has decided to propose a relaxation of air pollution regulations to make it easier for oil refiners, steel producers and other basic industries to expand and modernize their plants, Vice President announced. UN officials report that seven Arab oil-producing countries in the Gulf are about to announce a $250-million annual fund for UN aid agen cies. The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions plans a national rally on May 1st, a traditional day for workers ' agitation. The European Union's industry ministers Friday called for a link between all state subsidies to the steel industry and cuts in capacity. But they were unable to agree on a deadline for phasing out subsidies. The Labour Party leader called the figures «tragic and terrible» and called for a debate in Parliament. EU finance ministers agreed Monday to seek a common policy on the stabilizing of interest rates before the economic summit conference scheduled for July in Ottawa. Some Planning Ministry official favor an income tax not because the government needs the money, but because they believe Kuwaitis should understand the relationship between effort and reward. Under mounting political pressure to do something to stimulate Germany's economy, the Berlin government Wednesday announced a se ries of incentives to boost business investment, particularly in energy and new technology fields. 31 The Federal government can borrow from the Federal Reserve to finance immense deficits, has done so, and surely will again when economic downturn calls for fiscal stimulus. 32. Government cutbacks in state spending have badly hit local authorities, and most have started _ big cutbacks, including layoffs that have worsened unemployment, currently at 2.06 million, or 8.5 per cent of the work force. The Bundesbank said Thursday that it does not see any room for a retreat from its tight credits policies despite an economic downturn, which has spurred repeated calls for_lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and fight unemployment. There are legitimate questions about the stability of Monetary Union and the drive for a federal Europe that will not be resolved by the instinct to embrace the « modern» option. A research officer at the department of economics at Birkbeek College, looked forward to forging links with groups in Eastern Europe in 89 preparation for a European convention to be held possibly a year from now. The ambitious plan of the Bolivian government calls not only for an end to new planting of coca plants, but for unprecedented eradication of existing crops. Compensation to individual farmers who voluntarily eradicate their plants is to stop by the end of this year. An alternative « community» scheme will be phased out by 2011. All this boiled down to a demand, not yet explicitly stated, for a program of aid and reconstruction on the scale being planned for Europe at that time by the incipient Organization for European Economic Coop eration (OEEC). The coalition began campaigning for a tax to get at excessive oil profits early last fall. It is time for a decision: without it, in the end, there will be no possible solution. Twenty-four American political figures, most of them of Irish an cestry, Tuesday urged an end to «the fear and the terrorism and the big otry» in Northern Ireland and proposed that the administration find a way to promote a peaceful settlement of the conflict. The conference produced what's been described as the most prob ing discussions on plant closings that have yet been conducted in the USA. There was 100% support for a new federal agency to handle the shutdowns epidemic, and the conference adopted a plan outlining the need for a new Job Preservation Act in Congress to set up such an agency. This is indeed a new world. But not one that needs a new Colum bus to claim it or reshape it. The disclosure that a Pulitzer Prize-winning account had been fab ricated has focused attention on the steps a newspaper or a broadcast sta tion takes to verify a story when a reporter says the main participants cannot be identified. Justice Department officials are developing a package of legisla tive proposals to increase the federal government's ability to fight violent crime. A German Jewish leader stepped into the nationality dispute, warning in an interview Friday that it had given a dangerous boost to far- right groups, Agency France-Press reported from Bonn. A bacterial outbreak linked to a Michigan meat processing plant has claimed eight lives, federal officials reported. Taiwan's central bank has been considering lending to the central |