Английский. пособие Химики АЯ. Introduction
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REFERENCES American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth Edition [Электронный ресурс]. – http: // www.bartleby. com. Armer T. Cambridge English for Scientists / Armer T. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2011. Basic Chemical and Metallurgical Sciences for Students : учеб. пособие / Н.Н. Николаева [и др.]. – Иркутск : Изд-во ИрГТУ, 2005. – 160 с. Basics of Green Chemistry [Электронный ресурс]. – http: // www.epa.gov/green-chemistry. Brieger N., Pohl A. Technical English. Vocabulary and Grammar. –Summertown Publishing Ltd., 2002. Britannica. Encyclopedia [Электронный ресурс]. – http: // www. britannica.com. Chemistry and the Environment: Help or Hindrance? [Электронный ресурс]. – http: // www.xperimania.net/ww/en/pub/xperimania/news. Harding K. English for Specific Purposes / Harding K. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. Hedge T. Writing / Hedge T. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. Ibbotson M. Professional English in Use. Engineering / Ibbotson M. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009. Ibbotson M. Cambridge English for Engineering / Ibbotson M. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010. McCarthy M., O’Dell F. Academic Vocabulary in Use. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2010. The Chemistry Encyclopedia [Электронный ресурс]. – http://www.chemistrydaily.com. The History of Green Chemistry and Processes [Электронный ресурс]. – http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/chemicals/green-chemistry-history. Velebná B. English for Chemists [Электронный ресурс]. – http://www.upjs.sk. White L. Engineering/ White L. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003. Майер Н.Г. Английский язык для химиков: учеб.-метод. посо-бие : Горно-Алтайск : РИО ГАГУ, 2010. – 88 с. Appendixes Appendix 1 C–TESTS 1. Chemistry Chemistry (in Greek: χημεία) is the science of matter a__ __1) its interactions with energy and its__ __ __2) (see physics, biology). Because of t__ __3) diversity of matter, which is mos__ __ __4) in the form of atoms, chem__ __ __ __5) often study how atoms interact t__6) form molecules and how molecules inte__ __ __ __7) with each other. Chemistry typically i__8) divided into several major sub-disciplines. Th__ __ __9) are also several main cross-disciplinary a__ __10) more specialized fields of chemistry. Analy__ __ __ __ __11) chemistry is the analysis of mate__ __ __ __12) samples to gain an understanding o__13) their chemical composition and structure. Bioche__ __ __ __ __ __14) is the study of the chem__ __ __ __ __15), chemical reactions and chemical interactions th__ __16) take place in living organisms. Inor__ __ __ __ __17) chemistry is the study of t__ __18) properties and reactions of inorganic comp__ __ __ __ __19). The distinction between organic and inor__ __ __ __ __20) disciplines is not absolute and th__ __ __21) is much overlap, most importantly i__22) the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry. Org__ __ __ __23) chemistry is the study of t__ __24) structure, properties, composition, and reactions o__25) organic compounds. Physical chemistry is t__ __26) study of the physical basis o__27) chemical systems and processes. In parti__ __ __ __ __28), the energetic description of diverse chem__ __ __ __29) transformations are of interest to phys__ __ __ __30) chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. 2. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is a young science. In the 19th century chemists first synth__ __ __ __ __ __1), or put together, an organic comp__ __ __ __2) from inorganic material. Further they sho__ __ __3) that carbon atoms have four avai__ __ __ __ __4) bonds which allow them to com__ __ __ __5) with other atoms. Since those ea__ __ __6) years, the organic chemist invented ma__ __7) techniques for analyzing compounds whose struc__ __ __ __ __8) are unknown and for preparing comp__ __ __ __ __9) that do not exist in nat__ __ __10). Many of these compounds are n__ __11) used as medicines, dyes, foods a__ __12) other products of industry. In t__ __13) last few decades chemists learned a gr__ __ __14) deal about the way in wh__ __ __15) the properties of a molecule are rel__ __ __ __16) to its structure. With the he__ __17) of this knowledge they made gr__ __ __18) studies in understanding the structure o__19) giant molecules. Another striking development i__20) the increased use of catalysts i__21) both industrial and laboratory processes. Si__ __ __22) no one yet knows precisely h__ __23) catalysts work, each one has t__24) be found by trial and er__ __ __25). Eventually we shall have such tailo__ __ __ __ __ __26) catalysts, for we already know qu__ __ __27) a lot about the action of t__ __28) existing ones. The most difficult prob__ __ __ __29) in organic chemistry are those conn__ __ __ __ __30) with investigating the compounds in liv__ __ __31) things. Although our knowledge is sli__ __ __32), it is growing rapidly. Think f__ __33) a moment of photosynthesis, the process b__34) which water and carbon dioxide com__ __ __ __35) in a green plant to form su__ __ __36). Although every single person depends o__37) photosynthesis for his food supply, w__38) still do not understand the reac__ __ __ __39). When photosynthesis can be carried out artificially on a large scale, we shall be able to set up factories to mass-produce food. 3. Fundamental concepts Nomenclature refers to the system for naming chemical compounds. There are well–defined systems in pl__ __ __1) for naming chemical species. Organic comp__ __ __ __ __2) are named according to the org__ __ __ __3) nomenclature system. Inorganic compounds are na__ __ __4) according to the inorganic nomenclature sys__ __ __5). Atoms An atom is a collection o__6) matter consisting of a positively charged co__ __7) (the nucleus) which usually contains pro__ __ __ __8) and neutrons, and which maintains a num__ __ __9) of electrons to balance the posi__ __ __ __10) charge in the nucleus. Molecules A mole__ __ __ __11) is the smallest indivisible portion o__12) a pure compound that retains a set o__13) unique chemical properties. A molecule consists o__14) two or more atoms bonded toge__ __ __ __15). Compounds A compound is a substance with a fi__ __ __16) ratio of elements which determines t__ __17) composition, and a particular organization which deter__ __ __ __ __18) chemical properties. For example, water i__19) a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen i__20) the ratio of two to o__ __21). Compounds are formed and interconverted b__22) chemical reactions. Elements An element i__23) a class of atoms which have t__ __24) same number of protons in t__ __25) nucleus. This number is known a__26) the atomic number of the ele__ __ __ __27). For example, all atoms with 6 pro__ __ __ __28) in their nuclei are atoms o__29) the chemical element carbon, and a__ __30) atoms with 92 protons in their nuc__ __ __31) are atoms of the element ura__ __ __ __32). The most convenient presentation of t__ __33) elements is in the periodic ta__ __ __34), which groups elements with similar hem.__ __ __ __35) properties together. Lists of the elem__ __ __ __36) by name, by symbol, and b__37) atomic number are also available. Bec__ __ __ __38) the number of protons in t__ __39) nucleus dictates the number of elec__ __ __ __ __40) surrounding the nucleus and their prope__ __ __ __ __41), and because the electrons are t__ __42) outermost component of atoms (the comp__ __ __ __ __43) which ’sees’ the rest of t__ __44) universe), the identity of an ele__ __ __ __45) dictates the interactions, or chemical transfo__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __46), in which it can participate. There may, however, be subtle changes in chemical properties brought about by the number of neutrons in the nucleus of otherwise “same” elements. |