Английский. пособие Химики АЯ. Introduction
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Notes to the text:credit with (v) – приписывать 4. Look through the text again and decide which of the following ideas are not expressed in the text. 1. Chemistry plays the central role in the life of modern world. 2. Chemistry studies the composition, the properties and the structure of matter. 3. Reactions of matter in atomic and molecular systems are studied by chemists. 4. It's necessary to demonstrate the influence of chemistry on science in general and its position in society. 5. The history of chemistry can be traced back to ancient times. 6. Experimentation in chemistry began only in the 17th and 18th centuries. 7. In chemical reactions one or more substances change their chemical composition and form one or more new substances. 8. Scientific method is the most important factor in the development of chemistry. 9. Every chemical element is characterized by a definite atomic number. 10. Chemistry is related to other sciences, e.g. physics and biology. 5. Answer the questions. What are the main definitions of chemistry? Why are the contributions of ancient cultures to chemistry called empirical? What were the principle goals of alchemists? When did chemistry begin to develop through systematic experimentation? What is the most important single factor in the development of chemistry? What sciences is chemistry related to? How are subfields of chemistry classified? 6 (a). Give English equivalents for the following Russian words, word combinations and chemical terms. Make up your own sentences using them. глаголы (verbs): включать, определять, организовывать, приписывать, управлять, создавать, улучшать, рассматривать, наблюдать, объяснять, изобретать существительные (nouns): явления, знания, определение, развитие, цель, применение, масштаб, деятельность, многообразие, рост, ошибка, вселенная, пространство прилагательные (adjectives): обоснованный, взаимосвязанный, огромный, быстрый, основной, требуемый, живой, неживой наречия (adverbs) и словосочетания (wordcombinations): лишь, а не, в дополнение, то есть, короче, в основном, однако, по сути дела, посредством, иногда, даже, хотя, внести вклад научные термины (scientificterms): материя, вещество, изменение, свойство, эксперимент, химия, закон, наука, научный метод, состав, структура, отрасль, соотношение 6 (b). Using a dictionary give the plural form of the following Latin words and translate them into Russian. phenomenon, basis, thesis, index, focus, criterion, datum, equilibrium, medium, synthesis, analysis, curriculum, symposium, spectrum, maximum, vacuum, stratum, hypothesis, nucleus. 7. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the text and then translate the sentences into Russian: scientific method, law, composition, experiments, chemistry, changes, properties, branch, matter, science. (1)... , which is the study of the (2) ... and (3) ... of (4) ... , and of the (5) ... that it undergoes, is a (6) ... of (7) ... , which itself provides us with the way of knowing and understanding the universe we live in. In the operation of the (8) ... we ask questions of the universe through tests and (9) ... . By observing the results we can formulate additional questions, perform additional experiments, and finally develop a tentative explanation of what we have learned. If this tentative explanation is confirmed by others and becomes widely accepted, it becomes a (10)... and helps us understand better the world around us. 8. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
9. Give English translation for: Химия – это наука, которая рассматривает вопросы, связанные с веществами, их составом, свойствами и превращениями (transformations). Уже в глубокой древности человек начал использовать многие химические процессы, и в дальнейшем химия развивалась в тесной связи со всеми практическими нуждами (needs) человеческого общества (society). Древние цивилизации внесли свой вклад в развитие химии. До XVII–XVIII веков развитие химии шло по пути накопления (accumulation) практических знаний и экспериментальных навыков (skills). Лишь в XVIII веке начали появляться научно обоснованные начала (elements) химии. Современная химия подразделяется на ряд областей: неорганическую химию, изучающую свойства химических элементов и их превращений – неживую материю; органическую химию, объектом изучения которой являются соединения углерода (carbon) – живую материю; физическую химию, широко применяющую методы физики для изучения химических процессов и пр. (etc). Химия тесно связана с биохимией, изучающей химические процессы живых организмов; геохимией, исследующей то, что химически происходит в земной коре (the Earth's crust) и т. д. (and so on). 10. Make a written summary of the text extending it with the information from your own experience on this topic. Text 2 Active Vocabulary law of conservation of mass (phr) – закон сохранения массы constituent (n) – составная часть, компонент, составляющая provide (v) – давать, предоставлять, обеспечивать binary compound (phr) – двойное соединение exhibit (v) – показывать, обнаруживать, проявляться occur in (v) – иметь место, протекать force a change (phr) – вызывать изменение superconductor (n) – сверхпроводник bridge a gap (phr) – преодолеть разрыв, заполнить пробел accelerate (v) – ускорять rate of a reaction (phr) – скорость реакции be essential for (phr) – быть существенным, основным, определяющим 1. What do you know about inorganic chemistry? What does it deal with? Do you know any recent discoveries in the field of inorganic chemistry? Read the text and find out. Inorganic Сhemistry Modern chemistry, which dates more or less from the acceptance of the law of conservation of mass in the late 18th century, focused initially on those substances that were not associated with living organisms. Study of such substances, which normally have little or no carbon, constitutes the discipline of inorganic chemistry. Early work sought to identify the simple substances – namely, the elements – that are the constituents of all more complex substances. Some elements, such as gold and carbon, have been known since antiquity, and many others were discovered and studied throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, more than 100 elements are known. The study of such simple inorganic compounds as sodium chloride (common salt) has led to some of the fundamental concepts of modern chemistry, the law of definite proportions providing one notable example. This law states that for most pure chemical substances the constituent elements are always present in fixed proportions by mass (e. g., every 100 grams of salt contains 39.3 grams of sodium and 60.7 grams of chlorine). The crystalline form of salt, known as halite, consists of intermingled sodium and chlorine atoms, one sodium atom for each one of chlorine. Such a compound, formed solely by the combination of two elements, is known as a binary compound. Binary compounds are very common in inorganic chemistry, and they exhibit little structural variety. For this reason, the number of inorganic compounds is limited in spite of the large number of elements that may react with each other. If three or more elements are combined in a substance, the structural possibilities become greater. After a period of quiescence in the early part of the 20th century, inorganic chemistry has again become an exciting area of research. Compounds of boron and hydrogen, known as boranes, have unique structural features that forced a change in thinking about the architecture of inorganic molecules. Some inorganic substances have structural features long believed to occur only in carbon compounds, and a few inorganic polymers have even been produced. Ceramics are materials composed of inorganic elements combined with oxygen. For centuries ceramic objects have been made by strongly heating a vessel formed from a paste of powdered minerals. Although ceramics are quite hard and stable at very high temperatures, they are usually brittle. Currently, new ceramics strong enough to be used as turbine blades in jet engines are being manufactured. There is hope that ceramics will one day replace steel in components of internal-combustion engines. In 1987 a ceramic containing yttrium, barium, copper, and oxygen, with the approximate formula YBa2Cu3O7, was found to be a superconductor at a temperature of about 100 K. A superconductor offers no resistance to the passage of an electrical current, and this new type of ceramic could very well find wide use in electrical and magnetic applications. A superconducting ceramic is so simple to make that it can be prepared in a high school laboratory. Its discovery illustrates the unpredictability of chemistry, for fundamental discoveries can still be made with simple equipment and inexpensive materials. Many of the most interesting developments in inorganic chemistry bridge the gap with other disciplines. Organometallic chemistry investigates compounds that contain inorganic elements combined with carbon-rich units. Many organometallic compounds play an important role in industrial chemistry as catalysts, which are substances that are able to accelerate the rate of a reaction even when present in only very small amounts. Some success has been achieved in the use of such catalysts for converting natural gas to related but more useful chemical substances. Chemists also have created large inorganic molecules that contain a core of metal atoms, such as platinum, surrounded by a shell of different chemical units. Some of these compounds, referred to as metal clusters, have characteristics of metals, while others react in ways similar to biologic systems. Trace amounts of metals in biologic systems are essential for processes such as respiration, nerve function, and cell metabolism. Processes of this kind form the object of study of bioinorganic chemistry. Although organic molecules were once thought to be the distinguishing chemical feature of living creatures, it is now known that inorganic chemistry plays a vital role as well. 2. Answer the questions. 1. Which branch of chemistry deals with the study of materials not derived from living organisms? 2. How many chemical elements are known today? When were most of them discovered? 3. What does the law of definite proportions state? 4. What is a binary compound? 5. Why is the number of inorganic compounds limited in nature? 6. What materials composed of inorganic elements are mentioned in the article? 7. Is the scope of inorganic chemistry very narrow? 8. What achievements in inorganic chemistry have been made? 3. Mark sentences as True (T) or False (F). 1. Inorganic chemistry deals with the chemical reactions and properties of all the elements and their compounds. 2. Inorganic compound is any substance in which two or more chemical elements other than carbon are combined, nearly always in definite proportions. 3. Inorganic compounds abound in nature. 4. The simplest chemical compounds are binary compounds – those consisting of two elements. 5. Ceramic superconductors are difficult to process (in contrast to metal alloy superconductors), and they are notoriously brittle. 6. Many organometallic compounds are essential for the rate of a chemical reaction even when present in only very small amounts. 7. Inorganic chemistry plays a vital role in biologic systems. 4. Find in the article words similar in your language and make up sentences with them. 5 (a). Give Russian equivalents for the following English words, word combinations and chemical terms. 1) substances that were not associated with living organisms; 2) constituents of all more complex substances; 3) compound, formed solely by the combination of two elements; 4) little structural variety; 5) react with; 6) boron; 7) hydrogen; 8) by strongly heating; 9) steel; 10) superconductor offers no resistance; 11) unpredictability of chemistry; 12) fundamental discoveries; 13) simple equipment and inexpensive materials; 14) metal clusters; 15) the object of study; 16) distinguishing chemical feature; 17) play a vital role. 5 (b). Give English equivalents for the following Russian words, word combinations and chemical terms. 1) датироваться, существовать с такого-то времени; 2) принятие закона; 3) сосредоточиваться, концентрироваться; 4) привести к; 5) основные понятия; 6) поваренная соль; 7) структура; 8) структурные свойства; 9) неорганические полимеры; 10) порошковые минералы; 11) хрупкий; 12) производить; 13) невозможность прогнозирования; 14) катализатор. 6. Fill in the appropriate word from the list below into the text and then translate the sentences into Russian: investigations, quantitative, considered, inorganic, boundaries, concerns, field, periodic, chemistry, chemical. The chemistry of carbon-hydrogen compounds forms that province of ___1) designated as organic chemistry. All the remaining elements in the ___2) table fall in the domain of inorganic chemistry. The ___3) with other major disciplines in chemistry are not precisely defined, however, and it is often difficult to allocate a given topic to the ___4) of inorganic chemistry or to physical chemistry. Physical chemistry may be defined as the application of quantitative and theoretical methods to ____5) problems, and is a methodology rather as a specific body of knowledge. ____6) into theoretical inorganic chemistry or the study of problems in organic chemistry by ____7) and sophisticated physical methods may be _____8) to be inorganic or physical chemistry quite arbitrarily. In similar fashion, metalloorganic compounds may be considered as being either in the sphere of inorganic or organic chemistry. To an increasing extent, the inorganic chemist ___9) himself with problems that once were considered the prerogative of physical or organic chemist, or even biochemists. Because inorganic chemistry concerns itself with 100 elements in the periodic table, its scope is very broad. Nevertheless, some natural ___10) exist, and it is convenient to treat the subject under the divisions of synthetic inorganic chemistry; theoretical, or physical, inorganic chemistry; and applied inorganic chemistry. |