Английский. пособие Химики АЯ. Introduction
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7. Explain in English the following terms using a specialized dictionary, give their Russian equivalents and make up your own sentences with them: 1) rate of a chemical reaction; 2) borane; 3) core; 4) shell; 5) resistance. 8. Give English translation for. Неорганическая химия изучает химические элементы и образуемые ими простые и сложные вещества (кроме органических соединений углерода, которые изучаются органической химией). История развития неорганической химии тесно связана с общей историей химии (результатом изучения неорганических веществ явились важнейшие достижения химии конца XVII– начала XIX вв.). Современная неорганическая химия изучает строение и свойства неорганических веществ с использованием не только химических, но и физических методов (напр., спектроскопии). Неорганическая химия – научная база основной химической промышленности (производство солей, кислот, щелочей) и металлургии. Число неорганических веществ составляет десятки тысяч. Достижения неорганической химии обеспечивают создание материалов новейшей техники – сверхчистых металлов, сплавов, пьезоэлектриков, полупроводников, сверхпроводников, облегченных стройматериалов, окислителей и горючего для космических ракет. 9. In pairs, take turns to ask your partner questions about inorganic chemistry, inorganic compounds and their applications in modern technologies. 10. Use a search engine on the web to find a recent article relating to inorganic chemistry. Make a note of any new interesting facts. Text 3 Active Vocabulary clean-cut definition (phr) – четкое определение carbon (n) – углерод acid (n) – кислота living organism (phr) – живой организм valence (n) – валентность dyestuff (n) – краситель poisonous (adj) – ядовитый homologous series (phr) – гомологический ряд shell (n) – оболочка bond (n) – связь 1. In pairs discuss the following questions. What are the main branches of modern chemistry? What is organic chemistry? What substance is the name “organic chemistry” applied to? Do you know any recent discoveries in the field of organic chemistry? 2. Read the text and choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D for questions 1–5. Organic Chemistry Intensive development of this branch of chemistry began about the middle of the 19th century. However, a lapse of several decades occurred between the beginning of the science and the emergence of a clean-cut definition. Despite the comparatively recent development of organic chemistry as a separate branch of the broader field of chemistry, many typical organic compounds have been known and used for centuries. The Old Testament contains numerous references to the physiological effect of ethyl alcohol, typical organic compound, as a component of fermented grape juice and to the properties of acetic acid present in what is now called wine vinegar. Certain natural dyestuffs, for example, indigo and alizarin, were known to the Egyptians, and the poisonous properties of the hemlock, now known to be ascribable to the alkaloid coniine, were known in the Greek city states. Socrates used an extract of poison hemlock to end his life. The comparatively late development of organic chemistry is due to the fact that most organic compounds found in nature occur in plant and animal materials as complex mixtures. Method for separation and isolation of the pure compounds has become available only during the past two or three centuries. By the latter part of the 19th century an impressive number of organic compounds had been isolated from natural sources. Among these are alcohol, urea, uric acid, and many of the organic acids. In as much as all of these substances were derived from one or another living organism, the idea developed that some vital force was required for the synthesis of compounds by such organisms and the term organic chemistry was coined to denote that branch of chemistry which dealt with the products of living organisms. Despite the fact that a German chemist, Friedrich Wöhler, succeeded in synthesizing urea, a typical organic compound, from ammonium cyanate without the intervention of a vital force in 1828, the concept of the necessity for such a force in the synthesis of organic compounds persisted for several years. Eventually this concept was abandoned and the modern concept of organic chemistry, embracing the chemistry of the carbon compounds, emerged. From the early 1800s the development of the science was rapid. A firm foundation for the subsequent rapid advances was furnished by the introduction of quantitative analytical methods applicable to the analysis of organic compounds by Justus Liebig and Jean B.A. Dumas and by the development of structural theory by Stanislao Cannizzaro and Friedrich A. Kekule. Organic chemistry owes its peculiar and important position to the fact that carbon, almost alone among the elements, is capable of uniting with itself indefinitely to form compounds. Other elements, notably boron, display similar tendencies, but carbon forms a far greater number of compounds. Secondly, carbon, almost without exception, displays a constant valence of 4. On these two principles, the science of organic chemistry is built. The number of carbon compounds theoretically capable of existence is staggering and this very fact poses problems of major magnitude in connection with nomenclature, molecular structure, and arrangement in space of the atoms of organic molecules. Organic compounds in general differ from inorganic compounds by the nature of the bonds by which the component atoms of a molecule are united. The valence bonds of most inorganic compounds are of the ionic or electrovalent type in which the outer valence electron shells are filed to a noble gas arrangement by gain or loss of electrons from the constituent atoms with resultant development of charged species (ions). An organic compound containing only single bonds between carbon atoms is said to be saturated; a compound containing one or more multiple bonds between carbon atoms is said to be unsaturated. The ability of carbon to combine with itself leads to the existence of series of compounds, the formulas of which differ by a constant increment. Such a series known as a homologous series is illustrated as follows by the alkanes, each member of which differs from the next lower member by the increment CH2. In contrast, when the outer valence electrons shell is filled to a noble gas configuration by sharing rather than by transfer of electrons between two atoms, the bond so formed is known as a covalent or electron pair bond. These bonds occur in some inorganic compounds, such as ammonia, and in practically all the compounds of carbon. Notes to the text: fermented grape juice (phr) – подвергшийся брожению виноградный сок wine vinegar (phr) – винный уксус alizarin (n) – ализарин, диосинантрахинон hemlock (n) – тсуга канадская urea (n) – мочевина uric acid (phr) – мочевая кислота increment (n) – инкремент saturate (v) – насыщать The origin of organic chemistry comes from ……. A the 18th century. B the end of the 18th century. C the 19th century. D the beginning of the 20th century. A major focus of organic chemistry is ………………. A the synthesis of compounds. B isolation, purification, and structural study of the naturally occurring substances. C chemical reactions and properties of all the elements. D the study of properties of various elements. 3. Carbon ………….. A is not widely distributed in nature. B exists in two forms. C forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. D has a constant valence of 2. 4. Organic compounds……. A are compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements. B are substances composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more elements. C are characterized as those compounds with a backbone of oxygen atoms. D are essential for life. 5. Homologous series are…………… A most common among organic compounds. B numerous groups of chemical compounds. C series of inorganic compounds. D complex structural units. 3. Read the text again and mark the sentences as true (T) or false (F). Many typical organic compounds have been known and used for centuries. … most organic compounds found in nature do not occur in plant and animal materials as complex mixtures. By the end of the 18th century an impressive number of organic compounds had been isolated from natural sources. A German chemist Friedrich Wöhler succeeded in synthesizing urea, a typical organic compound. Carbon is not capable of uniting with itself indefinitely to form compounds. Organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds by the nature of the bonds. 4. Describe two main principles the science of organic chemistry is based on. 5 (a). Give Russian equivalents for the following English words, word combinations and chemical terms. 1) intensive development; 2) the emergence of a clean-cut definition; 3) separate branch; 4) The Old Testament; 5) ethyl alcohol; 6) to occur in plant and animal materials; 7) be isolated from; 8) synthesis of compounds; 9) living organisms; 10) the modern concept of organic chemistry; 11) to emerge; 12) the subsequent rapid advances; 13) to display similar tendencies; 14) to displays a constant valence of; 15) magnitude; 16) charged species; 17) multiple bonds. 5 (b). Give English equivalents for the following Russian words, word combinations and chemical terms. 1) происходить, случаться, совершаться; 2) ссылка (на кого-либо / что-либо); упоминание (о ком-либо / чём-либо); 3) свойства уксусной кислоты; 4) сложные смеси; 5) синтезирование; 6) жизненная сила; 7) заключать в себе; 8) качественные и количественные методы; 9) бор; 10) ошеломляющий, потрясающий; 11) терминология; 12) связь, сцепление; 13) инертный газ; 14) составляющий; 15) приращение; 16) перенос, передача; 17) ковалентная связь. 6. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the text and then translate the sentences into Russian: chemistry, chemists, connections, design, difficult, example, natural, natural, nitrogen, nonorganic, organic, organic, photosynthesis, rigidity, simple, synthetic, three-dimensional, various, weighing. Organic compounds are based on the chemistry of carbon. Carbon is unique in the variety and extent of structures that can result from the three-dimensional ___1) of its atoms. The process of photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water to oxygen and compounds known as carbohydrates. Both cellulose, the substance that gives structural ___2) to plants, and starch, the energy storage product of plants, are polymeric carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates produced by ___3) form the raw material for the myriad organic compounds found in the plant and animal kingdoms. When combined with variable amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, ___4), sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements, the structural possibilities of carbon compounds become limitless, and their number far exceeds the total of all ___5) compounds. A major focus of organic chemistry is the isolation, purification, and structural study of these naturally occurring substances. Many natural products are ___6) molecules. Examples include formic acid (HCO2H) in ants, ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) in fermenting fruit, and oxalic acid (C2H2O4) in rhubarb leaves. Other ___7) products, such as penicillin, vitamin B12, proteins, and nucleic acids, are exceedingly complex. The isolation of pure natural products from their host organism is made __8) by the low concentrations in which they may be present. Once they are isolated in pure form, however, modern instrumental techniques can reveal structural details for amounts __9) as little as one-millionth of a gram. The correlation of the physical and chemical properties of compounds with their structural features is the domain of physical ___10) chemistry. Once the properties endowed upon a substance by specific structural units termed functional groups are known, it becomes possible to __11) novel molecules that may exhibit desired properties. The preparation, under controlled laboratory conditions, of specific compounds is known as synthetic __12). Some products are easier to synthesize than to collect and purify from their natural sources. Tons of vitamin C, for example, are synthesized annually. Many __13) substances have novel properties that make them especially useful. Plastics are a prime example, as are many drugs and agricultural chemicals. A continuing challenge for synthetic ___14) is the structural complexity of most organic substances. To synthesize a desired substance, the atoms must be pieced together in the correct order and with the proper __15) relationships. Just as a given pile of lumber and bricks can be assembled in many ways to build houses of several different designs, so too can a fixed number of atoms be connected together in __16) ways to give different molecules. Only one structural arrangement out of the many possibilities will be identical with a naturally occurring molecule. The antibiotic erythromycin, for __17), contains 37 carbon, 67 hydrogen, and 13 oxygen atoms, along with one nitrogen atom. Even when joined together in the proper order, these 118 atoms can give rise to 262,144 different structures, only one of which has the characteristics of __18) erythromycin. The great abundance of organic compounds, their fundamental role in the chemistry of life, and their structural diversity have made their study especially challenging and exciting. __19) chemistry is the largest area of specialization among the various fields of chemistry. 7. Make up definitions of organic chemistry and organic compounds using these notes. organic chemistry/ be/ compounds of carbon most organic compounds/ occur/ plant and animal materials/ complex mixtures carbon/ uniting/ to form compounds organic compounds/ duffer/ the nature of the bonds 8. Give English translation for: Органическая химия – наука, изучающая соединения углерода с другими элементами (органические соединения), а также законы их превращений. Название "органическая химия" возникло на ранней стадии развития науки, когда предмет изучения ограничивался соединениями углерода растительного и животного происхождения. К настоящему времени число известных органических соединений превышает 10 миллионов и увеличивается каждый год на 250–300 тысяч. Многообразие органических соединений определяется уникальной способностью атомов углерода соединяться друг с другом простыми и кратными связями, образовывать соединения с практически неограниченным числом атомов, связанных в цепи, циклы, бициклы, трициклы, полициклы, каркасы и др., образовывать прочные связи почти со всеми элементами периодической системы. Многообразие и громадное число органических соединений определяет значение органической химии как крупнейшего раздела современной химии. Окружающий нас мир построен из органических соединений. Пища, топливо, одежда, лекарства, краски, моющие средства, материалы, без которых невозможно создание транспорта, книгопечатания, проникновение в космос – все это состоит из органических соединений. Важнейшую роль органические соединения играют в процессах жизнедеятельности. На стыке органической химии с неорганической химией и биохимией возникли химия металлоорганических соединений и биоорганическая химия. Основным методом органической химии является синтез. Развитие методов синтеза в первую очередь способствовало установлению строения самых сложных соединений. Органический синтез связывает органическую химию с химической промышленностью, как малотоннажной (тонкий органический синтез; производство лекарств, витаминов, жидких кристаллов, ферментов, и др.), так и крупнотоннажной (основной органический синтез; производство искусственного волокна, пластмасс; переработка нефти и газа и др.). 9. You are speaking with a professor of chemistry. Ask him/her 10 questions about organic chemistry and its main principles. 10. Word Search. There are at least 20 hidden words. Find them!
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