Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий

• Название: Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий
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4. ALLUSION

Allusion is a special variety of metaphor, an indirect reference to some historical or literary fact commonly known. The frequently used sources for allusions are the Bible and mythology. The effect of allusion can be achieved only if facts alluded to are known to the reader.

Allusion Пить или не пить (Быть или не быть) The United Colors of Benetton (The United States of America) Чайник закипает, Чашечка блестит, Муха на варенье В гости к нам летит. Twinkle, twinkle, little bat, How I wonder what you’re at! Up above the world you fly Like a tea-tray in the sky! Травка зеленеет, Солнышко блестит Ласточка весною В сени к нам летит. (А.Н. Плещеев) Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are Up above the world so high Like a diamond in the sky. (Jane Taylor)

5. METONYMY

Metonymy is based on contiguity of notions, not on resemblance. It is applying the name of an object to another object in some way connected with the first one. There is an objectively existing relationship between the object named and the object implied.

Metonymy The kettle is boiling. The gallery applauded. Вся школа пришла на собрание. Силы порядка пришли и арестовали преступника.

Metonymic relations are varied in character:

1) the result may stand for the cause
(The fish desperately takes the death);

2) the cause may stand for the result
(The writer lives by his pen only);

3) a symbol may stand for an object signified
(“brain drain”);

4) a characteristic feature may stand for its bearer
(She turned round and took a long look at her grandmother’s blackness);

5) the instrument may stands for the action
(Countrymen, give me your ears!);

6) the container may stand for the thing contained or vise versa
(The kettle boils);

7) an abstract noun may stand for a concrete noun
(Labour demonstrated in the streets);

8) the material may stand for the thing made of it (There was a shower of steel on the trenches);

9) the name of the creator may stand for his creation
(We bougnt two Rembrands).

6. SYNECDOCHE

Synecdoche is the simplest kind of metonymic relations which can be called quantitative. It is when a part stands for the whole, or the whole stands for a part.

Synecdoche “Red Hood”, “Hands wanted”, “I am reading books.” These wheels will drive you at your pleasure.

7. ANTONOMASIA

Antonomasia is the use of a proper name for a common noun or vice versa. The examples of metonymic antonomasia are:

1) using the name of a famous personality for his characteristic feature;

2) using a geographical name where some event took place for the very event;

3) using the name of some establishment to denote its policy;

4) using geographical names for things that originated from there;

5) naming things for their inventors.

Metonymic antonomasia famous personality : He is the Napoleon of crime. event : He met his Waterloo. establishment : the White House. geographical name : china, champaign. inventors : Amper, Volt, Makintosh.

The examples of metaphoric antonomasia are:

1) using a proper noun for a common one. The proper name in this case expresses the most striking feature in the personage’s character;

2) using a common noun as a proper name. The proper name serves the man’s main characteristic.

Metaphoric antonomasia A proper name for a common noun : “Don Juan” for an amorous man; “Othello” for a jealous man. A common noun for a proper name : Bekky Sharp, Коробочка.

The appeal to imagination in metonymy is much weaker than in metaphor. Nevertheless, it is a powerful means of poetic expression because of its conciseness with which the metonymy can pick out one particular aspect of a complex things or idea making it easier to understand.