Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий

• Название: Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий
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FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1. STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

2. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE

3. PUBLICISTIC STYLE

A. Oratory and Speeches

B. The Essay

C. Articles

4. NEWSPAPER STYLE

A. Headlines

B. Advertisements and Announcements

5. BELLES-LETTER STYLE (FICTION)

A. Poetry

B. Emotive Prose

C. The Drama
Every idea can be expressed in different words. Everything depends on the situation. Depending on the situation, the English language developed different functional styles of the bookish language. A functional style is a system of expressive means and vocabulary serving a definite aim of communication. The target for a translator is not only to interpret the main ideas of the text in a different language, but also to keep the style of the text.

1. STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

The main function of this style is communicative, and it lies in expressing various possible relations between countries, governments, states, parties, and also companies of the state and its citizens.

There are various official documents like official statements, pacts, treaties, business and commercial correspondence, military orders, instructions, and etc.

The main features of the style of this type of documents are as follows:

1. 
   All words are used in their direct (logical) meaning. The language of documents abounds in cliches, terms and set phrases. They prove to be stable and permanent, some of them are archaic.
   
2. 
   There are many abbreviations, shortenings and symbols.
   
3. 
   Each official document is characterized by its compositional patterns. A form of an official document is usually suggestive of its contents. Business letters usually begin with the name, address of the sender, the date, the name and the address of the addressee. Treaties, pacts, statutes, charters are documents of a considerably large size, but they may consist of 2 or 3 sentences with many subordinate clauses, infinitival, gerundial, and participial constructions.
   

Official documents archaic words: on behalf of, hereinafter referred to as, in accordance with, in all respects, yours faithfully dreams abbreviations: et al., Ltd., CIF, MP

2. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE

The aim of a scientific work is to prove a hypothesis and to describe scientific laws and new phenomena.

The main features of this style are:

1. 
   the obligatory use of terms belonging to a branch of science, all other words are used in their direct meaning to avoid any ambiguity;
   
2. 
   a complete absence of dialectical and colloquial words;
   
3. 
   the selective use of pronouns. The first person plural (we) is preferred to the first person singular (I), the second person is hardly ever used at all (you);
   
4. 
   a logical sequence of clauses, complex sentences and a developed system of connectives (thus, hence, however, therefore, whereas);
   
5. 
   passive constructions and impersonal sentences are more favoured than the active constructions (it should be pointed out, it should be assumed).
   

An abstract is usually required for research publications in scientific journals. An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form.

As a rule, the main objectives to be reached in an abstract are as follows:

1. 
   tell readers what information the report, article, or paper contains;
   
2. 
   include the purpose, and methods of the report, article, or paper;
   
3. 
   provide results, conclusions, or recommendations;
   
4. 
   be short – from a paragraph to a page or two, depending upon the length of the original work being abstracted; usually informative abstracts are 10% or less of the length of the original piece;
   
5. 
   allow readers to decide whether they want to read the report, article, or paper.
   

The first one or two sentences of an abstract should provide a context for the specific study being presented.

A good approach is to briefly describe the larger scientific issues or questions that are motivating scientists to conduct his or her research.

Following a one or two sentence introduction, one should clearly and explicitly state the purpose of the study.

This can be done in a variety of ways, e.g., “The purpose of the study was…” , “This study attempted to answer the following questions… to test the hypothesis…”, “This study focused on the…”, “To better understand the mechanism of…” or “The aim of this study was to…”.

Following the statement of purpose, the general methodological approach should be described (if possible in one or two sentences).

In other words what major techniques did you use to find the results. Do not explain the how but rather the what. Major results should also be summarized in one or two sentences.

The abstract should conclude with at final sentence or two in which the significance or ramifications of the findings are briefly stated.

These final sentences should connect the findings with one or more of the larger ideas stated in the opening two sentences.