Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий

• Название: Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий
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3. PUBLICISTIC STYLE

Publicistic style exists in two forms: written and oral.

Essays and articles appear in written form; speeches, oratories appear in oral form.

The aim of the publicistic style is to influence the public opinion, to convince readers and listeners of something and make them accept the point of view expressed in the speech, article or essay. This can be reached both by logical argumentation and emotional appeal.

A. Oratory and Speeches

Their aim is to inform and convince the audience to evoke a desired reaction on its part and to stimulate it to some activity. The main features are:

1. 
   the direct address to the audience (ladies & gentlemen, honorable members);
   
2. 
   the use of contracted forms (I’ll, you’ve, he’s, don’t);
   
3. 
   the use of the 2^d person pronoun “you”;
   
4. 
   intonations, pronunciation & gestures are of great importance;
   
5. 
   the vocabulary comprises a great number of formal bookish words and terms;
   
6. 
   the excessive use of emotionally coloured language, stylistic devices which are mainly trite, not genuine (metaphors, similes, periphrasis, rhetorical questions, repetitions).
   

B. The Essay

It is a short prose composition on philosophical, aesthetic or literary subject.

The style of the essay depends on the author’s individuality. The main features are:

1. 
   moderate length;
   
2. 
   the use of the 1^st person of pronouns;
   
3. 
   the use of lexical stylistic devices;
   
4. 
   literary vocabulary;
   
5. 
   logical argumentation;
   
6. 
   the use of logical language of scientific fiction together with the emotional language of fiction.
   

C. Articles

The main aim of the articles is to interpret the news, to comment on the political & cultural events of the day, to explain and to convince the reader.

The style of an article depends on the newspaper or magazine chosen for its publication, and on the subject matter treated. In an article dealing with sociopolitical life we find a lot of bookish literary words, terms and abstract notions.

Literary reviews are richer in emotionally colored vocabulary and expressive means.

4. NEWSPAPER STYLE

The main aim of newspaper style is to give objective information.

It is achieved by brief news items, press-releases, informational articles, advertisements & announcements.

Numerous articles and essays on art, economics, politics, published in newspapers belong to publicistic style, they aim not so much at informing the reader as at convincing him and establishing a certain opinion.

The intermediate position between articles and essays is occupied by editorials, which bare both features of the publicistic and newspaper styles.

General features of the publicistic style are:

1. 
   newspaper language comprises a lot of abstract, economical and political words;
   
2. 
   it is characterized by newspaper phraseology and cliches; they help avoiding misunderstanding, because they are trite and widely used (to relax tension, a far-reaching effect);
   
3. 
   an extensive use of abbreviations contributes to conciseness of forms & expressiveness; abbreviations usually stand for geographical names and for the names of some well-known personalities; they are either deciphered in the text or are well-known to the reader;
   
4. 
   neologisms first appear in newspapers;
   
5. 
   lexical and syntactical stylistic devices - irony, pun, allusions - which are usually trite; vocabulary comprises different groups - slangy words, archaisms etc.;
   
6. 
   the syntax can be very complicated as the context is sometimes conveyed in 2-3 sentences.
   

5. BELLES-LETTER STYLE (FICTION)

The function of this style is two-fold:

• to communicate, to impart some ideas and facts to the reader;

• to appeal to the reader’s mind, to affect him emotionally.

Due to these common functions all the three styles have some common features which are as follows:

1. 
   fresh, genuine, imagery stylistic devices;
   
2. 
   the use of words in contextual meaning, and sometimes in several meanings at once;
   
3. 
   the vocabulary reflecting the author’s individual evaluation of events;
   
4. 
   the introduction of the typical features of the colloquial language; to a full degree in drama, to a lesser degree in prose, and to a slight degree, if any at all, in poetry.
   

QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #7

1. What types of official documents do you know?

2. What kind of words are usually used in official documents?

3. What is the compositional pattern of business letters?

4. Study the example of application letter in Supplement 7. Write down your own application letter for the position of your dream.

5. Study the example of cover letter in Supplement 9. Write down your cover letter for a cargo of petrochemical products shipped to the USA.

6. How can you characterize scientific prose style?

7. What is an abstract?

8. Study the structure of an abstract in Supplement 10.

9. Study sample abstracts in Supplement 11. Write down your own abstract.

10. What is publicistic style?

11. Study the phrases for giving a presentation in Supplement 12.

12. How can you characterize newspaper style?

13. How can you characterize fiction?
Lecture #8