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  • A. The Ballad Stanza

  • B. The Spenserian Stanza

  • D. The Sonnet

  • STANZA The Ballad

  • Italian Sonnet

  • The Ottava Rima

  • Humpty Dumpty

  • The Eve of St. Agnes

  • Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий


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    4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA


    Stanza is the term which is very often used to refer to a certain number of poetic lines.

    Stanza is any group of lines that is separated in the poem from other groups of lines. They do not always rhyme.

    In print one can identify a separate stanza by a blank line before and after a group of lines.

    In most cases the stanzas in a poem share a common structure, that is, the same rhyme-scheme.

    Two or more verse lines make a stanza (also called a strophe). It is characterized by a number of lines, type of metre, rhyming pattern. The main stanzas in English poetry are:

    A. The Ballad Stanza

    The Ballad stanza is a four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme (an abcb pattern). Assonance in place of rhyme is common.

    It consists of 4 lines; the 1st & the 3d lines are iambic tetrametres, the 2d and the 4th lines are iambic demetres; the rhyming pattern is abcb (abab);

    B. The Spenserian Stanza

    The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene.

    It consists of 9 lines; 8 lines are of iambic pentametre, 1 line is of iambic hexametre; the rhyming pattern is ababbcbcc;

    C. The Ottava Rima

    The Ottava rima is a rhyming stanza form of Italian origin. It was originally used for long poems on heroic themes. Its earliest known use is in the writings of Giovanni Boccaccio.

    It consists of 8 lines of iambic pentametre; the rhyming pattern is abababcc;

    D. The Sonnet

    The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term “sonnet” means “little song”.

    It consists of 14 lines of iambic pentametre; the rhyming pattern is abba abba cde cde (Italian) abab cdcd efef gg (Shakespearean);

    STANZA
    The Ballad:

    All in a hot and copper sky

    The bloody Sun, at noon,

    Right up above the mast did stand,

    No bigger than the Moon.
    (from “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by S.T. Coleridge)

    The Spenserian Stanza:

    Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome did maske,

    As time her taught, in lowly Shepheards weeds,

    Am now enforst a far unfitter taske,

    For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine Oaten reeds,

    And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds;

    Whose prayses hauing slept in silence long,

    Me, all too meane, the sacred Muse areeds

    To blazon broad emongst her learned throng:

    Fierce warres and faithfull loues shall moralize my song.

    (“The Faerie Queene” by Edmund Spencer)

    The Sonnet:

    Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)

    Admit impediments, love is not love (b)

    Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)

    Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)

    O no, it is an ever fixed mark (c)

    That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)

    It is the star to every wand'ring bark, (c)

    Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d)

    Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e)

    Within his bending sickle's compass come, (f)

    Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e)

    But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)

    If this be error and upon me proved, (g)

    I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g)

    (from William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116)

    Italian Sonnet:

    When I consider how my light is spent (a)

    Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b)

    And that one talent which is death to hide, (b)

    Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a)

    To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a)

    My true account, lest he returning chide; (b)

    "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b)

    I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)

    That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c)

    Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d)

    Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e)

    Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)

    And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d)

    They also serve who only stand and wait." (e)

    (from “On His Blindness” by Milton,)

    The Ottava Rima:

    "Go, little book, from this my solitude!

    I cast thee on the waters – go thy ways!

    And if, as I believe, thy vein be good,

    The world will find thee after many days."

    When Southey 's read, and Wordsworth understood,

    I can't help putting in my claim to praise –

    The four first rhymes are Southey's every line:

    For God's sake, reader! take them not for mine.

    (from “Don Juan” by Byron)

    QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #6


    1. What is rhyme?

    2. What is full rhyme?

    3. What is imperfect rhyme?

    4. What rhymes do the following groups of words have: great – late; hear the mellow wedding bells; rider – beside her; how now brown cow; strong – string?

    5. What is male rhyme?

    6. What is female rhyme?

    7. What is dactylic rhyme?

    8. What types of rhyme do you see in the following groups of words: spent – went; painted – acquainted; battery – flattery; pleasure – treasure?

    9. What is the difference between simple and dactylic rhyme?

    10. What patterns of rhyme can you distinguish?

    11. What is the pattern of the following rhyme: abba?

    12. What pattern of rhyme can you distinguish in the following popular nursery rhyme?
    Humpty Dumpty

    Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall;

    Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.

    All the King's horses and all the King's men

    Couldn't put Humpty together again!
    13. What are the four most popular English stanzas?

    14. What is the name of stanza used in the following poem?
    The Eve of St. Agnes

    ST. AGNES’ Eve—Ah, bitter chill it was!

    The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold;

    The hare limp’d trembling through the frozen grass,

    And silent was the flock in woolly fold:

    Numb were the Beadsman’s fingers, while he told

    His rosary, and while his frosted breath,

    Like pious incense from a censer old,

    Seem’d taking flight for heaven, without a death,

    Past the sweet Virgin’s picture, while his prayer he saith.

    (by John Keats (1795–1821))

    15. Read the monologue of Hamlet “To be or not to be” in Supplement 7. Learn it by heart.
    Lecture #7
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