Курс лекций по стилистике современного английского языка и вопросы к лекциям в приложении приведены материалы для практических занятий
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POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES1. EUPHONY A. Allliteration B. Assonance C. Sound Symbolism D. Rhythm E. Rhyme 2. METRE A. Trochee B. Iambus C. Dactyl D. Amphibrach E. Anapest Poetic expressive means and stylistic devices are aimed at producing a pleasant acoustic effect and arousing certain emotions of the reader or listener. They are based on the acoustic effect produced by the words and sentences. 1. EUPHONYEuphony is a combination of sounds producing a pleasant acoustic effect. It is achieved by alliteration, assonance, rhythm, rhyme and sound symbolism. Euphony is pleasing and harmonious, while cacophony is harsh and discordant. Alliteration'>A. Alliteration Alliteration is the recurrence of an initial consonant in two or more words, which either follow one another, or appear close enough to be noticeable. This device is very widely used in English – more often than in other languages – due to the fact that words in Old English were stressed on the first syllable. We can see it in poetry and prose, very often in titles of books, in slogans and in set phrases. Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant sound anywhere in a string of words, not just the initial sound as is in alliteration.
B. Assonance Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences, and together with alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building blocks of verse. For example, in the phrase “Do you like blue?”, the [‘oo’ (ou/ue)] sound is repeated within the sentence and is assonant. Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose.
C. Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism is the use of words, the sounds of which imitate noises and sound produced in nature by machines, animals, natural phenomena.
D. Rhythm Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. It is the pattern of interchange of strong (stressed) and weak (unstressed) syllables. If there is no regularity of segments, the text is classified as prose, if segments recur periodically, the text is classified as poetry. Thus, the most distinctive feature of poetry is not the recurrence of rhyming words, but the rhythm – rhyme is typical, but not indispensable. E. Rhyme Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry and songs. The word “rhyme” may also refer to a short poem, such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes. 2. METREIn poetry, the metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse meter, or a certain set of meters alternating in a particular order. Prosody is a more general linguistic term, that includes poetical metre but also the rhythmic aspects of prose, whether formal or informal. The scansion of a poem is the analysis of its metrical structure. Metre gives systematization of English verse and rhythm determined by the relationship between the stressed and unstressed syllables. The unit of measure of rhythm is called the ‘foot’. It is the smallest recurring segment of the line, consisting of one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed ones. The structure of the foot determines the metre, i.e. the type of poetic rhythm of the line. There are five basic feet in English poetry: A. Trochee The foot consists of two syllables, the first one is stressed. (duty, evening, honey, pretty) B. Iambus The foot consists of two syllables, the second one is stressed. (mistake, enjoy, again, behind) C. Dactyl The foot consists of three syllables, the first one is stressed, the subsequent two are unstressed. (wonderful, beautiful, certainly, dignity) Amphibrach'>D. Amphibrach The foot consists of three syllables, the first one is unstressed, the second one is stressed, the third one is unstressed. (returning, continue, pretending, umbrella) E. Anapest The foot consists of three syllables, the first two are unstressed, the third one is stressed. (understand, disagree, interfere)
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #51. What are poetic stylistic devices based on? 2. What is euphony? 3. What is alliteration and consonance? Give your examples. 4. What is assonance? Give your examples. 5. What is sound symbolism? Give your examples. 6. What is the rhythm? 7. What is rhyme? 8. What is metre? 9. What is a more general linguistic term for “metre”? 10. How do you call the analysis of the metrical structure of a poem? 11. How do you call the smallest recurring segment of the line? 12. How many types of feet are there in the English poetry? Name them. 13. What is the type of feet in the following line? To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. (Alfred Tennyson, "Ulysses") 11. Do the task in Supplement 6. 12. Choose two poems from Supplement 6 and learn them by heart. Lecture #6 |