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Практикум английский. Практикум Под редакцией И. Ю. Марковиной Москва "билингва" 2002 Марковина И. Ю., Громова Г. Е
Упражнение 33
А. Найдите конструкцию "Причастие II + инфинитив" в функции определения и определяемое слово. Та кая конструкция представляет собой сокращённый вариант придаточного определительного предло жения со "Сложным подлежащим" и сказуемым в страдательном залоге, полный вариант которого выглядит следующим образом:
Пример: Among the drugs known to trigger intestinal bleeding are aspirin and other salicylates. = Among the drugs which are known to trigger intestinal bleeding are aspirin and other salicylates. Переводить такие конструкции следует как прида точные определительные предложения, содержа щие "Сложное подлежащее". Б. Переведите предложения, применяя правила пе ревода конструкции "Сложное подлежащее" (см. упр. 32).
Among the illnesses known to trigger internal bleeding are peptic ulcers, colon
cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal parasites such as hook-worm.
In the 1960's Dr. Goldstein [,gDl(d)'stam] discovered and isolated a humoral
factor, believed to be a hormone from the thymus, which he named thymosin.
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The advent of antibiotics and the resultant development of resistant strains of
bacteria have introduced new types of pathogens little known or not previously
thought to be significantly dangerous to man.
Once thought to be a rare disease, Reye's syndrome is now listed among the ten
major causes of death in children over one year of age.
Once thought to be a rare disorder, primary hyperparathyroidism now ranks with
diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease as one of the most common endocrine
disorders.
Once thought to be a rare form of localized bone disease, this disorder is now
diagnozed more frequently because of newer diagnostic techniques, such as bone
scanning, and routine testing of plasma alkaline phosphatase.
It was discovered that certain vitamins thought to be simple were made up of
many different components, for example, the vitamin-B complex.
The first fluid found to be effective for perfusion of a heart was devised by an
English physician, S. Ringer fringa], and is still known as "Ringer's solution".
Cholesterol is a fatty substance thought to be part of the cause of heart disease if
there is too much of it.
10. The second of Bright's diseases is a hemorrhagic disease, believed to be caused by substances created by infections found elsewhere in the body.
Упражнение 34
A. Найдите конструкцию "Сложное подлежащее". Об
ратите внимание, что сказуемые в предложениях
выражены либо глаголом to be + прилагательное
(likely, sure, certain), либо рядом глаголов в дей
ствительном залоге: seem, appear, prove, happen,
turn out.
Б. На русский язык такие предложения переводятся согласно правилу: т. е. сказуемое передаётся не определённо-личным предложением или вводны ми словами, существительное становится подле жащим, а инфинитив - сказуемым русского пред ложения.
Например:
In molecular biology much is likely to become clear within the next decade.
Весьма вероятно, что многое в молекулярной био логии станет ясным в следующем десятилетии.
The appendix seems to have no function in humans.
По-видимому, аппендикс у человека не выполняет никакой функции.
B. Переведите предложения.
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The response to a given dose of a drug is likely to vary when it is given to
different persons.
Some twenty different amino acids occur in proteins and each protein molecule
is likely to contain all of them arranged in a variety of sequences.
Persons with 0-blood are sometimes called universal donors since their red cells
are unlikely to be agglutinated by the blood of any other groups.
Joints that move freely and easily are less likely to become injured than joints
that cannot move through a full range of motion.
Because most mutations occur during DNA replication, they are most likely to
involve cells that are undergoing cell division.
The amoeba appears to be the simplest possible living animal, an independent
cell with nucleus and cytoplasm but no permanent organelles.
In plants there does not appear to be antibody production, however, there is
native immunity to disease.
Ancient writers such as Galen ['geilan] (A.D. 130 — 200) recognized three principal
organs — the heart, the brain, and the liver — and often the liver seemed to be
the most important.
Children who for one reason or another happen to endure a shortage of vitamin
D have bones that do not properly ossify.
10. Vitamin D was formerly thought to stimulate the actual formation of bone, but it now appears to act only indirectly, by increasing the absorption of calcium from the food into the blood.
7.3 Сложное дополнение
Упражнение 35
А. Найдите в предложениях конструкцию "Сложное дополнение", которая состоит из существительно го в общем падеже (или местоимения в объектном падеже) и инфинитива с частицей to или без неё.
Пример: Some scientists consider bacteria to be plants. подлежащее сказуемое сложное дополнение Б. На русский язык такая конструкция переводится придаточным дополнительным предложением с союзами: "что", "чтобы", "как".Например: Some scientists consider bacteria to be plants. Некоторые учёные считают, что бактерии являют ся растениями. В. Переведите предложения.
Many investigators have considered the allergic response to be brought about by
an acquired sensitivity only to proteins.
We know hypofunction of the adrenals to cause a severe disease.
Close examination of the compact tissue shows it to be extremely porous.
Studies have shown massage to have positive effects on conditions from colic to
hyperactivity to diabetes to migraines.
A lack of insulin caused by diabetes mellitus makes the level of glucose in the
blood rise.
Most people have experienced how feeling nervous can make the hands and legs
tremble and the hearts beat faster.
The primary separation of blood cells using a centrifuge allows red blood cells,
blood platelets and granulocytes to be separated from each other.
Toxicity tests indicate the product to be completely harmless.
An insufficient supply of vitamin D in the body causes a person's bones to soften.
Insulin causes the glucose to be used for energy release or stored as glycogen in
the liver.
Enzymes are produced by living cells and cause particular chemical reactions to
happen while not being changed themselves.
The presence of food, especially fats, in the duodenum and hormonal influences
cause the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile to the common duct.
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The abscess breaks through the skin, allowing the pus to drain.
In response to an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids, the
respiratory rate increases, causing more dioxide to be released from the lungs.
The French philosopher Descartes [deikd:t] (1596—1650) believed the pineal
gland to be "the seat of the soul" but we now know it to be an endocrine gland
that has extensive influences on the body.
A nerve impulse travels as a wave of excitation down the nerve fiber and is
transmitted to the muscle, spreading over the fibers and causing them to con
tract.
Periodontitis is the inflammatory condition, which affects 10 per cent of the
world's population, destroys bone and connective tissue in the jaw, causing teeth
to fall out.
Sunlight can cause more melanin (the main pigment of the skin) to be produced,
which results in the skin changing color.
Remote controls used during robotic coronary bypass surgery require the surgeon
to sit a few feet from the patient. A monitor allows the other members of the
surgical team to watch how the operation is proceeding.
A chemical imbalance in a heart muscle can cause the heart to cease pumping
blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning.
Enzymes work by binding molecules so that they are held in a particular geometric
configuration that allows the reaction to occur.
In the past, to bleed someone was to make them lose blood, as a cure for an
illness.
7.4 Инфинитив-обстоятельство цели
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