Упражнение 5
А. Определите, какую функцию в предложении выпол няют выделенные слова и какой частью речи они являются.
Выпишите эти слова и поставьте обозначения: n - для существительного v - для глагола.
Найдите в словаре значения этих слов, ориентиру ясь на их принадлежность к той или иной части речи.
Б. Переведите предложения.
1. a) The skeleton is all the bones that make up a body.
b) Water can have in its chemical make-up some substances harmful to a man.
a) Many enzymes have different forms in different organs,
b) Cartilage forms the major part of bone in the very young.
a) The body changes carbohydrates into fats and stores them in that form,
b) These lymphocytes undergo certain changes in the thymus.
a) Leucocytosis means an increase in the normal number of leucocytes in the
blood.
b) The blood is the chief means of transport within the body.
5. a) An enzyme does not control the direction of the reaction.
b) Smooth muscles in blood vessels provide control over the distribution of blood and help regulate blood pressure.
a) Growth in height occurs as a result of maturation of the skeleton,
b) Hormonal deficiencies usually result in metabolic disturbances.
a) The announcement of the germ theory initiated the study of bacteria as causes
of some diseases.
b) At the beginning of systole contraction of the cardiac muscle causes a steep rise in pressure inside the chamber.
8. a) The cranium is the house where the brain resides.
b) The 29 vertebrae house in their central hollows the spinal cord.
9. a) Blood vessels course through every layer of bone and carry nutritive elements,
oxygen, and other products.
b) The onset, course, and duration of a fever vary with the cause.
10. a) Adults laugh an average of only 15 times per day, while children laugh an
average 400 times daily.
b) The biological clock in human beings times our periods of sleep and wakefulness and many body activities.
11. a) The heart functions as an effective pump.
b) The blood is a fluid tissue with many different functions.
12. a) A hormone travels through the bloodstream and exerts influence on cells,
tissues, and organs.
b) Many factors influence the activity with which drugs operate.
Упражнение 6
А. Пользуясь таблицей на стр.14, иллюстрирующей об разование времён английского глагола в действи тельном залоге, найдите сказуемое в каждом пред ложении и дайте его полную характеристику:
лицо, число
время
группа
Пример: has contributed - 3 лицо, ед. число
настоящее время (Present)
группа Perfect
Б. Переведите предложения.
Образование времён английского глагола
|
|
Время
|
|
в действительном залоге
|
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
|
Indefinite
|
V
Vs
|
V2
|
shall, IV will
|
Tenses (Группы
|
Continuous
|
am is } Ving are
|
was }Ving were
|
shall, will}beVmg
|
времён)
|
Perfect
|
have.V3
has
|
had V3
|
Sh^}have v3 will
|
|
Perfect Continuous
|
have . }beenVinq has
|
had been Ving
|
shall }have been Vinq will
|
The X-ray has contributed greatly to our knowledge of the physiology of the
digestive canal.
In the future people will live longer than today.
Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness.
Cellular responses center around the activities of T-lymphocytes.
Lymph is constantly moving around the body but the lymphatic system has no
central pump equivalent to the heart.
The internal ear houses the organs essential for hearing and equilibrium.
More and more men have been entering the nursing profession.
Lack of sufficient insulin results in diabetes.
Antibiotic drugs have greatly improved the treatment of abscesses.
People vary in their reaction to different antigens.
Doctors have been operating on fetuses since the early 1980s.
The use of X-rays equipment in hospitals began in the late 1890s.
Human activities are now causing damage to the ozone layer.
From the dawn of humanity, people have been using plants to cure their illnesses.
The gums cushion the teeth, while the jawbone firmly anchors the roots.
The size of the thoracic cavity is constantly varying with the movement of ribs
and the diaphragm.
Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 1)
Muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body: it accounts for some two fifths of
the body weight. Even at rest a muscle is not completely flabby. Continuous
activity of the nerve cells maintains a slight tension or tone, which causes no
movement. Several hereditary diseases affect the growth and function of muscles.
The two principal layers of the skin are the dermis with a rich network of blood
vessels and nerves, and the epidermis, a protective outer layer without blood
vessels. The skin is more than a waterproof jacket for the body. It is an active and
versatile organ of sensation and of adaptation to the environment.
Connective tissues create the internal framework of the body. The connective
tissue system supports and connects internal organs, forms bones and the walls
of blood vessels, attaches muscles to bones, and replaces tissues of other types
after injury. Fasciae are connective tissue layers that support and surround organs.
A layer of fascia is an effective barrier against the spread of infection through the
tissues.
The spleen is a fibrous sponge full of blood and lymphoid tissue. The ribs and
diaphragm generally protect the spleen from injury. It is an important element of
the reticulo-endothelial system, a community of cells that engulf and destroy
foreign matter, such as bacteria. When micro-organisms and their poisons are
circulating in the blood, the spleen generally enlarges.
Man has two kidneys, one at each side of the backbone between the thick muscles
of the back and the abdomen. The kidney has several functions. It excretes waste
material and water. It also helps to regulate the acidity of the body fluids. The
discovery of albumin in the urine usually indicates a faulty working of the kid
neys.
Proteins are essential ingredients of all living matter. They make up about 12 per
cent of the weight of the human body. A molecule of protein is a chain of several
hundred amino-acid molecules. The biological properties of a protein depend on
the exact sequence of different amino-acids in the chain (primary structure), their
orientation (secondary structure) and the shape of the chain as a whole (tertiary
structure). Small differences make for totally different proteins.
Water accounts for about 60 per cent of a man's body weight and 50 per cent of
a woman's. The difference is due to the average woman's larger proportion of fat,
which contains no water. The plasma of the blood contains rather more than 3
litres, and the tissue fluid about 12 litres. Together, these 15 litres make up the
extracellular fluid. Although the balance between blood, tissue fluid and cells
remain almost constant there is a rapid and continuous exchange of water between
them.
Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 1)
1. The liver is a solid organ of dark-brown colour and the largest gland in the
human body. It occupies the right-hand upper position of the abdominal cavity.
About four-fifths of the organ lies to the right of the middle line of the body. The
liver rests upon various abdominal organs, the right kidney and suprarenal gland,
the large intestine, the duodenum, and the stomach. Liver tissue consists of
thousands of tiny lobules.
The liver has many functions vital to the body. Of the liver's many digestive functions the production of bile and storage of glucose are particularly impor tant. The bile not only performs important functions in the process of digestion, but also serves as a vehicle for the excretion of waste products from the body. The liver has a double blood supply. The portal vein brings venous blood from the stomach, the intestines, and the spleen. The hepatic artery brings arterial blood. These two bring about 40 ounces (1,200 milliliters) of blood to the liver every minute.
The two lungs are a pair of elastic organs of respiration. They supply the body
with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood. The lungs extend from
the collarbone to the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity. They normally lie free
within the pleural cavities of the thorax except for the attachment by their roots
to the trachea and the heart by the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels
respectively. The two lungs are not quite mirror images of each other. The right
lung, which is the slightly larger of the two, has three lobes (upper, middle and
lower) and the left lung has only two lobes (upper and lower). Air enters each
lung through a large tube, or bronchus, which divides and subdivides into a
network of countless tubules, bronchioles. These tiny tubules lead to alveoli. The :
wall of an alveolus is a single layer of a cell. Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange
in the lungs. They form the respiratory surfaces and allow oxygen and carbon
dioxide to move in and out of the lungs. The spongy mass of the lungs contain
some 600,000,000 alveoli. We inspire more than 25,000 times a day and during
this time inhale around 16 kg of air.
In 1928 a British microbiologist, Frederick Griffith, was trying to develop a vac
cine against pneumonia. He was working with two different strains of the causative
bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. One strain was pathogenic, the other was
nonpathogenic. When Griffith injected dead cells of the pathogenic strain of S.
pneumoniae into a mouse, the mouse survived, because the dead bacteria were
unable to establish an infection in the mouse. However, when he injected a
mouse with living cells of the nonpathogenic strain together with dead bacteria
(neither of them could cause disease alone) the mouse died. Griffith reasoned
that genetic material from the dead bacteria had somehow entered the living
nonpathogens and transformed them into the pathogenic bacteria, Griffith had,
in fact, observed the movement of hereditary material from one cell to another.
The chemical that transmitted the hereditary information, which included ,
instructions on how to cause infection, leaked from the dead pathogens and
entered the living bacteria and caused the transformation of a nonpathogen to a
16
pathogen. Other scientists then began to investigate the specific substance. They were looking for the molecular basis of heredity. However, it remained a puzzle until 1944.
4. Scientific pathology really began in 1761 with the publication of Morgagni's collection of case histories in which doctors related patients' symptoms to disorders of particular organs. Under the influence of scientists, such as Hunter, pathology came to rely more and more on facts and less on philosophical speculations. The flood of pathological discovery in the 19th century came largely from microscopical examination. Pathology has come to deal with smaller and smaller units from a vague concept of the whole person to the study of particular organs, then tissues, then cells, and finally, molecules. Pathologists are now beginning to study disturbances of chemical reactions which determine the processes of disease. In the past, postmortem studies were the only possible way of learning about the nature of disease, and they are still very important for both research and teaching. But they reveal disease at a state where it is beyond the help of medicine. Thus pathologists described in great deal what had gone wrong with a patients's anatomy, but it had little to say about his physiology.
РАЗДЕЛ 2 Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
Упражнение 7
А. Пользуясь таблицей, иллюстрирующей образова ние страдательного залога времён английского глагола, найдите сказуемое в каждом предложе нии и дайте его полную характеристику:
лицо, число
время
группа
4)залог
Пример: is assisted
3 лицо, ед. число
настоящее время (Present)
группа Indefinite
страдательный залог (Passive)
Б. Переведите предложения.
Образование времён английского глагола
|
|
|
|
Время
|
|
|
в страдательном залоге
|
|
Present
|
|
Past
|
|
Future
|
Tenses (Группы времён)
|
Indefinite
|
am is are
|
}v3
|
was were
|
}v3
|
shall will
|
}beV3
|
|
Continuous
|
am is are
|
} being V3
|
was were
|
} being V3
|
|
—
|
|
Perfect
|
have has
|
}been V3
|
had
|
been V3
|
shall will
|
} have been V3
|
The surgeon is assisted by a large staff.
A date for the operation has been set.
The results of the operation will not be known for some weeks.
They have been warned of the possible complications.
The drug is being monitored for possible side-effects.
The first heart sound is followed after a short pause by the second.
Local inflammation is followed by various reactions in other parts of the body.
Quinine was formerly used to treat the fever symptoms of malaria, but it is not
often used now because of its side-effects.
Normal fibrous tissue is replaced by adipose tissue when more food is eaten than
is necessary.
18
The cells on the surface of the skin are constantly being replaced by new cells.
Patients are sometimes given placebo tablets and begin to feel better because
they believe that they had been given real drugs.
Over 70 works have been ascribed to Hippocrates [hi'pokrs'ti:z] (around 400
B.C.) and he is traditionally regarded as "the father of medicine".
Celsus ['selsas] (1st century A.D.) is particularly remembered for his account of
the signs of inflammation.
Herophilus [hi:'ro:fal9s] (335 — 280 B.C.), the founder of anatomy was followed
and his observations were extended by his pupil Erasistratus [.ere'sistratas] (310 —
250 B.C.), who was the founder of physiology.
Упражнение 8
А. Соедините две части предложений, согласуя их по смыслу и грамматически, то есть сказуемое (в пра вой колонке) должно соответствовать подлежаще му (в левой колонке) в лице и числе.
The 206 bony elements
Bone formation
The inner core of bones
The cranial bones of
a newborn child
The spinal column
The ends of long bones
The bones of the face
is dependent upon a proper supply of
calcium and phosphorus to the bone tissue.
are arranged round the openings for eyes,
nose and mouth.
is made up of bony vertebrae.
are not completely joined.
are covered by a thin layer of cartilage.
f) is composed of hematopoietic tissue.
g) are held in place by tough fibrous bands — ligaments.
Упражнение 9
А. Перепишите текст так, чтобы выделенные курси вом слова, которые выполняют функцию дополне ния, стали в предложениях подлежащими, а сказу емое - в соответствующей форме страдательного залога.
Б. Переведите написанный вами текст с учётом того, что пассивная конструкция английского глагола может передаваться на русский язык их активны ми эквивалентами.
Например: Пища измельчается зубами. Зубы измельчают пищу.
The teeth crush the food and the saliva moistens it. The muscular walls of the stomach break it down still further, while the gastric lining secretes juices to continue the process. The liver and pancreas secrete juices into the upper section of the smaller intestine, and these convert the food so that the body can assimilate it. In the intestine, tiny projections cover the walls, and these absorb the nourishment from the food. Here the body absorbs most of the liquid from the undigested food, and excretes the remainder as waste.
Упражнение 10
А. Определите время и залог сказуемого в каждом предложении.
Б. Переведите предложения.
The skeleton makes up about 18 per cent of the weight of the human body and
is made up of a little more than 200 individual bones.
Living organisms are affected by and affect the non-living world strongly.
Blood has been investigated intensively from the early days of biochemistry.
The lymph is continually being drained away from all over the body by a large
number of small lymph vessels.
The outlook for patients with hypertension has improved markedly in recent
years with the development of antihypertensive drugs.
Some organs are rapidly affected if the patient lacks oxygen for even a short
time.
An upper respiratory infection of the nose and throat is usually followed by
middle ear infections.
Several metabolic problems that affect many systems influence the growth and
the development of the skeletal system.
The organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continually being
recycled and renewed through the process of remodeling.
The last 50 years have witnessed remarkable achievements in cardiovascular
medicine and surgery.
Shock occurs when the metabolic needs of cells are not being met because of
inadeguate blood flow.
This view is now being challenged.
Epidemiologists are now looking for evidence that the virus is being passed from
person to person.
Before this century, experiments with transfusion often failed, with disastrous re
suits, owing to the fact that blood groups had not yet been discovered.
The chemistry of the brain is little understood but the evidence at least shows
that many mental disturbances are associated with and perhaps due to interference
with certain chemicals.
Acid rain is being blamed for rapid decay of old limestone buildings.
In the most severe forms of acute gastritis there is ulceration of the mucosa,
perforation of the stomach wall and peritonitis. Where there has been extensive
tissue damage, healing is by fibrosis, which reduces elasticity and peristalsis.
No good explanation of the mechanism of this phenomenon has ever been
advanced.
Упражнение 11
В соответствии с содержанием предложений употре бите глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в действительном или страдательном залоге.
Most vitamins ... (require) only in extremely small amounts, and each vitamin ...
(be) present in many different foods.
Synthetic and natural vitamins usually ... (have) the same biological value.
Some vitamins ... (occur) in inactive forms that... (not influence) chemical reactions.
Hopkins and Funk ... (develop) the vitamin theory of deficiency diseases.
As each new vitamin ... (discover) it ... (give) a letter.
Vitamin A ... (keep) the skin healthy and ... (help) produce mucous secretions
that ... (build) resistance to infection.
In vitamin A deficiency the epithelial tissues of many organs ... (affect).
Vitamin В deficiency ... (accompany) by poor growth, dermatitis, anemia, kidney
and adrenal lesions.
Several coenzymes of vitamin B12 ... (exist).
There ... (be) several forms of vitamin D.
Little ... (know) of the metabolic role of vitamin D.
In vitamin D deficiency there ... (be) a failure of deposition of calcium salts in the
cartilaginous matrix of the bones.
The body ... (require) only small amounts of vitamin D Which ... (provide) by a
balanced diet and normal exposure to sunlight.
Intestinal bacteria ... (manufacture) vitamin К in the body, and so deficiencies of
this vitamin rarely ... (result from) a poor diet.
Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 2)
The relation of microbes to disease was fully established by Robert Koch (1843 —
1910) Much of his work on bacteria was done while he was a general practitioner
in Prussia. Koch showed that specific human diseases are caused by specific
microorganisms. Most of the bacteria were identified by Koch or one of his many
pupils.
The immune system was not recognized as a separate system until recently
.Although evidence of immune protection was known in ancient times, the first
inkling of how immunity is caused came in 1884, when macrophages were first
observed. Since then, many different components of the system have been found.
Digestion comprises all the processes by which nutrients are liberated from food,
broken down into their chemical components by the action of enzymes and
21
absorbed by the body. In the foregut the food is taken in by means of the lips, teeth and tongue, chewed, lubricated with saliva and swallowed in single bits.
From the stomach, the chyme passes into the small intestine through the pyloric
sphincter. Much material is still undigested. Proteins have not been completely
broken down, starches are still being converted into simple sugars, and fats
remain in large globules. In the small intestine the process of digestion is completed
by the action of the bile, which is secreted by the liver and released by the gall
bladder, and by the action of various enzymes.
The body is continuously exposed to damage by viruses, bacteria, toxins and
chemicals, and foreign proteins of plant origin. These insults are received by the
skin, the respiratory system, and the digestive system. The skin suffers far more
injuries than the rest of the body. This organ is looked upon as an important
means that protects the tissues against mechanical, chemical and bacterial injuries,
Where protection against mechanical injury is particularly called for, the skin
develops thickness, as on the sole of the foot, and on the palms of the hand.
Most of the leukocytes, but not all, are manufactured in bone marrow along with
erythrocytes. They are formed in large quantities. The number of leukocytes in
the blood will rise or fall in response to certain abnormal conditions. A rise is
called leukocytosis and a fall is leukopenia. Before the discovery of antibiotics,
severe leukopenia was usually fatal.
Senile erythrocytes are phagocytosed and broken down in the reticular connective
tissue of the bone marrow and the spleen. Iron from the hemoglobin is temporarily
stored in the phagocytes of the reticular connective tissue as hemosiderin, which
in turn is broken down to ferritin, a molecular combination of six atoms of iron,
Ferritin is carried through the blood stream to the bone marrow. Here it is taken*
up by the reticular cells which eventually release it to the erythroblasts.
The thymus gland was given its name by Galen in the second century AD because
of its resemblance to a bunch of thyme flowers. The thymus gland is now established
as a vital part of the immunological system. Until 1960 the function of the thymus
was completely unknown. Certain relationship have been found between the
thymus and the transmissibility of leukemia in experimental animals. A great
deal has been written about the relationship of thymus enlargement to sudden
death in infants, particularly during anesthesia.
Thromboplastin is widely distributed in the body and is held securely in the
tissues and the platelets of the blood. It is the "trigger" mechanism which initiates
the clotting process. When there is a wound thromboplastin is liberated from the
tissues and the clotting process begins promptly. Excessive bleeding due to a
deficiency of thromboplastin is observed in patients with hemophilia.
10. Surgery of the brain has been performed since prehistoric times. Examinations of the skulls which had been operated upon give ample evidence that some who underwent such operations survived them for considerable periods of time. In fact such early operations were apparently carried out in all parts of the world, yet much evidence of them has been found in the North and Central America.
Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 2)
Medicine and pharmacology are two sciences which have changed a great deal
in recent times. Long ago, medicine was a guessing game. Medical care was
given by doctors, pharmacists, and even barbers! All of them experimented freely
on their patients, who often died as a result. Early pharmacists depended on
plant remedies which had been developed over the centuries. One popular remedy
during the Middle Ages was poppy juice, which contains opium (a narcotic).
Other remedies were animal fat and even crocodile blood, which was considered
a "cure" for poor eyesight. Other common practices were dangerous and sometimes
fatal. For instance, drilling a hole in the patient's skull. Perhaps this was done to
treat head wounds or to relieve pressure inside the head. People whose diseases
were "incurable" often looked for help from the spirit world, astrology, and magic.
Astrology, which was valued as a method of diagnosis, was even taught in many
medical schools. Medicine has become a reliable science only in recent times.
Even now, however, it still involves a certain amount of experimentation.
Evidence shows that the heartbeat originates in the S-A node and that alterations
in heart rate are governed by this node. Hence it has been named the "pacemaker"
of the heart. In a normal heart, when the contraction wave has spread through the
atria it stimulates the bundle of His which conveys the impulse to the ventricles.
By this means the ventricles are ready to contract just when they have been
filled. Conduction in the bundle of His takes about 1/6 second. There is no other
path for the impulse, because the muscle fibres of the atria and ventricles do not
communicate. Degeneration of the bundle fibres impairs or prevents conduction,
and some or all of the impulses fail to reach the ventricles.
РАЗДЕЛ 3
Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)
Упражнение 12
А. Пользуясь таблицей, определите время действия, описанного в придаточном предложении: "до", "одновременно" или "после" действия, описанного в главном предложении.
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
|
|
They said that...
|
|
главное предложение
|
(сказуемое в Past Indefinite) (Они сказали, что ...)
|
придаточное предложение (глагол-сказуемое выражает действие, соотнесённое с действием, выраженным глаголом -сказуемым главного предложения)
|
they had worked in the laboratory the week before.
|
they worked in the laboratory.
|
they would work in the laboratory the next month.
|
|
Past Perfect
(had + V3) предшествующее действие:
они работали в лаборатории на прошлой неделе.
|
Past Indefinite
(V2) одновременное действие:
они работают в лаборатории.
|
Future in the Past
(would + V) будущее действие:
они будут работать в лаборатории в следующем месяце.
| Б. Переведите предложения.
Leonardo da Vinci [h:a'na:do de 'vintji:] (1452— 1519) suggested that blood left
the heart by the arteries and returned by the veins.
Erasistratus [.era'sistratas] (3rd century B.C.) taught that nerves were hollow and
acted by transmitting vital spirit.
Vesalius [vi'seili:as] (1514— 1564) found anatomy more or less where Galen ['geilsn]
(A.D. 130-200) had left it. He told his students that they would learn anatomy
only by doing their own dissections, not from books or lectures.
Haller [Ъа:1э] (1708— 1777) proved that some nerve fibres carried impulses from
the central nervous system which stimulated the muscles, while others carried
sensory impulses to the brain.
Jenner ['dзеner] (1749— 1823) took up a popular belief that people who had had
cow-pox were safe from smallpox. He hoped that there would be no more smallpox
all over the world.
Schwann [jwa:n] (1810— 1882) made the important discovery that animals were
composed of living cells. He showed that the fundamental unit was not the
tissue, but the cells that composed it.
24
Pasteur [pa:s'ta:] (1822—1895) proved that fermentation depended on living
microbes. He showed that fermentation, putrefaction and infection were all due
to contamination by microbes.
Andral faendrel] calculated the proportions in which the major elements of blood
existed in health and in illness, and described circumstances which changed the
quantitative relationship of these elements to each other.
Тексты
для тренировочного и контрольного перевода
(к разделу 3)
In 1876 Ross (1857 — 1932) made up his mind that he would master his medical
course and qualify for an interesting job in India. He learned that millions of
India's people were dying from malaria. In 1897 Ross proved that malaria was
transmitted by mosquito bites. He discovered that when a mosquito bit a person
it did not only suck his blood, but also injected the fluid containing the malaria
parasite. In later years Ross was known as "Malaria Ross", the man who showed
how malaria was carried and how it could be prevented.
Banting (1891 — 1941) began to think that possibly the Islets of Langerhans had in
them something which was valuable to the human body. Doctors had long teen
studying diabetes. They knew that the pancreas had some influence on the way
which sugar was used in the human body. But none of them thought that the
islets of Langerhans were the really important part of the pancreas. Banting went
to the University of Toronto. Dr. Maclead told him about the work that had been
done on this problem of pancreas and said that during the summer part of the
laboratory would be unused and Banting would be allowed to have ten dogs for
his work. He would also have a student to help him. In 1922 Banting and Best
isolated insulin.
РАЗДЕЛ 4 Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
Упражнееие 13
А. Найдите ядро каждого предложения, где состав ное сказуемое включает модальный глагол и ин финитив в активной или пассивной форме без ча стицы to.
Б. Переведите предложения.
Food must undergo certain changes before it can be of any service to the cell.
The cell may be best pictured as a self-sufficient chemical factory.
Spleen is soft and cannot be felt on abdominal examination when normal in size,
consistency and position.
Organ such as the heart must be transplanted as soon after death of donor as
possible; skin, corneas, bone and some blood fractions, however, can be stored.
People with back trouble should not lift heavy weights.
The body could not cope with an excess of blood sugar.
The eye muscles, or the nerves which supply them, may be affected by disorders
which arise later in life.
Any person who is taking corticosteroid drugs or who has previously had a
severe reaction to the same vaccine should not be vaccinated.
Healthy bones cannot be built without calcium salts, and the body cannot utilize
these salts in the absence of vitamin D.
Blood donors must meet certain requirements of age, health and weight.
All physicians find that there can be no end to their education — they must keep
up with new developments.
The movement of food in the large intestine can be followed by giving a patient
a meal of some opaque substance, such as barium sulphate and taking a series of
X-ray photographs afterwards.
13. What characteristics must good surgeon have? Surgeons need good eye-hand coordination, manual dexterity, and the physical stamina.
A wide variety of other systems may be damaged by the rheumatoid process.
Backache can result from bad posture, a soft bed or muscle strain, but it can also
be caused by rheumatism, typhoid fever and osteoarthritis.
The disinfectant must be diluted in four parts of water before it can be used on
the skin.
The ointment should only be used externally.
Anaemia, from whatever cause, if of sufficient severity and duration may cause
heart failure.
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Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 4)
The bony structures must be regarded as active store-houses of mineral matter.
When the need arises the body can draw upon bones for constituents like lime
and phosphates. Under certain conditions the bones indeed may give up so much
of their mineral matter that they become soft and can no longer function as an
effective framework.
Each organ system of the body may be attacked by a number of diseases. These
diseases have certain things in common no matter which organ is affected. Other
symptoms and signs may be particular to the individual organ. The central nervous
system may be attacked by the same diseases as other organs. Because the nervous
system controls the working of the body in so many ways, diseases may affect not
only a part of the system but also another part of the body.
By itself, a virus is a lifeless particle that cannot reproduce. But inside a living
cell, a virus becomes an active organism that can multiply hundreds of times.
Most viruses can be seen only with electron microscope. Virologists demonstrated
in the early 1900's that viruses could cause cancer in animals.
Pain in the abdomen may be caused by a variety of conditions. Within the abdomen
there are vital organs of the body which can be the source of pain when something
goes wrong. In addition, pain may be "referred" to the abdomen from organs
elsewhere in the body, for example, pneumonia may sometimes cause abdominal
pain, as may a heart attack. In fact, locating the cause of pain in the abdomen
may be a difficult job for the physician.
The muscular wall, or septum, which runs down the centre of the heart divides it
into two sides: the right heart and the left heart. There is no connection between
the two sides. Each side must perform different work. Thus, the heart may be
called a dual pump. It must receive the venous blood and send it into the lungs
for fresh oxygen. This is done by the right side of the heart. The left side must
receive blood from the lungs and pump it out into the body.
The patient who is taking nitroglycerin should keep the medication at hand at all
times. It should be kept in a tightly closed, dark, glass container, free from heat
and moisture. The drug is not addicting and there is no limit to the number that
may be taken in a 24-hour period; however, no more than three tablets should be
taken at 5 minute intervals during an attack. If no relief is obtained 15 minutes
after the third tablet is taken, the physician should be notified immediately.
Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 4)
1. Heart attack is diagnosed most readily by means of an electrocardiograph. This machine records patterns of electrical activity of the heart and can detect changes in activity that are associated specifically with heart attack.
Once they have been hospitalized, heart-attack victims can be helped in a number of ways. For example, in some cases further damage to the heart can be prevented by dissolving the clot that caused the attack. Injections of substances, such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator are used for this purpose. In many hospitals heart-attack victims are routinely admitted to specialized coronary care units. In these units the electrical rhythm of the heart is monitored continuously, and arrythmias (abnormal rhythms) can be treated promptly.
If the heartbeat rate falls too low, a temporary pacemaker may help. The pacemaker is inserted into a vein and moved to the right ventricle, where its electrical impulses stimulate the heart to beat more quickly. Similarly, catheters for monitoring blood pressure may be inserted into a vein.
2. Another method of artificial respiration which has now found favour is known as "mouth-to-mouth respiration". The principle on which this method is based is that expired air from the resuscitator's lungs is breathed into the patient's lungs. It is important that there should be an air-tight seal between the two mouths and that the patient's nostrils should be closed by the resuscitator's hand. The patient's head should be held back and care should be taken to ensure that the patient's tongue does not obstruct the air-way. The resuscitator must also guard against the use of excessive force because this might propel sea water or vomit back into the patient's lungs. He should bear in mind that although he himself will have to breathe more deeply than is his custom he must not overdo this. If he does he might easily faint himself.
ЧАСТЬ 2 Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
ДЕФИНИЦИИ:
Participle (причастие) — неличная форма глагола, которая обладает как
признаками глагола, так и свойствами прилага тельного и наречия.
Gerund (герундий) — неличная форма глагола, которая обладает как
признаками глагола так и некоторыми признака ми существительного.
Infinitive (инфинитив) — неопределённая форма глагола, которая отвечает
на вопросы "что делать?", "что сделать?".
ФУНКЦИИ НЕЛИЧНЫХ ФОРМ ГЛАГОЛА В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
Обозначения: 0 — выполняет функцию 0 — входит в состав
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1. Participle I Active
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2. Participle I Passive
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3. Participle I Perfect Active
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4. Participle I Perfect Passive
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5. Participle II
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6. Gerund
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7. Infinitive
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РАЗДЕЛ 5 Причастие (The Participle)
5.1 Причастие I в функции определения
Упражнение 14
А. Найдите причастие I (Ving), выполняющее функцию определения, которое может стоять как до, так и после определяемого существительного.
Пример: Pulsating heart is a pump distributing to the brain and all other parts of the body important substances.
Б. Переведите предложения с причастием I в функ ции определения, которое в русском языке соот ветствует причастию действительного залога.
Например: pulsating heart - пульсирующее сердце
The lining membrane of the lung secretes mucus.
Aspirin can have an irritating effect on the lining of the stomach.
The working muscle needs more oxygen and gives off more carbon dioxide than
the resting muscle.
The liver is the major detoxicating organ in the body.
The fluid escaping from blood soon clots.
Blood arriving in the lungs from the body has a high concentration of carbon
dioxide in it.
The white blood cells include a variety of cells differing in structure, shape and
functions.
Sodium is a major factor determining blood volume and blood pressure.
No evidence supporting this hypothesis has yet been described.
Chyme entering the duodenum is acid in reaction because it has been mixed
with the acid gastric juice.
Certain diseases occuring in various tissues have been recognized as potentially
dangerous because of the occasional development of cancer on this background.
The processes taking place in the large intestine are due mostly to the millions of
bacteria living there.
Inflammation involving the mucosal and smooth muscle layers of the respiratory
tract plays a major role in the development of acute asthmatic bronchospasm.
In addition to the digestive glands existing in the walls of the canal there are two
large glandular organs lying outside it and pouring their secretion into it by their
ducts; these are the liver and the pancreas.
As the smallest units retaining the fundamental properties of live, cells are the
"atoms" of the living world.
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