Примеры тестовых заданий (ситуаций)
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Примеры тестовых заданий (ситуаций)Match the beginnings of the phrases with their continuations or fill in the gaps: 1 Articulatory phonetics studies how the different structures of the vocal tract interact to create the specific sounds. the physics of speech sounds how sounds are identified by the brain contrasts in sound which make differences of meaning within language Acoustic phonetics studies how the different structures of the vocal tract interact to create the specific sounds. the physics of speech sounds how sounds are identified by the brain contrasts in sound which make differences of meaning within language Auditory phonetics studies how the different structures of the vocal tract interact to create the specific sounds the physics of speech sounds how sounds are identified by the brain contrasts in sound which make differences of meaning within language Phonetics studies contrasts in sound which make differences of meaning within language all possible speech sounds how the different structures of the vocal tract interact to create the specific sounds the physics of speech sounds Phonology studies contrasts in sound which make differences of meaning within language all possible speech sounds how the different structures of the vocal tract interact to create the specific sounds the physics of speech sounds Two small bands of elastic tissue that lie opposite each other across the air passage are called LARYNX VOCAL TRACT VOCAL CORDS GLOTTIS called All the positions and movements of the speech organs necessary to produce a speech sound are ARTICULATIONS VOCAL TRACT VOCAL CORDS GLOTTIS Four principal questions for English vowels are 1 Place 2 Closure 3 Larynx 4 Nose 1 Height 2 Place 3 Lips 4 Tongue Root 1 Length 2 Height 3 Place 4 Lips 1 Length 2 Height 3 Place 4 Stability of articulation Four principal questions for English consonants 1 Place 2 Closure 3 Larynx 4 Nose 1 Height 2 Place 3 Lips 4 Tongue Root 1 Length 2 Height 3 Place 4 Lips 1 Length 2 Height 3 Place 4 Stability of articulation An abstract linguistic unit which is realized in speech in the material form of its variants is called a phoneme an allophone a syllable an utterance The opposition /p/ versus /f/ like in PAIR-FAIR is called a PHONOLOGICAL OPPOSITION. a ZERO OPPOSITION a minimal pair a minimal set The opposition /p/ versus /-/ like in PAIR-AIR is called a PHONOLOGICAL OPPOSITION. a ZERO OPPOSITION a minimal pair a minimal set The pair of words which differ in only one speech sound is called a PHONOLOGICAL OPPOSITION. a ZERO OPPOSITION a minimal pair a minimal set IDIOLECTAL variations are caused by historical tendencies in certain localities are caused by the phonetic positions and phonetic environment embrace the individual peculiarities of articulating sounds caused by the shape of the speaker’s speech organs and by his articulatory habits are caused by the speaker’s educational background DIAPHONIC variations are caused by historical tendencies in certain localities are caused by the phonetic positions and phonetic environment embrace the individual peculiarities of articulating sounds caused by the shape of the speaker’s speech organs and by his articulatory habits are caused by the speaker’s educational background ALLOPHONIC variations are caused by historical tendencies in certain localities are caused by the phonetic positions and phonetic environment embrace the individual peculiarities of articulating sounds caused by the shape of the speaker’s speech organs and by his articulatory habits are caused by the speaker’s educational background The FORMAL (DISTRIBUTIONAL) method attaches great significance to meaning is based on the rule that allophones of different phonemes can freely occur in one and the same position deals with identification of the phonologically relevant features of every phoneme. deals with the description of the interrelations among the phonemes of a language The SEMANTIC method attaches great significance to meaning is based on the rule that allophones of different phonemes can freely occur in one and the same position deals with identification of the phonologically relevant features of every phoneme. deals with the description of the interrelations among the phonemes of a language The 2nd problem in phonological analysis attaches great significance to meaning is based on the rule that allophones of different phonemes can freely occur in one and the same position deals with identification of the phonologically relevant features of every phoneme. deals with the description of the interrelations among the phonemes of a language The 3rd problem in phonological analysis attaches great significance to meaning is based on the rule that allophones of different phonemes can freely occur in one and the same position deals with identification of the phonologically relevant features of every phoneme. deals with the description of the interrelations among the phonemes of a language The allophone of /t/ in TEA is nasally exploded, alveolar laterally exploded, alveolar unexploded, alveolar (glottal stop) plosive, aspirated, alveolar The allophone of /t/ in LITTLE is nasally exploded, alveolar laterally exploded, alveolar unexploded, alveolar (glottal stop) plosive, aspirated, alveolar The allophone of /t/ in KITTEN is nasally exploded, alveolar laterally exploded, alveolar unexploded, alveolar (glottal stop) unexploded, dental The allophone of /t/ in OUTCOME is nasally exploded, alveolar laterally exploded, alveolar unexploded, alveolar (glottal stop) unexploded, dental The allophone of /t/ in EIGHTH is nasally exploded, alveolar laterally exploded, alveolar unexploded, alveolar (glottal stop) unexploded, dental The phonological analysis gives us a total of (26) … consonantal phonemes in English, of which … are of restricted occurrence. 26 22 24 44 20 27 4 5 6 7 All English diphthongs are monophonemic biphonemic central diphthongs closing diphthongs Diphthongs which end with a glide towards the schwa vowel are monophonemic biphonemic central diphthongs closing diphthongs Diphthongs which end with a glide towards a higher position in the mouth are monophonemic biphonemic central diphthongs closing diphthongs Phonologically relevant features distinguish one allophone from all the other allophones of the phoneme distinguish one phoneme from all the other phonemes of the language. distinguish allophones from phonemes distinguish phonemes from letters of the alphabet Phonologically irrelevant features distinguish one allophone from all the other allophones of the phoneme distinguish this phoneme from all the other phonemes of the language. distinguish allophones from phonemes distinguish phonemes from letters of the alphabet When adjacent sounds become more like each other in connected speech it’s… elision reduction assimilation linking When sounds are left out in connected speech it’s… elision reduction assimilation linking When an unrelated sound is inserted between the words to ease the transition from one sound to another in connected speech it’s… elision reduction assimilation linking The examples of progressive assimilation are: TEN BALOONS /tem/, BRIDGE SCORE /ʃ kɔ / TODAY /t’dei/ WON’T SHE /wәʊ nʧ i/, D’YOU /ʤ u:/ The examples of regressive assimilation are: TEN BALOONS /tem/, BRIDGE SCORE /ʃ kɔ / TODAY /t’dei/ WON’T SHE /wәʊ nʧ i/, D’YOU /ʤ u:/ The examples of mutual assimilation are: a) TEN BALOONS /tem/, BRIDGE SCORE /ʃ kɔ / TODAY /t’dei/ WON’T SHE /wәʊ nʧ i/, D’YOU /ʤ u:/ The example of intrusive /r/ is… forget it for yesterday’ dinner for an hour or so an idea of it The example of linking /r/ is… forget it for yesterday’ dinner for an hour or so an idea of it The three linking sounds are /t, d, h/ /r, j, w/ /ә, m, r/ /p, t, k/ The three sounds which are likely to be elided are /t, d, h/ /r, j, w/ /ә, m, r/ /p, t, k/ Weak vowels are lost after /t, d, h/ /r, j, w/ /ә, m, r/ /p, t, k/ Which variant is likely to be pronounced in rapid speech? LOOKED BACK /lʊ k bæk/ LOOKED BACK /lʊ kt bæk/ LOOKED BACK /lʊ kid bæk/ LOOKED BACK /lʊ kd bæk/ In DYNAMIC stress prominence is achieved through the changes in the quantity of vowels special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change of pitch the stressed vowel is made prominent due to its clear and distinct character special prominence is achieved through the increased loudness In MUSICAL, or TONIC stress prominence is achieved through the changes in the quantity of vowels special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change of pitch the stressed vowel is made prominent due to its clear and distinct character special prominence is achieved through the increased loudness In QUANTITATIVE stress prominence is achieved through the changes in the quantity of vowels special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change of pitch the stressed vowel is made prominent due to its clear and distinct character special prominence is achieved through the increased loudness In QUALITATIVE stress prominence is achieved through the changes in the quantity of vowels special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change of pitch the stressed vowel is made prominent due to its clear and distinct character special prominence is achieved through the increased loudness The stress on the first (root) syllable, as in words FATHER, MOTHER, HUSBAND is the feature of RESTRICTED recessive accent UNRESTRICTED recessive accent GENINELY RHYTHMICAL stress HYSTORICALLY RHYTHMICAL stress The stress on the second (root) syllable of native English words with a prefix which has lost its meaning: AMONG, BECOME, FORGET is the feature of RESTRICTED recessive accent UNRESTRICTED recessive accent GENINELY RHYTHMICAL stress HYSTORICALLY RHYTHMICAL stress The stress in such words as RADICAL, FAMILY, CINEMA is RESTRICTED recessive accent UNRESTRICTED recessive accent GENINELY RHYTHMICAL stress HYSTORICALLY RHYTHMICAL stress The stress in such words as PRO,NUNCI’ATION, E,XAMI’NATION is RESTRICTED recessive accent UNRESTRICTED recessive accent GENINELY RHYTHMICAL stress HYSTORICALLY RHYTHMICAL stress The stress mark in the word exami'nation indicates primary stress secondary stress tertiary stress weak stress In the word Flap “fl” is… onset rhyme nucleus coda The obligatory part of the syllable is onset rhyme nucleus coda |