Примеры тестовых заданий (ситуаций)
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Phonotactics is rules of combining syllables into words rules of combining phonemes into syllables rules of combining phonemes into words rules of combining words into utterances There are … syllable patterns in English 21 15 23 16 The most frequent syllable pattern in English is V VC CVC CCVC In the words ANTS the syllable is open closed covered uncovered … states that there are as many syllables in a word as there are chest pulses. The expiratory theory The relative sonority theory The muscular tension theory The loudness theory The main communicative unit which is characterized by semantic entity in which prosodic features are actualized is the rhythmic group the intonation group the utterance the syllable The variations in the pitch of the voice which take place with voiced sounds is the utterance stress the pitch range the pitch level the pitch component of intonation … is produced by a sharp change of pitch direction, or by variations in duration, or both. A silent pause A pause of perception A voiced pause A filled pause A supraphrasal unity is an unexpanded simple utterance a short text a set of utterances a combined tune A combined tune is an intonation-group corresponding to a grammatical sentence an utterance composed of more than one intonation-group an unexpanded simple utterance a set of utterances … is the standard pronunciation adopted by native speakers as the right and proper way of speaking. A local dialect The orthoepic norm The notation system A social dialect Less than … % speak RP in its pure form now. 1 2 3 4 RP is associated with the … of England north-west south-west south-east north-east Which three main types are distinguished within RP itself: standard, local, regional conservative, general, advanced standard, conservative, regional conservative, general, local When RP consonants / ð / and / θ / are realized in Cockney accent as /v/ and /f/, making the consonantal system 2 consonants fewer it’s called systemic differences distributional differences realizational differences lexical differences When in RP /r/ is restricted to occurring in pre-vocalic position, but in some other accents occurs preconsonantly and prepausally, it’s called systemic differences distributional differences realizational differences lexical differences When /ei/ is realized as a long /e:/, e.g. PLAY /ple:/, it’s called systemic differences distributional differences realizational differences lexical differences When the system of the phonemes is the same, but the incidence of phonemes in words is different, it’s called systemic differences distributional differences realizational differences lexical differences … is perceived as a compromise between popular London usage and Received Pronunciation. Geordie Scouse Cornish Estuary … is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. Pidgin Creole Cornish Estuary … is a well-defined and stable language learned by the children of a community as a native language that had been originated from a combination of two or more languages. Pidgin Creole Cornish Estuary In RP the diphthong /oʊ / has changed its quality and became … , its starting point now is a mid- central unrounded vowel, instead of back and rounded. /æ/ /o/ /әʊ / / aʊ / Accents which reflect the highest degree of local distinctiveness, the lowest social class, the maximal degree of difference from RP are called … local dialects social dialects RP broad accents Characteristic feature of … is frequent prominence given to prepositions and auxiliary verbs normally unstressed in RP. Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American In … /ɑ :/ is fronted compared with RP /ɑ :/ and it approximates to / æ / in words which do not contain "r" in spelling (e.g. "glass", "after"), Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /ɜ :/ is not used in …, instead of RP /ɜ :/ they use the sequences /ir/, /er/ or /ʌ r/ Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /r/ in … is retroflexive, i.e. the tip of the tongue is curled back Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /t/ is voiced between a vowel and a sonorant or between two vowels in… Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /u/ is used instead of /au/ (e.g. "down" /dun/) in … Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American / ǝ ʊ / is pronounced as a monophthongal / ɔ :/ (e.g. "go", "home") in … Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /e/ or are pronounced instead of /ei/ (e.g. "may", "say", "take") in … Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /r/ is an alveolar flap not only between and before vowels, as in "hurry" and "brown", but also after vowels, as in "word" in … Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American A voiceless labiovelar fricative /m/ is used in … to distinguish between "which" and "witch", e.g. /hwiʧ / for which Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American /ʃ / is voiced in words like "excursion" lʒ nl,"version" /ʒ n/ in … Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American In … there appears a backlingual fricative /x/, which resembles the corresponding Russian sound Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American L-vocalization, so that MILK is [miwk] or [miok] is in … Estuary English the Northern accent the Scottish accent General American … is a visual system of notation of the sound structure of speech. The orthoepic norm The prosodic notation system The transcription The alphabet … is a notation system of prosodic phenomena. The orthoepic norm The prosodic notation system The transcription The alphabet Different ways of pronunciation caused by extralinguistic factors and characterized by definite phonetic features are called … dialects phonetic styles accents supraphrasal unities The main circumstances of reality that cause phonetic modifications are called… phonetic styles speech characteristics phonetic style-forming means extralinguistic factors Phonetic features that enable the native speaker to distinguish between different styles of pronunciation are called… phonetic styles speech characteristics phonetic style-forming means extralinguistic factors The practice of alternate use of two languages is called… interference bilingualism assimilation prosodic interference The result of interaction and mutual influence of the language systems being in contact is called… interference bilingualism assimilation prosodic interference. Deviations from the prosodic norm of a language which result from the influence of the other language are called… interference bilingualism assimilation prosodic interference Interference takes place in … levels of language. phonetic, grammatical and lexical grammatical and lexical phonetic and lexical phonetic and grammatical Контрольные вопросы для проведения текущего контроляAnswer the following questions using one-word / phrase answers. 1. How do we call the Phoneme Theory introduced by Daniel Jones? 2. [r], [w], [j], [m], [n], [N], are termed ... “desks, pens” illustrate the examples of ... assimilation. A complete loss of sounds, both vowels and consonants is called ... A group of words which are put together according to sense is called ... A sequence of words spoken in a single breath, a stretch of speech which has describable melody is called . A unit of spoken message larger than a single sound and smaller than a word is called ... A variant of the language that includes differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation is called . Give the definition of diphthongs. Give the definition of the phenomenon of adaptation (assimilation). Give the definition of the syllable. Give the most appropriate definition of the phoneme. Give the name of the founder of phonology. How do we call the function of the phoneme which is revealed in the example: He was heard badly - He was hurt badly. People engaged in the study of phonetics are called ... How do we call the property of English vowel sounds which depends on the character of the articulatory transition from a vowel to a consonant? How many consonant phonemes are there in English? How many general principles of vowel articulation do you know? Is the following statement true? “A phoneme may consist of several allophones”. Name the groups of languages differentiated according to the place of word stress. Name the types of diphthongs defined by L. V. Scerba. People engaged in the study of phonology are called ... Phonetics whose domain is the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and texts is called . 11 Prof. L. V. Scerba pointed out 2 types of pronunciation. They are: ... Sentence Stress is based on 4 principles such as ... Structurally, the most common types of the syllable in English are ... The adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant in a speech chain is called . The amount of perceptual prominence given to particular words / syllables in an utterance is called . The articulation of one sound, pronounced separately, can be analysed into three phases: ... The basic component of the phonic substance of language is called ... The English vowel system consists of ... vowel phonemes. The main features of the phoneme which make it functionally different from all other phonemes of the language are called ... The majority of British and Russian linguists usually distinguish such degrees of stress in the word as . The modifications of sounds which are noticeable in the interchanges of VC or CV types are called . The part of phonetics which is concerned with individual sounds is called ... The part of phonetics which is concerned with the study of the phonetic structure of one language only, in its static form, at a particular period is called . The part of phonetics which is mainly concerned with the functioning of phonetic units in the language is called . The pronunciation standard of British English is called ... There are four branches of Phonetics according to the aspects of speech sounds. They are: ... There are three principal methods of investigation used in Phonetics. They are: There are two possible varieties of vowels according to the stability of articulation: ... There are two types of the pronunciation errors: ... Variations in pitch, prominence, and tempo are called ... What are the main components of intonation? What are the main Phonological Schools? KeysAtomic theory Sonorants Progressive assimilation Elision A breath / sense group A syntagm (an intonation group) A morpheme Dialect Diphthongs are usually defined as vowels consisting of two distinct elements forming one syllable: the two elements are closely blended with one another. The phenomenon of adaptation (assimilation) - the speech organs adjust themselves to make a more convenient transition from one articulation to another, they display, as it were, a certain "economy" of effort. The syllable is one or more speech sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a commonly recognized subdivision of a word or the whole of a word [Wells 2000: 758]. The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds opposable to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words (by Shcherba + Vassilyev). The phoneme comprises material, real and objective features and at the same time distinctive abstractional and generalized ones (because it represents all the relevant features which are present in all the allophones of the phoneme). It exists in the material form of speech sounds (allophones). Phonemes are linguistically important, for their function in a language is to distinguish words and morphemes from one another. Phonemic variants have no distinctive function as such. Trubetskoy Distinctive function Phoneticians 12 Checkness 24 consonants 18. 4 Yes Languages with a fixed stress / a free stress / a shifting stress True, false (falling and rising) Phonologists Suprasegmental phonetics Full, colloquial Musical, dynamic, qualitative, quantitative VC, CVC Assimilation Sentence stress On-glide, detention, off-glide Phoneme 20 vowels Distinctive / relevant Primary, secondary, weak Accommodation Segmental phonetics Descriptive phonetics Theoretical phonetics Received Pronunciation Articulatory, acoustic, auditory, phonology (functional) Direct observation method, experimental and linguistic Diphthongs and monophthongs Phonetic and phonological Intonation Pitch, loudness, tempo, timbre Moscow, St. Petersburg, Prague Критерии оценки результатов:«неудовлетворительно»: < 23; «удовлетворительно»: > 23-32; «хорошо»: > 33-38; «отлично»: >39-45. |