Бизнес английский. ЮЛЯ. Приветственные фразы на английском по телефону
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Задание. Напишите письмо-запрос и письмо-ответ, пользуясь правилами деловой перееиски, исходя из специфики собственного направления и профиля подготовки с содержательно-смысловой точки зрения. Вопросы для самоконтроля Из каких часте состоит деловое письмо? Как оформляется дата: число, месяц, год? Как оформляется внутренний адрес? Как оформляется вступительное обращение? Как оформляется первый абзац письм? Как оформляется текст письма? Как оформляется заключительный абзац письма? Договоры и контракты Contract is an agreement between the parties involved that creates a binding obligation. In general, contracts must be written and signed. These are contracts involving the sale and transfer of real estate, and contracts to guarantee or answer for the miscarriage, debt, or default of another person. A contract forms the basis of a transaction between the Buyers and the Sellers. Essential clauses of contract Some of the items are necessary in any contract: legal title of the contracting parties, subject of the contract, quality, price, delivery and payment terms. As a rule a contract contains a number of clauses such as: Subject of the Con tract Quality and Price of Goods Terms of Payment Delivery Inspection and Test Guarantee Packing and Marking Arbitration Transport Insurance Other conditions Subject of contract This section names the product for sale or purchase. It also indicates the unit of measure generally employed in foreign trade for specific commodities. Contracts for bulk cargo contain a stipulation “about” or “plus or minus… per cent” denoting the permitted quantity tolerance. Quality and Price of Goods The quality of machines and equipment is to be in comformity with the technical specification of the contract. The quality of raw materials and foodstuffs is determined, as a rule, by standards, by sample or by description. The price stated in a contract may be firm, fixed or sliding. Firm prices are not subject to change in the course of the fulfillment of the contract. Fixed price is the price governing in the market on the day of delivery or for a given period. Sliding price is quoted for machinery and equipment which require a long period of delivery. Arbitration It case of a breach of contract the injured party may go to court to sue for money damages or for the contract to be rescinded, for injunction or specific performance if money damages would not compensate for the breach. Specific performance of a contract is the right by one contracting party to have the other contracting party perform the contract according to the precise terms agreed therein. Terms of payment Payment in foreign trade may be made in cash and on credit. There are different methods of cash payment: 1) By cheque (seldom practicable as a cheque is payable in the country of origin – that is why cheques are mostly used for payment in home trade). 2) By telegraphic or telex transfers or post (mail) remittance. It is made from the Buyers’ bank account to the Sellers’ in accordance with the Buyers’ letter of instruction. Actually this method of cash payment may sometimes take several months, which is naturally very disadvantageous to the Sellers. The transfer is carried out at current rates of exchange. 3) By letter of credit (L/C). The following types of letters of credit are usually used: irrevocable, confirmed and revolving. An irrevocable L/C is one which can neither be modified nor cancelled without the consent of the party in whose favour it has been opened. A confirmed L/C is an irrevocable L/C payment under which is guaranteed by a first class bank in case the opener of the L/C/ (the Buyers) or the bank effecting payment defaults is unable to make payment. A revolving L/C is one under which its value is constantly made up to a given limit after payment for each shipment, which saves the charges on multiple letters of credit. The letter of Credit is the most frequently used method of cash payment because it is advantageous and secure both to the Exporter and to the Importer though it is more expensive than payment by transfer. This method of payment is often used in dealings with developing countries. 4) For collection. Such a payment does not give any advantage to the Exporter because it does not give any guarantee that he will receive payment in time or at all. That’s why the Exporter usually requires that the Importer presents a guarantee of a first class bank that payment will be effected in due time. Also there is a long period of time between the delivery of the goods and actual payment. But it is advantageous to the Importer because there is no need to withdraw from circulation big sums of money before actually receiving the goods. Most modern business is done on a credit basis which may be: By drafts (by Bills of Exchange – B/E) – the Exporter credits the Importer which is advantageous to the latter. A draft (a bill of exchange) is an order in writing from a Creditor to a Debtor to pay on demand or on a named date a certain sum of money to a company nemed on the Bill or to their order. It is drawn by the Sellers on the Buyers and sent through a bank to the Buyers for acceptance (i.e. for acknowledging the debt). The draft becomes legally binding when signed and dated by the Buyers on its face (front) and is to be met when due, i.e. 30, 60 or 90 days after presentation. The draft may be negotiable i.e. it may be used by the Sellers to pay their own debts but in this cade the Sellers are to endorse it by signing it on its back, then they can pass it on to the new holders. If the exporter wants immediate payment, he can discount the draft in return for a cash advance with a bank for a commission, i.e. sell it to a bank. In advance. It this case the Importer credits the Exporter, for example, the contract may stipulate a 10 or 15 % advance payment, which is advantageous to the Sellers. This method is used when the Buyers are unknown to the Sellers. On an open account. Open account terms are usually granted by the Sellers to the regular Buyers’ or customers in whom the Sellers have complete confidence but sometimes they are granted when the Sellers want to attract new Buyers then they risk their money for that purpose. Actual payment is made monthly, quarterly or annually as agreed upon. This method is disadvantageous to the Exporter, but may be good to gain new markets. The two methods of payment (in cash and on credit) are very often combined in a contract. Drafts, for example, may be presented under a letter of credit and there may be other, sometimes very complicated combinations of various methods of payment stipulated in a contract. The currency to be used for payment is a matter for arrangement between the counterparts. (И.П. Агабекян, Английский для менеджеров) Вопросы для самоконтроля What is a contract? Which are the essential clauses of a contract? What information is placed in “Subject of contract”? What information is placed “Quality and Price of Goods”? What information is placed “Arbitration”? What terms of payment are practiced in business? What does payment by telegraphic or telex transfers or post (mail) remittance imply? What does payment by letter of credit imply? What does payment ror collection imply? What does payment by an irrevocable L/C imply? What does payment by a confirmed L/C imply? What does payment by a revolving L/C imply? What does payment by drafts imply? What does payment in advance imply? What does payment on an open account imply? Международные термины в языке торговли (incoterms) Under globalization and consuming society trade is one of the most rapidly developing spheres of human life. In the world of accelerating rhythms transport is one of its key factors. Multimodal (Door to Door) transport is wide-spread in shipping now. It involves a transfer of the goods from one mode of transport to another. Traditionally, the ship's rail was considered the critical point of responsibility, that is when all risks of loss or damage are transferred from one party to the other. Now it is no longer the ship's rail but the port terminal which may be such a point. In sea port areas the goods are put into containers, on pallets or aboard the ship. The main carrier often prefers to assume through responsibility for the cargo he carries. In a through movement of the goods a combined transport document is issued instead of a traditional Bill of Lading. Like a traditional Bill of Lading it is a receipt for the consignment. But instead of ports of shipment and discharge it shows the place of delivery and receipt. The new system of multimodal shipment in international trade is reflected in the International Commercial Terms. EX Works "Ex Works” means that the seller's only responsibility is to make the goods available at his ргemises (works or factory). In particular he is not responsible for loading the goods in the vehicle provided by the buyer, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears the full cost and risk involved in bringing the goods from there to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller. Free Carrier ... (named point). This term has been designed to meet the requirements of modern transport, particularly such “multimodal” transport as container or ‘roll on-roll off” traffic by trailers and ferries. It is based on the same main principle as FOB except that the seller fulfils his obligations when he delivers the goods into the custody of the carrier at the named point. For/Fot FOR and FOT mean “Free on Rail” and "Fгее on truck”. These terms are synonymous since the word “Truck” relates to the railway wagons. They should only be used when the goods are to be carried by railway. Fob Airport FOB Airport is based on the same main principle as the ordinary FOB term. The seller fulfills his obligations by delivering the goods to the air carrier at the airport of departure. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been so delivered. FAS FAS means “Free Alongside Ship”. Under this term the seller’s obligations are fulfilled when the goods have been placed alongside the ship on the quay or in lighters. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. FOB FOB means "Free on Board”. Тhe goods are placed on board the ship by the seller at a port of shipment named in the sales contract. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail. C&F С & F means "Cost and Freight”. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named destination, but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. CIF CIF means “Cost, Insurance and Freight”. This term basically the same as С & F but with the addition that the seller has to procure marine insurance against the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts with the insurer and pays the insurance premium. Freight Carriage Paid To Like С & F "Freight or Carriage paid to...” means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. However, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the first carrier and not at the ship's rail. It can be used for all modes of transport including multimodal operations and container or roll on-roll off traffic by railers and ferries. When the Seller has to furnish s bill of lading, waybill or carrier's receipt, he duly fulfills this obligation by presenting such a document issued by the person with whom he has contracted for carriage to the named destination. Freight Carriage and Insurance Paid To This term is the same as “Freight or Carriage Paid to...” but with the addition that the seller has to procure transport Insurance against the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts with the insurer and pays the insurance premium. EX Ship “EX Ship” means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. EX Quay “EX Quay” means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay (warf) at the destination named in the sales contract. Delivered at Frontier “Delivered at Frontier” means that the seller's obligations are fulfilled when the goods have arrived at the frontier - but before "the customs border” of the country named in the sales contract. Delivered Duty Paid While the term “Ex Works” signifies the seller's minimum obligation, the term “Delivered Duty Paid”, when followed by words naming the buyer's premises, denotes the other extreme - the seller's maximum obligation. The term "Delivered Duty Paid” may be used irrespective of the mode of transport. (И.П. Агабекян, Английский для менеджеров) Вопросы для самоконтроля What does “incoterms” mean? What does “Free Carrier” mean? What does “For/Fot” mean? What does “Fob Airport” mean? What does “FAS” mean? What does “FOB” mean? What does “C&F” mean? What does “Freight Carriage Paid To” mean? What does “EX Ship” mean? What does “EX Quay” mean? What does “Freight Carriage Paid To” mean? What does “Delivered at Frontier” mean? Приём на работу В современном мире собеседование – одна из самых распространённых ситуаций социального взаимодействия, с которой сталкивается любой человек значительное количество раз в своей жизни. Ускоряющиеся темпы жизни, постоянные перемены социально-экономического характера, а также нестабильное состояние рынка труда привели к тому, что в нашем веке смена работы каждые несколько лет считается скорее нормой, чем исключением. Более того, психологи даже рекомендуют менять работу каждые 5-7 лет для того, чтобы получать стимулы к собственному развитию. Известно, что залог успешного трудоустройства – грамотно составленное резюме. Изучите принципы поиска работы и рекомендации к написанию резюме на английском языке. First of all you must be very specific and focused. You have to know exactly what you want to do, what department you are looking to work in and even better what role best suits your abilities. Too often personnel professionals deal with emails and resumes from applicants who are ‘looking for a suitable job’ or are open to ‘anything’. These requests usually end up in spam folders and dustbins very quickly. If you do not know what you want to do and can do well, potential employers certainly will not spend the time to try to figure it out. Do your research. Find out about the company that you want to work for and if possible the specific roles available. Talking to your most accessible connections offline or online in the company can be a great help in finding out how things work. In other words does the company only accept resumes through an online system, who makes the decisions, what’s the urgency and so on. Also remember to read as much as you can about developments and new announcements in media and industry publications - if a new complex is set to open and they’re recruiting, you know where to look, quick. Go beyond superficial networks. Build relationships and respect space: It is not uncommon these days to have hundreds of contacts and friends on your Face book, Linked IN and other networks, not all of whom you may know so well. The key to reaching out is to refine these networks and group them by relationship. Then identify who is going to be the most valuable source of information, advice or help. The worst thing you can do is reach out to people you hardly know and barrage them for help and jobs. That is the easiest way to alienate them. Instead, build relationships over time to strengthen trust. One of the most important things is that companies and recruiters are interested in finding people who fit their needs, not yours. It is imperative that you customize your resume every time you apply to ensure it is concise as well as relevant to the job. You have to rewrite and present your skills and achievements based on what is going to be the most applicable in your possible future role. If you can, brief up your resume if you have some PR material available. Maybe you have been featured in media, TV or Industry publications, have some awards. Online videos and blogging are also a great way of building your personal brand in the long run. |