англ яз. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста from the history of building
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IV. Какие материалы относят к основным, вяжущим и дополнительным:Brick, concrete, wood, cement, gypsum, clay, plastics, sand, lime, steel, rocks.Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста TIMBERTimber is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel timber is lighter, cheaper, easier to work and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, timber has certain disadvantages. First, it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays. At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. In building timber is used too. Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. Hardwoods are chiefly used for decorative purposes, as for panelling, veneering in furniture, and some of them are selected for structural use because of their high strength and durability, in modern construction timber is often used for window and door frames, flooring, fences and gates, wallplates, for temporary building and unpainted internal woodwork. Timber cannot be used for either carpenters' or joiners' work immediately it has been felled because of the large amount of sap which it contains. Elimination of this moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of timber.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ “TIMBER” I. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское: structural строительный mechanical механический derive получать decorative декоративный panel обшивать панели листами furniture мебель select выбирать modern construction современное строительство defect дефект, неисправность, повреждение tendency тенденция II. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца
III. Закончите следующие предложения, в соответствии с текстом. Предложения переведите.
Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста STONE Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days. Almost of all famous buildings of classic times, of the medieval and Renaissance periods and of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were erected of stone masonry. In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber, bin in other places stone was preferred because of its durability. The stones which are usually used for masonry work are as follows: 1) Granite is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be gray yellow pink or deep red. 2) Sandstone. Sandstone is composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together. Sandstones form one of the most valuable materials. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material. Thus, there are different kinds of sandstones. Many sandstones are exceptionally hard and are selected for steps, sills etc. The excellent state of preservation of many ancient buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. But city buildings constructed of sandstone often assume a drab appearance owing to the dark colour. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate. 3) Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes White and black marbles are used for ornamental decoration where the beauty of the marble is shown to its best advantage.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ “STONE” I. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское:
II. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца
III. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца. Дайте русский перевод данных синонимов.
IV. Закончите следующие предложения, используя английские эквиваленты из текста в соответствии с текстом. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык.
V. Используя слова и предложения из текста докажите что:
a) b) 3. Stone is one of the most valuable materials.
Одним из наиболее древних строительных материалов является камень. Каменные конструкции просты в изготовлении, обладают долговечностью, и огнестойкостью. Для сооружения каменных конструкций применяют искусственные и природные камни. Природные камни тяжелых пород – известняки, песчаники, граниты -используют для облицовки стен, возведения фундаментов. Природные камни легких пород в южных районах используют для возведения стен. К искусственным камням относят кирпич различных видов, камни из бетона. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста METALS AND CONCRETEAll metals are divided into ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals include iron, steel and its alloys. Non-ferrous metal are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some other good element. Metals, in general, and especially ferrous metals are of good importance in variations. Metals possess the following properties: 1) All metals have specific metallic lustre. 2) They can be forged. 3) Metals can be pulled. 4) All metals except mercury, are hard substances. 5) They can be melted. 6) In general, metals are good conductors of electricity. These characteristics are possessed by all metals but the metals themselves differ from one another. Steel and cast iron are referred to the group of ferrous metals. Cast iron is the cheapest of the ferrous metals. It is chiefly used in building for compressed members of construction, as the supporting members. When an engineer designs a steelwork he must carefully consider that the steel frame and every part of it should safely carry all the loads imposed upon it. The steel framework must be carefully hidden in walls, floors and partitions. It is steel and metal that is employed as reinforcement in modern ferroconcrete structures. In the curriculum of the Institute there is a special course on metal structures. Steel. There are different kinds of steel. Alloyed steel (or special steel) is corrosion-resistant steel. This kind of steel is widely used in building. Stainless steel is also corrosion-resistant steel. It is used for cutlery, furnace parts, chemical plant equipment, valves, ball-bearings, etc. Non-ferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals have the following, characteristics: high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight. Aluminum. This is the oldest and best known light metal. It is used in aircraft, automobile, chemical and some other industries. Copper. Copper is the best conductor of electricity. There are different alloys with copper. An alloy of copper and tin is called bronze. This metal is often used for making various ornaments.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ “METALS AND CONCRETE” I. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское:
II. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца.
III. Закончите следующие предложения, используя английские эквиваленты из текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык. 1. All metals are divided into (цветные и нецветные металлы). 2. Ferrous metals are (железо сталь и ее сплавы). 3. Copper, aluminium and some other metals are referred to as цветные металлы). 4. Metals in general, and especially ferrous metals (имеют большое значение в строительстве). 5. All metals have specific (металлический блеск). 6. (Сталь и чугун) are referred to the group of ferrous metals. 7. Cast iron is (самый дешевый) of ferrous metals. 8. All metals are (хорошие проводники электричества). 5. The steel framework must be carefully hidden in(стенах, полу и перегородках). 6. Alloyed steel (широко используется в строительстве). 7. All non-ferrous metals have (легкий вес). IV. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения: 1. Медь и алюминий относят к цветным металлам. 2. Все металлы, кроме ртути, твердые вещества. 3. Сталь широко используется в строительстве. 4. Сталь используется как арматура в железобетонных конструкциях, для стального каркаса зданий и различных металлоконструкциях. 5. Нержавеющая сталь также является стойкой к коррозии. V. Укажите, какие предложения относятся к черным металлам, а какие к цветным. Предложения переведите. 1. Main component is not iron but some other element. 2. They have high electric conductivity. 3. They can be forged and melted. 4. They are used as supporting members. 5. They have light weight. 6. They are used for making different (various) ornaments. 7. They have non-magnetic qualities. 8. They are used as reinforcements for ferroconcrete structures. 9. They have high corrosion-resistance. 10. They are used for steelworks of most buildings in modern construction. 11. They are of good importance in variations (alloys). 12. They are widely used in aircraft industry because of light weight. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст на русский язык, пользуясь словами и выражениями из текстов, прочитанных дома. MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone concrete, metal, plastics and glass. Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industries where it provides a number of valuable materials. However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes. A brick is best described as a “building unit”. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6,5 to 9 lb. There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar. The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this brick building has been popular for many hundred years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day. Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings. Metals: Aluminum, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass id frequently used for decorative purposes in facing. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction. Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any colour and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action. A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builder’s tools. Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface. Foamed glass is a high –porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound absorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed. Structural foamed glass block are designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation. Concrete is perhaps the most widely spread building material used nowadays. Concrete is an artificial stone, made by thoroughly mixing such natural ingredients or aggregates as cement, sand and gravel or broken stone together with sufficient water to produce a mixture of the proper consistency. It has many valuable properties. It sets under water, can be poured into moulds so as to get almost any desirable form, and together with steel in reinforced concrete it has very high strength, and also resists fire. Prestressed concrete is most widely used at present while prefabricated blocks are employed on vast scale for skeleton structures. I. Прочитайте и переведите выделенные в тексте слова и выражения. II. Прочитайте и определите, какие предложения относятся к а) дереву, б) кирпичу, в) пластику г) бетону. Предложения переведите на русский язык. 1. This material is provided by different kinds of trees.
10. It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns. 11. Together with steel it has very high strength. 12. It is laid in place with the help of mortar. 13. It possesses a high resistance to chemical action. 14. Prefabricated blocks are made of it and they are employed for skeleton structures. II. Закончите предложения о металле, слоистом пластике и пеностекле в соответствии с текстом. Предложения переведите. 1. Aluminum in the form of various alloys is highly valued for … 2. Steel finds its use in… 3. Laminate is a strong material manufacture from… 4. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years … 5. It is used for … 6. Foamed glass is made of … 7. It is widely use in prefabricated house building for … Переведите текст, обращая внимание на ключевые слова, перевод которых вы найдете в словаре после текста. AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE By the simple definition from the dictionary “aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete”. In other words aggregates can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form a rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete. Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume changes resulting from the action of the setting and hardening of the concrete mass. All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete. As aggregates such as natural materials as sand. Pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used. Sand is the chief material used as a fine aggregate. It is required in mortar or concrete for economy and to prevent the excessive cracking. Mortar made without sand would be expensive. The word “sand” is applied to any finely divided material, which will not injuriously affect the cement or lime and which is not subject to disintegration or decay. Sand is almost the only material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfill these requirements. A mixture of coarse and fine grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger concrete with a less amount of cement than when only fine-grained sand is used. The following sands are used for mortars: quarry sand, river sand and sea sand. СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ ”AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE”
Прочтите текст о древних памятниках архитектуры. Скажите, о каких из них вы знаете или слышали. Выполните задание после текста. ANCIENT WONDERS OF THE WORLD The Great Pyramid is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that still stands. It was built at the order of the Pharaoh Cheops, who once ruled Egypt. More than 100,000 slaves worked for twenty years to build it. They had no machines, not even carts – all the work was done by human strength alone. Yet each huge block was so well laid that the Pyramid has stood for 5,000 years. Near the Great Pyramid in Egypt stands a huge sculptured rock called the Sphynx. The face is that of a man, perhaps the Pharaoh Khafre who had it built almost 5,ooo years ago. But the body is that of a lion, and between its great stone paws is a small temple. Since no one knows exactly why the Sphynx was built, it remains a symbol of mystery – a riddle. In Babylon, one of the great cities of the Ancient World, there was a famous garden, which amazed visitors for hundreds of years. It was called the Hanging Gardens, because it was built along arches and towers and looked like a wall of flowers and green shrubs. The garden was kept alive by a hidden pool on the highest terrace, from which the water was drawn to appear in a series of fountains. The gardens were built by King Nebuchodnozzor, who is mentioned in the Bible as the cruel conqueror of Jerusalem. The greatest god of the ancient Greeks was Zeus, for whom the Roman name was called Jupiter. The greatest Statue of Zeus was at Olympia, where the famous Olympic Games were held in its honour. The statue was40 feet high – about seven times a man’s height – and was made of marble, decorated with pure gold and ivory. After 1,000 years, an earthquake tumbled it down. The temple of Artemis is one of the most famous temples of the ancient world. It stood for 600 years in Ephesus, a great city of Syria. The temple was sacred to Artemis, also called Diana, goddess of the moon. The finest sculptors and painters of Greece decorated this beautiful building, which was destroyed by the barbaric Goths. Only a few pieces of statues columns remained. They were dug up by modern scientists. Few remember the tiny kingdom of Caria, which once flourished in what is now southwestern Turkey. But the name of its king, Mausolus, is known because of the word ”mausoleum” a massive tomb. The original Mausoleum, built in memory of this king by his widow, Queen Artemisia, was so magnificent that it was of the Wonders of the Ancient World. Rhodes, an island near Greece, was one of the richest and busiest towns of the ancient world. Standing across the entrance to its big harbour, was a huge statue of the sun god Helios, famous as the Colossus of Rhodes. Although ships sailed beneath these giant feet, the Colossus was not as large as the American Statue of Liberty. The most famous lighthouse in ancient times was the Pharos of Alexandria, in Egypt, and light atop a high tower could be seen for sixty miles. To keep the beacon the powerful electric lamps behind glass lenses used in our lighthouses were not yet.
Прочитайте текст и выполните задание. Plastics Air, water, sand, salt, coal, petroleum are familiar elements in the everyday life, but these form the basic sources of the world's fastest growing (расти) industry -plastics. From a purely engineering viewpoint the following characteristics of plastics explain their increasing acceptance by industries and consumers alike. These characteristics are usually shared by all plastics, but there are variations between individual materials: lightweight (sometimes high strength to weight ratio); corrosion resistance; electrical and thermal insulation; ease of fabrication; transparency in some materials; ease of the increasingly successful application of plastics which take advantage of these characteristics have meant that plastics materials are now manufacturing materials in their own rights and not substitutes. The high strength to weight ratio of some plastics offers big field in the coming age of space travels and rockets. The same benefits of light weight with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternatives to traditional building materials. New shapes in building are absorbing the attention of the architects. Plastics offer many of properties for these designs and their application in exotic structures is an example. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык. 1.The basic sources of plastic are … 2.The characteristics of plastics, which increase its use in industry and by consumers, are … 3. It will be used in this age of space travels and rockets because of … 4.Plastics offer new shapes in building and application in exotic structures because of combination of … Прочитайте текст и выполните задание после текста. FROM THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE Mass or plain concrete dates from very early days. It was employed in ancient times by the Egyptians, Romans and Greeks in the construction of aqueducts and bridges, in the construction of roads and town walls. Romans used it even in under-water structures some of which have survived till our time. They also employed concrete as a filling between the brick and stone ribs of the vaults and arches. A large part of the Great Chinese Wall (the 3rd century before our era) was also built of concrete. The concrete remains of the foundations of buildings built several thousands years ago have been found in Mexico. As cement was not known in those times, concrete was made of clay and later of gypsum and lime. The knowledge of the concrete use seems to have been lost during the Middle Ages, and it was not until the eighteenth century that its value was rediscovered. Nowadays concrete is made in up-to-date machinery with very careful regulation of the proportion of the mix. The idea of strengthening concrete by a network of small iron rods was developed in the 19th century, and ferro-concrete was introduced into engineering practice. Since that time the development of reinforced concrete work has made great progress. And the reasons of this progress were evident. Between 1880-1890 several reinforced concrete buildings were erected in the United States, and since 1896 the increase in the amount of construction with this material has been remarkable. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык. 1. Mass or plain concrete was employed in ancient times in … 2. Romans also used concrete as a filling… 3. As cement was not known in ancient times concrete was made of … 4. The knowledge of the concrete use … in the Middle Ages. 5. Nowadays concrete is made … 6. The idea of strengthening concrete by … was developed in the 19th century. 7. Between 1880-1890 … were built in the United States. Read again the additional texts and give main ideas using the following expressions: The text is about … At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that … Then the author describes smth (suggests, states that) … After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …} At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that… CLICHES FOR RESUME
GRAMMAR MATERIAL CONTROL WORK N 1 I. СЛОВО С ОКОНЧАНИЕМ ”s” в английском предложении может быть:
1. Определителями существительного являются: артикли a, the; притяжательные местоимения my, your, his, her, its, their, our указательные местоимения this/these, that/those неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения some, any, no, every прилагательные и числительные предлоги Ving и Ved формы, когда переводятся причастиями 2. Глагол определяем a) по месту в предложении
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