англ яз. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста from the history of building
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б) личное местоимение в именительном падеже (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) показывает,что следующее за ним слова – сказуемоеIt(the bus) stops at our house. в) личное местоимение в объектном падеже (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) показывает,что предшествующее ему слово – глагол-сказуемое.This experiment interests us greatly. Note: вспомогательные глаголы do, does, did, will, модальные глаголы: can, could, should, may, might, must показывают, что следующее за ними слово –глагол-сказуемое. 3.Притяжательный падеж существительных обозначает принадлежность предмета или лица и отвечает на вопрос чей? Существительное в притяжательном падеже имеет окончание ‘s в единственном числе (teacher’s lectures) или ‘ во множественном числе (students’ drawings). Существительное в притяжательном падеже переводится на русский язык либо соответствующим прилагательным, либо существительным в родительном падеже.the sun’s rays -солнечные лучиthe country’s economy – экономика страныExercise 1Определите, является ли слово глаголом или существительным. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания.
Exercise II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции окончания “s”
II. CУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ В ФОРМЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ Для английского языка характерно употребление в роли определения одного или нескольких существительных, образующих цепочку слов. В такой цепочке последнее существительное является основным, а все предшествующие ему слова являются определениями к нему. World market conditions - условия мирового рынка Maximum home trade steel prices – максимальные цены на сталь на внутреннем рынке Итак, существительное в функции определения переводится:
room temperature - комнатная температура limit pressure предельное давление
radio equipment laboratory - лаборатория радиооборудования the atomic energy conference – конференция по проблеме атомной энергии farm produce price increase - повышение цен на продукцию сельского хозяйства Exercise I. Переведите выражения, обращая внимание на существительное в функции определения. The traffic speed, the traffic speed increase, the railway bridge reconstruction, the thermoelectric generator development, the energy accumulation process, the arch bridge construction site, the temperature limit determination, the steam engine invention, the research programme result, the modern house ventilation facilities, natural water resources protection, sewage (сточные воды) disposal system, water distribution system III. СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
Сравнительные союзы
Water is as necessary as air. Вода также необходима как воздух. Gold is not so light as aluminum. Золото не такое легкое, как алюминий.
переводятся чем…, тем. The higher the temperature, Чем выше температура, тем the more rapid is the motion быстрее движение молекул. of the molecules. Exercise I. Выберите перевод выделенных прилагательных или наречий из данных ниже.
а)близкая; б) ближе; в) самая близкая; г) намного ближе
а) точный; б) более точный; в) такой же точный г) самый точный Exercise II. Выберите предложение, наиболее точно передающее значение данного английского. The higher we mount into the atmosphere, the lower the pressure becomes.
б) Когда мы поднимаемся в атмосферу, давление становится низким. в) Чем выше мы поднимаемся в атмосферу, тем ниже становится давление. Exercise III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий и сравнительные союзы. a)1. This method is not so simple as that one. 2.Venus is nearly as big as the Earth. 2. It was not so warm as it is today. 3. The plane moves as quickly as the sound does. 4. Chemistry is not so interesting to him as mathematics. 5. The hydroelectric station on our river is as powerful as that station. 6. This device (устройство) must be as small as possible. b) 1. The nearer the Earth, the denser the atmosphere. 2. The harder you work at your English, the better progress you make.
Exercise III. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. The greatest part of the matter around us is liquid or gas. Long ago scientists did not know as much about the air and water as we know now. Water is one of the most common things in our life. At four degrees above zero the volume of water is the smallest. Air is very heavy. It is much heavier, for example, than hydrogen or nitrogen, but liquid oxygen is a little heavier than water. Hydrogen is 14 times lighter than air. It is a chemical element with the simplest possible atom. On a high mountain there is less air above us and therefore the pressure is lower. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the thinner the air becomes. There are less and less gas molecules per unit of volume in the upper part of the atmosphere. IV. Таблица производных слов от some, any, no
NOTE: 1. Выражение no+существительное переводится 1. никакой; 2. ни один No student can translate this text without a dictionary. Ни один студент не может перевести этот текст без словаря. 2. Some+ числительное – приблизительно, около Exercise I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление и различные значения неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений и наречий. 1. Some (thing), (body, one), where в утвердительных предложениях Some tables hang on the wall. He puts some water into a tube. Some 15 tables hang on the wall. There is something in the tube. Somebody (someone) put water into a tube. There is a tube somewhere on the shelf. 2. any (thing),(body, one) (where) в вопросительных предложениях Do any tables hang on the wall? Does he put any water into a tube? Is there anything in the tube? Does anybody (anyone) put water into the tube? Is there a tube anywhere on the shelf? 3. в утвердительных предложениях Any student can do these simple experiments. Any body has weight and mass. Anybody (anyone) can multiply these numbers. 4. в отрицательных предложениях He does not put any water into a tube. There is no tube anywhere on the shelf. 5. no (thing), (body, one), (where) в отрицательных предложениях There hang no tables on the wall. No tables hang on the wall. He put no water into a tube. There is nothing in the tube. Nobody puts water into a tube. Exercise II. Выберите соответствующее неопределенное местоимение из данных ниже.1.There hang (несколько) drawings on the wall. 2. Do you see (кого-нибудь) in the classroom? 3. Take (любой) journal from the bookcase. 4. My friend told me (ничего) about our mathematics circle (кружок).
Exercise III. Переведите слова в скобках на английский язык. 1.This element has (несколько) important properties. 2. There is (что-то)in the tube. 3. There is (нет) difference between two figures. 4. (Кто-нибудь) works in the laboratory every morning. 5. My friends always go (куда-нибудь) in summer. (все, каждый) makes experiments in the laboratories. 7. He says s(ничего) about his tests. 8. Do you give your books to (кому-нибудь)? 9. (Ни один) student uses these instruments. 10. She says (ничего) about her studies. 11. There are (несколько) kinds of energy. 12. Do you see (кого-нибудь) in the classroom? 13. Take (любой) journal from the bookcase. 14. My friend told me (ничего) about our meeting today. V. ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ SIMPLE Времена группы Simple употребляются 1) для констатации факта совершения действия или 2) для выражения обычного часто повторяющегося действия в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени. Таблица времен группы Simple
Структура специальных вопросов
Итак, маркерами времен группы Simple являются:
Exercise I. Определите время сказуемого: a) Present Simple; b) Past Simple; c) Future Simple. 1. The scientists made lots of experiments. 2. The student will continue research in a laboratory 3. Students do research at the institute. 4. When did the researcher develop his theory? 5. How does the lecturer explain this complex process? 6. We got new multipurpose machine-tools last week. 7. Next term we’ll study two new subjects. 8. At present our workshop produces two kinds of measuring instruments. Exercise II. Выберите соответствующую форму глагола.
2. Next term we … to study two new subjects.
3. At present our workshops … two kinds of measuring instruments.
4. … you work at a plant now?
GRAMMAR EXERCISES CONTROL WORK N 1 Exercise N I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции окончания “s”.
II. Перевести предложения, обращая внимание на перевод определений, выраженных именем существительным.
ЗАЩИТА КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ N 1 ЗАДАНИЕ N 1. Письменно переведите следующие предложения из ваших домашних текстов, обращая внимание на грамматические явления, рассматриваемые в данной контрольной работе. Выпишите сказуемое и определите время в каждом предложении.
21.Concrete is a synthetic stone which can be formed while soft into practically any shape the builder wants. 21.As soon as concrete is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms. 22.Sandstone forms one of the most valuable materials. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate. II. Read the text below. For question1-10 choose the answer (A, B or C) which you think fits best according to the text. FROM THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DWELLING The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive people to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees. Some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain, others settled in caves. When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so people of Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents. In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. Much later, when the men began to build towns there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above. The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it. Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk, its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey. In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out into it. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the open fire and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows. 1. The purpose of modern building … from the first dwellings of primitive people. a) differ much b) differ not so much c)have the same purpose 2. Primitive people looked for protection… a) under trees b) covering themselves with skin of animals c) everywhere 3. Primitive people chose the cave … a) to find warm and dry place b) to protect themselves from wild animals and human enemies c) as a place that storm and cold couldn’t destroy 4. The houses in towns were higher because a) streets were narrow b) there was much place for building within the town walls c) there was difference in purpose between town and country houses 5. A typical town house was a) a shop, a kitchen and a bedroom behind b) a shop, a kitchen and a bedroom above c) a shop, a kitchen behind, and a bedroom above 6. Houses оf bricks dried in the sun around a courtyard or a garden were built in… a) Rome b) Greece c) in Egypt 7. A covered walks with columns near the dwellings were built in … a) Egypt b) Rome c) Greece 8. Plaster over bricks inside and outside walls were in… a) Greek houses b) Roman houses c) Egyptian houses 9. Round houses built of wood with a plaster of clay were… a) Greek houses b) first British houses c) Roman houses 10. Light came into early British houses through… a) a hole in the roof b) through the door c) through the roof and the door V. Словарь строительных терминов. to affect воздействовать Aggregate заполнитель (бетона) Binding вяжущее Blastfurnace slag доменный шлак Capacity способность, производительность to cast отливать Cement цемент Cement paste цементное тесто Coarse крупнозернистый Compaction уплотнение Concrete бетон Construction строительство Crack трескаться Creep ползучесть (бетона) to cure выдерживать Density плотность To dry высыхать Evaporation испарение Excavation выемка грунта, экскавация Filler наполнитель Fine мелкозернистый Flux поток Foundation фундамент , основание Fracture разрушение Grading подбор гранулометрического состава Gravel гравий to harden затвердевать High alumina cement цемент с высоким содержанием глинозема to increase увеличивать, возрастать Inert инертный Insulation изоляция Lean (mix) тощая (смесь) Load нагрузка To maintain поддерживать Mix смесь Permeability проницаемость Portland cement портланд- цемент Pressure давление Rate скорость, степень, коэффициент Ratio коэффициент, пропорция Remainder остаток to require требовать to result in приводить к Sand песок Saturated насыщенный to set схватывать, затвердевать to shield защищать to shrink сжиматься Shrinkage усадка, сжатие Slab плита Specific creep специфическая ползучесть бетона Strain деформация Strength прочность, крепость Stress напряжение, нагрузка Structural строительный to subject подвергать Surface поверхность Workability обрабатываемость, удобоукладываемость (бетонной смеси) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||