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англ яз. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста from the history of building
Passive Voice
Инфинитив
Время
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Simple
be +Participle II
(Ved или 3 форма глагола)
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Continuous
Be+being+Participle II
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Pertfect
have+been+Part.II
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Present
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a m
is asked,
are written
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am
is being asked,
are written
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Have
Has been asked,
written
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Past
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w as asked,
were written
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was being asked,
were written
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had been asked,
written
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Future
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will be asked
written
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-
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will have asked,
written
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Note: 1. О переводе глагола-сказуемого и подлежащего в страдательном
залоге смотрите на стр. 20
2. Continuous Passive переводится:
The house is being built – Дом строится (дом строят).
The house was being built - Дом строился
Дом строили (что делали?)
3. Perfect Passive переводится:
The house has been built – Дом (что сделали?) построили
Дом был построен.
Exercise I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого.
The work on the apparatus is almost finished.
The work on the apparatus is being finished.
The work on the apparatus has been finished.
The staff (сотрудники) of the laboratory has already finished the work on the apparatus.
5. The plans are usually discussed at the beginning of the year.
6. They are discussing the plans of the next year.
The plans of the next year have been discussed.
Many questions were being discussed by the commission.
According to the information we have, the experiment is being carried in our laboratory.
The experiment will be carried out in December.
The experiment has been carried out successfully (успешно).
The laboratory was carrying out these experiments the whole (весь) week.
Exercise II.
Определите время по таблице и выберите правильный перевод глагола-сказуемого.
The machine -tool measures its production itself.
The machine –tool will measure its production itself.
The part is measured with great accuracy.
а) измерила б) измеряет в) измеряется г) будет измерять
The builders are planning the road…
The building of the road is being planned…
The building of the road was being planned…
а) планируется б) планируют в) планировали г) спланировали
The tests have been carried out well.
The tests were being carried well.
We have carried out our tests in chemistry well.
выполняются б) выполнялись в) были выполнены г) выполнили
II. PARTICIPLE
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Функция
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Participle I (прич. наст.вр.)
Ving от глагола
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Participle II (прич.прош.вр.)
Ved или 3 форма нестандартных глаголов
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Часть сказуемого
(после форм глаголов to be и to have)
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Входит в состав сказуемого времени гр. Continuous
(to be +Participle I)
The builders are applying…
Строители применяют…
The builders were applying…
Cтроители применяли…
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Входит в состав сказуемого в Passive Voice
(to be +Participle II)
I was told… – Мне сказали…
и Perfect Tense (to have + Participle II)
He has changed …
Он изменил…
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Обстоятельство (причастие стоит в начале или в конце предложения или с союзами)
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(When, while)changing
изменяя
при изменении
когда изменяют
being changed
будучи измененным или
когда (так как, если, после того как) изменили
having changed
изменив
having been changed
когда (так как, если, после того как) изменили
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С союзами when-когда, if-если, unless-если не, as- как-
переводится придаточным предложением, а иногда –
при + существительное
Unlesstested the machine must not be put into operation. –Если машина не прошла испытаний, ее нельзя эксплуатировать.
When heated the polymer changed… - Когда полимер нагрели, он изменил…
При нагревании полимер изменил
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Определение
(причастие стоит перед определяемым словом или после него и можно задать вопрос какой?)
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changing conditions-изменяющиеся условия
conditions changing-
условия изменяющие
being changed –изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется
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changed – изменяемый, измененный
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Exercise I.
Сравните формы и перевод Ving и Ved в функции:
a) определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.
boiling water boiled water
developing country developed country
reflecting surface reflected light
б) определения, стоящего после определяемого слова.
We need devices improving The device improved gives
the accuracy of measurements more accurate measurements.
The lab assistant making the The results of the experiment
experiment works in the evening. made in our lab were good.
в) обстоятельства
(When) heating a magnet we When heated, a magnet
lessen its magnetism. loses its magnetism.
While analyzing the quality of When analysed, the alloy
the alloy the engineer showed was used in new tests.
its negative properties.
г) части сказуемого
The power station is consuming Much coal is consumed by
great amounts of coal. the power station.
The transmitter will be sending The signals were sent by a
Signals from 2 till 5 o’clock. powerful transmitter.
Exercise II. Переведите предложения определив функцию причастия: а) определение, б) oбстоятельство, в) часть сказуемого.
a) Ving
A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more atoms. 2. Combining
hydrogen with oxygen in the proportion of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen we produce water. 3. When speaking about oxygen it is necessary to say that it is a colourless, odourless (без запаха) gas having density at standard pressure and temperature of about one seventh-hundredth that of water. It is soluble (растворимый) in water becoming liquid at about 180 degrees of Celcium.4. While burning different substances combine with oxygen. 5. The assistant was preparing the solution very carefully. 6. The solution is boiling. 7. The boiling solution has neither colour nor odour.
б) Ved or V3f
The solution of the problem required concentrated efforts of many
scientists. 2. The data required were analysed in our laboratory. 3. When required, the data will be applied in our practical work. 4. The investigations analysed resulted in an interesting discovery. 5. Heated glass is plastic. 6. When heated, glass can be easily worked. 7. Some heat-resistant types of glasses can be heated until they are red and do not break, if then placed into ice water. 8. Some new properties of the polymer found during the experiments were quite unexpected.
III. MODAL VERBS
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Долженствование
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Present
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Past
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Future
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must - должен
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Must
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-
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-
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have to- должен, вынужден, придется
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have to
has to
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had to
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will have to
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be to- должен, предстоит в силу запланированности или договоренности
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am to
is to
are to
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was to
were to
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-
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Should –должен,
следует
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Should
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-
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-
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ought to - должен,
следует
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ought to
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Способность или возможность совершить действие
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Can- может (умеет)
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Can
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could
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-
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be able – может (в состоянии сделать)
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am able
is able
are able
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was able
were able
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will be able
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Разрешение или возможность (вероятность)
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May – может (разрешает), возможно
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May
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might
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-
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be allowed – разрешать
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am allowed
is allowed
are allowed
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was allowed
were allowed
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will be allowed
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Exercise I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные способы выражения долженствования.
1. In scientific (научная) work we must measure in units of the metric system. 2. One(каждый) should turn off (выключать)the gas when one leaves home. 3. This part(деталь) is very complex and the worker has to use special tools(инструмент) to cut it. 4.We ought to say that the discovery (открытие) of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire. 5. We should be prepared (готовиться) for scientific study of life on other planets. 6. Atoms must serve mankind (человечество). 7. The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock. We ought to come in time. 8. You were to replace (заменить) the tool by another one. 9. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy (улучшить качество) of this machine-tool. 10. He had to work hard before he was able to submit (представить)his paper to a scientific journal. 11. The use of new machinery should increase the output of coal by 25 per cent per month.
Exercise II. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и инфинитивом в страдательном залоге.
1.Machine parts can be produced by today’s machinery with very high precision ( точность). 2. Tools that cut metals should be made of very hard steel and alloys (сплав). 3. Very often special buildings must be constructed for large machine-tools. 4. Mathematics, physics, a foreign language are to be studied in the first year at our institute. 5. All the measurements had to be analysed by the experimentor himself.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на видо-временные формы глагола. Определите время по таблице. Обратите внимание на перевод глагола в страдательном залоге.
1. The level of life is very much affected by housing.
2. The cost of project is influenced by the requirements of the design.
3. Copies of the plan are made and are given to the builder.
Reinforced concrete houses are produced by a variety of construction methods.
b) 1. Modern buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames and glass walls.
In our country housing construction is being carried out on a large scale.
The walls of the building will be built on the concrete foundations.
Built-in furniture especially of the storage type has always been preferred by many.
The new material has been tested successfully and is now being used for irrigation systems, roads, pavements and other structures.
The use of precast (сборный) concrete has many advantages over other building materials.
Steel has come into general use with the development of industry.
The research and development in housing technology is being paid much attention.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции Participle I и Participle II.
We use many building materials for bearing structures.
Most of the moisture must be removed; otherwise the timber will shrink causing defects in the work.
Timber is the name applied to the cut material derived from trees.
Sandstones are composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together.
Cast iron is used in building for compressed members of construction as the supporting members.
Durability of cement depends upon the cementing material.
For many centuries nature has been destroying stone, changing it into sand.
When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength.
Using new kinds of prefab ferro-concrete frames, builders have erected some buildings which can stand earthquakes.
The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the material for construction.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.
A qualified building worker must now be able to read any technical drawings.
This master plan is to be completed in the short period of two years.
The master plan has to define the ultimate growth of the town.
An architect has to think not only of what he wants the building look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for.
A town designer should not ignore the past.
At present, prefabricated structures may be classified into two groups - for residential houses and industrial buildings.
The engineer should be familiar with construction methods and costs if he is to design a project that is to be constructed at the lowest practical cost.
ЗАЩИТА 2 КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ ПГС и ГСХ
ЗАДАНИЕ N 1. Письменно переведите следующие предложения из домашних текстов, обращая внимание на грамматические явления, рассматриваемые в данной контрольной работе. В предложениях N 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18 определите время и залог выделенного сказуемого.
Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece.
Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world.
Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient.
The Roman period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.
During the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered.
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