Развитие системы управления в теплоэнергетической отраслью в регионе
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Part 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Студент Группа ФИО Подпись Дата 3АМ5А Захаров Станислав Вячеславович Консультант каф. Менеджмента Должность ФИО Ученая степень, звание Подпись Дата Профессор Никулина Ирина Евгеньевна Доктор экономических наук Консультант-лингвист кафедры иностранных языков ИСГТ Должность ФИО Ученая степень, звание Подпись Дата Старший преподаватель Бескровная Людмила Вячеславовна 104 1.1 The history of energy development in Russian industry Today, the need of the Russian Federation for electricity is met by power plants with a total capacity exceeding 215 million kW. Over 20% are Nuclear power plant more than 10% are nuclear power plants and almost 70% are thermal power plants (TPPs), operating mainly on natural gas (63%) and solid fuels (28%). In the structure of domestic energy, Heat power station or supercritical steam parameters with power units of 250, 300, 500, 800 and 1200 MW are a significant place. The necessary amount of electricity is determined by the need of the economic sector, including its social component. At present, these requirements for the economic sectors are distributed approximately as follows: industry – 33%; Communal sector - 37%; Transport – 19%; Agriculture – 3%; Not fuel needs – 8%. The main task is to use less energy to get a better result and performance. here are several ways of solving the problem: increasing the efficiency of using primary energy sources, that is, increasing the efficiency of energy conversion; reduction of direct losses at all stages; transition to less energy-intensive technologies; Use more efficient equipment when consuming energy. Electric power industry as an industry originates in Russia at the end of the XIX century. First, electricity was extracted with the help of electrochemical sources (batteries), later there were generators that started their movement with the help of steam pistons or hydraulic motors. At low-power plants, internal combustion engines were used. The most common types of fuel were fuel oil and coal. Power plants were built to provide power to industrial facilities, and worked in different substations from each other. Electricity was transmitted on a small scale: the power plants were connected to the plants by lines no longer than 1-2 km. In addition, we had to use low voltage values. The cases of voltage transmission above 10 kV in Russia were of a single nature (by 1913 the length of such high-voltage lines was 109 km). [1] There were no overall energy transmission standards on electric networks: Constant, single-phase alternating, three-phase alternating current; the frequencies and voltages in the networks were different. Since the 1890's. There were central 105 power stations that gave lighting and transport in major cities. The largest of the power plants in Russia before the First World War was the Moscow Thermal Power Plant (a 58 MW TPP). By 1913, the total capacity of Russia's power plants was 1.1 thousand kW; electricity generation was about 2 billion KWh, which is an indicator of one power unit of the current large power plant. During the First World War and the Civil War, the electric power complex was partially destroyed. An important stage in the development of energy was the GOELRO plan - the state plan for the electrification of Russia. In its formed form in 1921 the GOELRO plan went beyond the electric power industry and was a comprehensive strategic plan for the development of the country's economy on the basis of its electrification. The plan was divided into several parts: Program 1 – use and reconstruction of existing power plants; Program 2 – construction of new power plants; Program 3 – development of the economy on the basis of electrification for the perspective of 10-15 years. [2] The main principles of the GOELRO strategy were: Unification of electricity production at the largest stations with a single power supply to consumers; coordination of construction of capacities with development of economy of the given region; development of electrical networks; creation of large power systems. As it was said earlier, the stations were most often located in close proximity to consumers, then in terms of GOELRO the construction was carried out in the largest deposits of energy sources (fuel, the best river crossings). The whole station was built to provide power to consumers in certain areas. In connection with this, the stations were called electric power plants or state district power stations (GRES). The need to provide electricity to a multitude of customers required the consolidation of capacity. Some stations included in the GOELRO plan had relations with the largest Europe (Shaturskaya GRES with a capacity of 100 MW, Kashirskaya GRES - 60 MW), and Dnepro HPP became the largest hydroelectric power station in the world at that time (560 MW). [3] Based on the GOELRO plan, the outpacing of the growth of the electric power industry in comparison with other users (For 10-15 years it was planned to increase the capacity of power plants by ten times, at actual growth of industrial 106 production no more than twice) It was necessary to master new types of energy and accordingly make adjustments to the structure of energy balance. [3] Unified energy supply and the unification of power plants that require the development of transmission infrastructure and the creation of operational dispatch management systems. Power plants of large cities worked on a common network. By 1922, a similar network covered seven power plants in the Moscow region and five power plants in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). The first such networks were built for voltages of 20-35 kV. By the end of the 1920's the standard of steel lines of 110 kV; the first of them - Kashirskaya GRES - Moscow - was put into operation in 1922. Dispatching centers appeared for the centralized management of power systems. The first dispatching centers appeared in 1926 in the Moscow and Leningrad power systems, in 1930 in the Donetsk and the Urals. [2] The main objective of the development of the industry in terms of GOELRO was the introduction of a combined system of energy production, heat and heat supply. The plan was successfully implemented, although there were delays in implementation. At the end of the implementation, the total capacity of power plants in 1931 amounted to 4 million kW, electricity – 10.6 billion kWh, in total 30 power plants were built. The next stage of the implementation of the plan, before the war, was realized with rapid steps, the electric power industry grew at a rapid pace, and the industry grew stronger. In 1931, after the commissioning of new stations, the first time exceeded 1 million kW per year. In large industrial areas, powerful power systems were built near the GRES, by 1935, the largest systems had a capacity of more than 1 billion kWh, each. For the growth of power and transmission range, they began present new requirements for reliability what made it necessary to solve a number of issues related to scientific and technical problems. First, imported technologies were introduced. And at the same time, the development of domestic scientific and technological capacity began. Since 1930, the development of lines withstanding transmission in 380 kV and more has begun. The introduction of automatic safety systems began to develop production for power plants. [3] In the mid-1930s, imported components almost left the country's energy, 107 energy development, which increased the capacity of power plants. The power of the GRES was increased in comparison with the GOELRO plan, for example Shatura GRES, the capacity increased threefold from the planned capacity from 44 to 200 MW. At the same time, new development trends appeared, the structure of the energy balance was significantly changed, the share of hydropower increased. There was a new task, transition to effective types of fuel, in 1930 it was approved about increasing the use of coal instead of peat. At the same time, the development of central heat supply, and combined output, began. The first thermal power plants were built on industrial complexes (Moscow, Leningrad, etc.). During the war, power was reduced by more than 40%, part of the potential was destroyed, and power lines were destroyed. But already in time of war, reconstruction began; transmission lines were restored, and exceeded twice what was, the power returned to the previous values. In the 1950s, the majority of thermal power plants were built, and production in the 50s became normal, CHP has reached 1/3 of the total capacity. The active introduction of a remote control system for the production and transmission of electricity began: emergency devices, substations of hydropower plants, communication facilities. In the years before the war, new regional energy systems were formed, in 1940, new regional energy systems are being formed, and their unification for parallel work begins. [6]. The main stage of the development of the HPP and the power transmission network was in 1956, after the commissioning of the 400-500 kV transmission line was the beginning of the emergence of the Unified Energy System of the USSR. In 1962 an agreement was signed on the development in Prague of the Unified Dispatcher Service of the energy systems of Bulgaria, the USSR, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, the USSR, Romania and Czechoslovakia. This agreement led to the formation of the world's largest energy system "Mir". After the launch of the first nuclear power plant, a new spiral of energy development appeared, which markedly changed the energy balance structure and the power system in the camp. Nuclear energy began to increase to an industrial scale, after the commissioning of two units with water reactors, the maximum capacity was 108 365 MW, and the capacity of all nuclear power plants was more than 1 GW. In the 1970s and 1980s, shifts occurred. In 1960, the replacement of equipment in thermal power began, new technologies were introduced, that allowed to reduce fuel consumption for production, it was noted an increase in the power of heat networks. A change in the structure of the fuel balance has begun, if coal was previously used, then a greater proportion became fuel oil. During the development of nuclear power from 1970 to 1980, nuclear power plants became important elements of the EEC for the European part of the country. This became possible due to the increase in the unit capacity of the NPP type station and also due to the transmission lines of ultrahigh voltage, which allowed transmitting such a powerful energy. During this period, the development of nuclear reactors on fast neutrons also began. In 1980 for the first time a block of fast neutrons was launched at Beloyarsk NPP, which gave an increase in capacity to 4.78%, later the power of the station increased three-fold. Such a high rate of development of nuclear energy has made it possible to achieve a tenth of the world's energy production. Economic efficiency was much compared with the construction of typical for that time TPP. But there was a serious minus the utilization of waste (nuclear fuel), this issue is still not resolved. [7] After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the growth of capacities around the world has stopped. Unfortunately, the development of non-traditional energy sources, significant for the economy, has not received proper development, there were isolated cases of launching such installations, in comparison with other countries. 1.2 Analysis of the market of heat power in Russia At present, the thermal energy market is tightly connected with other types of energy markets, due to its technological features. The development of the entire industry is determined by the "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020", the goal of this strategy is to create new benchmarks for the development of the energy sector as part of the transition of the economy to an innovative development path. The strategy is aimed at adjusting programs to adjust programs of social and 109 economic development, and programs of the subjects of the Russian Federation, integrated programs for energy development of the regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, North-West region of Russia, the Yamal Peninsula and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, adjustments of programs for major investment projects in the energy sector. The strategy is based on a fundamental analysis of energy development trends, taking into account changes in the economy both within the country and in the world economy. The strategy is also aimed at solving the problems of the energy complex: Depreciation of the foundations of fuel and energy complex funds (in the electric power and gas industries – almost 60 percent, in the oil industry – 80 percent; − high degree of depreciation of fixed assets of the fuel and energy complex); − low degree of investment in the development of the fuel and energy complex. Electricity is interchangeable for thermal energy. Changes in any of the energy markets will affect all other markets, especially if one market is regulated and the other is not. The heat energy market has a close relationship with the consumer and producer than in other energy markets. In the heat energy market, the interdependence between the producer and the consumer is more pronounced than in other energy markets. The course of production and consumption has an equal period of time, now economic efficiency technologies are being introduced, which allows having a reserve of thermal energy, but the shelf life has a small interval. Therefore, consumer choice determines the choice of technology for the operation of heat supply and centralized systems [10]. The Russian Federation has the world's largest district heating system. In this system is about 70% of the population, or more than 100 million people, this is 82% of the housing stock. About 88% of the heat supply capacity is in cities. The main consumers are the population and industry – 39% and 38%. [20] In Russia, there is little competition for thermal energy markets, in 2015 17 thousand enterprises provided heat. The capacity of all sources is 861 thousand Gcal / hour, the share of 110 the CHPP has 45% of the total production. [20] The largest capacity was put into operation in the 70-80s, the age of the power plant is about 40 years. In Russia, 80% is in severe climatic conditions, which requires a serious heating fund, Public and industrial funds to ensure the vital activity of the population and the normal functioning of the economy. From 2000 to 2015, occurred electrical consumption increased, this was due to the introduction of new capacity, most of which are CHP. Despite the reduction in the consumption of thermal energy and its excess in CHP, capacity is increasing. The cost of maintenance of thermal power plants, boiler houses and heating networks, as well as losses with partial capacity utilization, began to increase. Reforming the energy market without analytics and interconnection with the existing market, led to a decrease in the competitiveness of the CHP. The industry became less attractive for investors, its own generation facilities, did not allow upgrading the thermal power plants, boiler houses and heating networks. Each year, investments amount to about 40 billion rubles, which is a small part of the necessary investments, we need about 250 billion rubles a year. At the moment, 31% of CHPP and 68% of heat networks are used in excess of their service life. In connection with the growth of long-term explanations of heat networks, and wear and tear of CHP plant and boiler equipment, it was the cause of accidents in heat supply systems because of this, the cost of maintenance has increased. The cost of heat has a big impact on both the economy and individual agents. If we consider the heat energy market as an industry, then it is the largest market in Russia, the turnover of the thermal energy market reaches 1.5 trillion rubles. Payment for heating services is a significant part of the structure of payments, 50% fall on housing and communal services, 15-20% municipal formations of subjects of the Russian Federation. The limited solvency of certain population groups for heat supply, has a negative effect, which leads to setting a tariff below the actual level of costs. Ultimately, budget organizations and the population are not able to pay the tariffs to the fullest, Part of the costs goes to industrial enterprises, part of the costs are reimbursed by budgets of different levels. The annual volume of subsidies from the 111 budget system to the heat supply sector is 150 billion rubles, (Excluding subsidies for housing and communal services). The situation is exacerbated by low payment discipline-for example, the accumulated non-payments in the heat supply system amount to more than 180 billion rubles. [11]. 1.3 Development of alternative types of energy in Russia and the world Alternative energy sources is formed on the basis of constantly existing or periodically occurring processes in nature, as well as the life cycle of the plant and animal life and the life of human society. Renewable energy sources include: The energy of the sun, wind energy, water energy (including sewage energy), except for cases when such energy is used in pumped storage power plants, energy of tides, energy of waves and water objects, including water bodies, rivers, seas, oceans. Geothermal energy with the use of natural underground coolants, low-potential thermal energy of the earth, air, water with the use of special coolants. Biomass, which includes plants specially grown for energy production, including trees, production and consumption wastes, Except for the waste generated in the process of using hydrocarbon feedstock and fuel. Biogas produced by production and consumption wastes at landfills of such wastes. In today's world, cheap stocks of raw materials and not even consumption of resources, environmental pollution for the production of any type of energy, which causes many countries of the world to start reducing the energy consumption obtained from carbohydrate raw materials. Against this background, the formation of a transition to alternative energy sources (AES) began. [12] At the present time, the world is on the verge of a revolution in the energy world, the transition from industrial to post- industrial energy, the transition to gross energy. The postindustrial phase is a centralized energy system focused on the renewal of energy sources (hereinafter referred to as RES). In the analysis of statistical data [5-10], we can talk about the increase in world investment in RES. If to compare that in 2008 investments made 140 billion dollars, now these figures have grown to 400 billion dollars the number of 112 large and small companies engaged in the development of more advanced methods of energy production is growing. In the period from 2014 to 2015, the total renewable energy capacity increased by 148 GW, the main growth occurred in two directions, solar energy and wind power. Both directions are less expensive in terms of investment, at the end of 2015 construction of new solar stations was conducted in Morocco, South Africa, Israel, Chile, Saudi Arabia, China and India. This reflects a new trend of transition from traditional markets to developing regions with a high level of direct vertical solar radiation. Wind energy became the leading species in Europe and the US, and also the second most important in China, for the year was introduced 63 GW of wind generation, and the world capacity is 433 GW. [13] In total, the world produces 785 GW, as already noted, the key species are the energy of the sun and wind. If we consider the countries of the European Union and the BRICS countries, then the annual capacity is roughly on the same level and is the leader in the world. It can be seen from the graph that China and the USA use wind energy as their main types, which is more than 80% of the total capacity. Also, the US uses geothermal energy, which is an insignificant part of the total power output, but is potentially important in the development of alternative energy. [13] At the moment, Russia has lagged behind the general trend of switching to alternative types of energy, at the moment alternative energy Is less than 1% of the total energy production. In 2015, in Russia, 9 solar power stations with a total capacity of 170 MW were put into explanations, it is worth noting that all 80% of components were produced domestically, and the basis was laid by the most important principles, equipment position to withstand temperature regimes from – 40 to + 45 degrees. Also in the Far East, a wind energy complex consisting of three units with a total capacity of 900 kW, and it is planned to expand these facilities and build up power to 3 MW. At the moment, Russia has a strategy for developing alternative sources of energy 2030, the main objectives of this strategy: − Reduction in the rate of growth of anthropogenic pressure on the environment and resistance to changes in climate change, if it is necessary to meet the growing energy consumption; 113 − rational use and reduction of growth rates of consumption of available fossil fuel resources in the conditions of inevitable depletion of its reserves; − preserving public health and quality of life by reducing the rate of growth of environmental pollution by using fossil fuels, reducing public expenditure on health; − reduction of the growth rates of costs for the distribution and transportation of electricity and fuel and the resulting losses; − involvement in the fuel and energy balance of additional fuel and energy resources; − increasing the level of energy security and reliability of energy supply by increasing the level of its decentralization. According to this strategy, capital investment has been approved for the implementation of the mechanism for supporting RES. In order to reduce risks when making investment decisions in RES projects The government made changes in the definition of the maximum price for the capacity of generating facilities, consider the data of capital investments for the construction of 1 kW per 1 ruble. Over the past two years, renewable energy sources have grown to 574 MW, which indicates a large-scale work in this direction, The main player in the market of renewable sources of energy is «RusHydro», the company has modernized its equipment in the field of hydropower, and developed a modern turbine and power unit for more productive extraction of energy from rivers. In 2015, solar power stations with a total capacity of 170 MW were commissioned, The main components of this technology were produced domestically. Three wind power plants with a capacity of 900 kW were driven. In plans to 2020, increase the total amount of energy from alternative energy to 15.31 GW. Alternative energy sources can reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the population, rationally use the resources of fossil fuels in an inevitable decline in stocks, preservation of public health and quality of life by reducing the growth of environmental pollution. |