Методичка Усвят НД. Российской федерации гоу впо алтайский государственный университет международный институт экономики, менеджмента и информационных систем в экономик
 Скачать 2.14 Mb.
|
Accounting and Auditing
accounting – бухгалтерское дело accounting – бухучет accounting information – данные учета accounting principles – принципы бухгалтерского учета accounting records – материалы бухгалтерского учета accumulate (v) – аккумулировать, накапливать analysis – анализ analyst – аналитик audit – аудит audit (v) – подвергать аудиторской проверке auditing – ревизование, аудит balance sheet – бухгалтерский баланс bookkeeping – счетоводство books – бухгалтерские книги capital budgeting – ставление смет капитальных вложений certified public accounting firms – фирмы дипломированных независимых бухгалтеров classify (v) – классифицировать column – столбец concerning – относительно, касательно conduct affairs (v) – вести дела customer – покупатель, заказчик double-entry – двойная бухгалтерия entity – хозяйствующий субъект entry – запись, внесение, занесение fellow citizens – сограждане financial accounting – финансовый учет financial analyst – финансовый аналитик financial position – финансовое положение financial statements – финансовая отчетность from this perspective – с этой точки зрения governmental accounting – учет в государственных учреждениях governmental institution – государственный институт, государственное учреждение in return – в ответ income statement account – счет прибылей и убытков income statements – декларация о доходах income tax form – бланк декларации на подоходный налог income taxation – обложение подоходным налогом information system – информационная система internal audit –внутренняя ревизия, внутренний аудитор labour union – профсоюз liquidity – ликвидность managerial accounting – управленческий учет non-business organizations –некоммерческие организации operating results – результаты работы operations – работа, деятельность pricing – калькуляция цен private accounting – учет в хозрасчетных организациях profitably – с выгодой, с прибылью public accounting – работа независимых бухгалтерских работников в качестве аудиторов record (v) – записывать, отражать recording of information – запись информации, отражение информации record-keeping – ведение учета records – (бухгалтерская) отчетность refer to (v) – относиться, касаться report (v) – давать отчет set up a business (v) – организовать, основать дело single-entry book-keeping – простая бухгалтерия society – общество state – заявлять, сообщать stockholder – акционер summarise – суммировать supplier – поставщик trade association – ассоциация производителей и дилеров одной отрасли transaction – операция
Task 1. Read and translate the text. Whenever a man set up a business it is because he feels he can produce some useful commodity or service which will be needed by his fellow citizens. In return he expects to be able to earn a profit on his business. To conduct his affairs efficiently and profitably the businessman must have some knowledge of accounting. Accounting is the language of finance which all business decision-makers must understand. *It is the process of capturing, processing and communicating financial information. In other words, it is an information system that accumulates, records, classifies, summarises and reports commercial transactions. The aim of this process is to show the financial condition of a business entity. This information, in the form of financial statements is then communicated to those who make decisions concerning the operations of an enterprise. Bookkeeping is a small part of the system and deals with recordkeeping. Accounting information is used by managers, investors and different groups in society, for example, tax authorities, labour unions, local governments, financial analysts etc. From this perspective, accounting is divided into managerial and financial accounting. The major branches of accounting are public, private and governmental accounting. Public accounting refers to the work done by independent Certified Public Accountants (CPA), the corresponding professional British title being Chartered Accountants. They audit the books of companies to ensure that their financial statements and records are properly stated. Private accounting refers primarily to the private sector of the economy and involves the analysis and recording of financial information by accountants who are employees of the business entity. Governmental accounting is the accounting function performed for central (federal and state) and local governmental institutions. Note on the Text *It is the process of capturing, processing and communicating financial information. – Это процесс получения, переработки и предоставления финансовой информацию Task 2. Answer the comprehension questions to the text.
Task 3. Find in the text English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases: - производить полезные товары или услуги; - быть в состоянии заработать прибыль; - чтобы вести дела эффективно и с прибылью; - лица, принимающие решения; - накапливать; - отражать; - классифицировать; - суммировать и давать отчетность по коммерческим операциям; - финансовое состояние хозяйствующего субъекта; - финансовая отчетность; - налоговые власти; - профсоюзы; - финансовые аналитики; - бухучет подразделяется на …; - основные направления бухучета…; - подвергать аудиторской проверке бухгалтерские книги; - гарантировать, что финансовая отчетность составлена должным образом; - анализ и отражение финансовой информации. Task 4. Match the verbs in A with the nouns in B. A B to set up a commodity to produce affairs to earn information to conduct the books to communicate a function to audit profit to perform a business Task 5. Read the text and translate it into Russian. Say what you know about the accounting profession in Great Britain. The accounting profession in Great Britain is rich in tradition. Great Britain is the founding place of modern financial reporting and independent audit. The profession comprises private and public accountants. Private accountants are employed by business firms. They prepare budgets and performance reports which are used by managers to make managerial decisions. Many accountants work for government and non-for-profit organizations. Public accountants are independent professionals who provide services for a fee. They offer a number of services to their clients. One of the main ones is auditing. Accountants examine financial statements and offer their opinion on their accuracy and reliability. Words and word combinations you may need the founding place of – место, где были основаны… financial reporting – финансовая отчетность for a fee – за плату, на платной основе offer an opinion – дать аудиторское заключение accuracy – точность reliability – надежность Task 6. a) Read the interview. B) Say: - how one can become an auditor; - whether Russian follows international practice in auditing. Foreigner: As far as I know, you didn’t use to have auditing firms before your economic reforms. But now auditing is widely practiced here, isn’t it? Russian: That’s right. Our auditing profession is developing very fast. F.: Are there any professional organizations of auditors in Russia now? R.: Yes, there are. They help auditors in their professional activity. Now auditors are trained in institutes of higher education. F.: Can graduates perform audits? R.: No, they can’t. To carry out audits one must have a licence. F.: Do your auditors tale exams for that? R.: Like in your country they do. Requirements for people who take such exams are very strict. Then auditors must have several years of approved experience and constantly upgrade their skills. F.: I see. You follow international practice. What services do your auditors offer? R.: As a rule, they audit financial statements and provide opinion on their accuracy and reliability. Besides, they provide consultancy on financial management, taxation and designing of accounting systems. F.: These are most common things for auditors in market economy. R.: That’s true. Russia has been recognized as market economy lately. Words and word combinations you may need auditing firm – аудиторская фирма perform an audit – проводить аудиторскую проверку carry out an audit – проводить аудиторскую проверку licence – лицензия upgrade skills – повышать квалификацию consultancy services – консультационные услуги financial management – финансовый менеджмент designing of accounting systems – разработка систем бухучета Task 7. Say/write what you know about the accounting profession in Russia. Task 8. Translate the text into Russian and analyze grammatical and lexical problems of the translation with your teacher. Accounting: Changes and Prospects Significant changes are known to have taken place in accounting in recent years. The accountancy profession has gained a very high status. The modern accountant has begun to play an important role in business activity. As a result he is expected to perform various duties today, one of the major duties being provision of information to the management. By providing information to managers the accountant enables them to assess their own performance, to make economic decisions and to devise ways to improve their efficiency. Equally important is the task of designing accounting systems. In spite of the centuries of evolution the double-entry principle has remained the backbone of any accounting system. At the same time, however, one can’t deny the fact that the development of human society influences accounting and makes designing accounting systems for new fields like “social accounting”, “green accounting”, “tax accounting” etc. a challenging task. Another responsibility of accountants is to prepare financial statements, the four basic financial statements being the income statement, balance sheet, capital statement and the statement of cash flow. One of the biggest problems facing the accounting profession is the necessity of rapid adaptation to the changes connected with the enormous growth of industry, the world globalization process and development of information technology. In this context there is a general opinion in the profession about the need to improve the quality of accounting, professional competence and accounting education. Maintaining high ethical standards, compliance with relevant laws, as well as accounting and auditing standards are also on the agenda.
Task 1. Read and translate the text. What is accounting and bookkeeping? Accounting and Bookkeeping is the process of identifying, measuring, recording and communicating economic information about an organization or other entity. Bookkeeping is the record-keeping aspect of accounting. Accounting principles are applied in the preparation of financial statements and other financial information. Personal record keeping often uses a simple-entry bookkeeping, in which amounts re recorded in column form. Such entries include the date of the transaction, its nature and the amount of money. Record keeping of organizations is based on a double-entry system. Each transaction is recorded on the basis of its influence on the organization’s financial position or operating results. Information about financial position of an enterprise is presented in a balance sheet, while operating results are displayed in an income statement account. Data relating to an organization’s liquidity and changes in its financial structure are shown in a financial statement. Such financial statements are prepared to provide information about past performance, which in turn becomes a basis for readers to try to project what might happen in the future. Accounting information Accounting information can be classified into two categories: financial accounting or public information and managerial accounting or private information. Financial accounting includes information distributed to stockholders, creditors, customers, suppliers, financial analysts and trade associations. This information is also of interest to the company’s officers and managers. Such information relates to the financial position, liquidity (that is ability to convert to cash) and profitability of an enterprise. Managerial accounting deals with cost-profit-volume relationships, efficiency and productivity, planning and control, pricing decisions, capital budgeting and similar matters. This information is not generally distributed outside the company. Managerial accounting provides a wide variety of specialized reports for division managers, department heads, project directors, section supervisors and other managers. Specialized Accounting Of the various specialized areas of accounting that exist, the three most important are auditing, income taxation and accounting for non-business organizations. Auditing is the examination by an independent accountant of the financial data, accounting records, business documents and other documents of an organization in order to attest to the accuracy of its financial statements. Large private and public enterprises sometimes also maintain an internal audit staff to conduct examinations concerned with operating efficiency and managerial effectiveness. Income taxation is the second specialized area of accounting. Preparing an income tax form consists of collecting information and presenting data in a certain order; therefore both individuals and business frequently hire accountants to determine their taxes. Accounting for non-business organizations such as universities, hospitals, churches, trade and professional associations is the third area of specialization. These organizations differ from business enterprises in that they do not have a profit orientation and they have no defined ownership interests. As a result these organizations have differences in record keeping, in accounting measurements and in the format of their financial statements. Essential Vocabulary income statement account – счет прибылей и убытков accounting information – данные учета financial accounting – финансовый учет managerial accounting – управленческий учет stockholder – акционер financial analyst – финансовый аналитик trade association – ассоциация производителей и дилеров одной отрасли capital budgeting – составление смет капитальных вложений accounting records – материалы бухгалтерского учета internal audit – внутренняя ревизия, внутренний аудитор income tax form – бланк декларации на подоходный налог Task 2. Answer the following questions
Task 1. Read and translate the text. As you enter information in your books you will always make two entries which exactly balance one another. Each entry has a left side – these are called debits and a right side – these are called credits. For each entry you must enter at least one debit and one credit and the total of the amounts on the right must equal the total on the left. Another “rule” is that debits are positive and credits are negative and if you add them all together the total is “zero”. If you go to the store and buy a drill you are decreasing your cash in the bank by $129.50. You are increasing your expenses by the same amount – and there you have your two entries. Cash gets the negative entry or credit and small tools gets the positive entry or debit. All your asset accounts (1000 series) are debit accounts which means they are positive numbers. An asset is a positive number in the system. The liability accounts (2000 series) are called credit accounts and they are negative numbers but generally when you look at them on the balance sheet you don’t show the minus sign. The 3000 series is sales. Sales are considered a credit account. You sell something and get some cash. Cash is a debit account. Make a sale and you better increase your cash – debit cash. Positive entry. The 4000 and 5000 series the expense accounts are all debit accounts. You enter an expense as a positive number (debit) to increase your record of what you’ve spent. Whenever you make a purchase of an item that goes to one of your expense accounts you always increase your expense which is a debit.
Task 1. Read and translate the text. Of the two traditional types of financial statements the balance sheet relates to an entity’s position and the income statement – or profit and loss account – relates to its activity. The balance sheet provides information about an organization’s assets, liabilities and owners’ equity on the last day of the accounting or fiscal period. The format of the balance sheet reflects the basic accounting equation: assets equal equities. Assets are economic resources of the organization. Equities consist of the organization’s liabilities together with the equity interest of its owners. (For example, a certain house has assets worth $70,000: its unpaid mortgage is a liability of $45,000 and the equity of its owners is $25,000). Assets are categorized as current or long-lived. Current assets are usually those that management could reasonably be expected to convert into cash within one year; they include cash, receivables, merchandise inventory and short-term investments in stocks and bonds. Long-lived assets include land, buildings, machinery, motor vehicles, computers, furniture and fixtures. Lon-lived assets also include intangible such as patents and trademarks. |
