Методичка Усвят НД. Российской федерации гоу впо алтайский государственный университет международный институт экономики, менеджмента и информационных систем в экономик
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Words you may need magical – волшебный transform – преобразовывать pace – темп, скорость install – устанавливать evidence – свидетельство, доказательство the reverse – обратное impede – затруднять tailor – специально приспосабливать для какой-либо цели Task 2. Decide, if these statements are true or false.
Task 1. Read and translate the text. Internet is being used now to gather information, to shop or just for entertainment. You’re probably familiar with the process of dialing in and moving from website to website. But do you really understand how you’re doing what you’re doing as you move from web location to web location? How did Internet get started? The Internet began in the late 1960s as an experiment by the U.S Department of Defense to see if a non-centralized network could be built to withstand the destruction of one or more of its parts. Unlike previous networks, this new network did not have a single central point. Instead, all sites on the network were interconnected. Out of this network came a protocol for linking computers together. A protocol is a set of standards for how network communication takes place. The protocol is called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). This protocol is the standard that makes it possible for different computers all over the globe to talk to each other. The TCP/IP protocol is the foundation of the Internet. At first, the Internet was used solely by the US government but soon universities and other institutions connected themselves to the Internet to communicate with one another and collaborate on projects. The Internet grew to connect hundreds of different sites all across the world. Each organization on the Internet was responsible for maintaining its part of the network, so the Internet was not owned or controlled by any one organization. Today, the Internet connects up to 40 million people around the globe and is growing by as much as 10% per month. Task 2.Answer the questions.
Task 1.Read the text. The Internet is like a system of roads, freeways and bridges. The term “Information Superhighway” describes how the Internet works. From any road in any city you can get to almost any other road in any other city. From your country you can send an electronic mail message to someone sitting at a computer in Helsinki, Warsaw or Moscow. Internet access companies or Internet Service Providers (ISP) provide physical connections that allow you to access the Internet. These connections are called “POPs”, which stands for “points of presence”. Your computer uses a modem to dial into a POP which connects you to the Internet. Once connected to a POP, you have access to all the resources of the Internet. Most ISP’s will also supply you with software available for work in the Internet: a Web browser. Task 2. Correct the following statements.
In the 1980’s a major change occurred as a result of the increase in scale of the Internet and its associated management issues. To make it easy for people to use the network, hosts were assigned names, so that it was not necessary to remember the numeric addresses. Originally, there were a fairly limited number of hosts so it was feasible to maintain a single table of all the hosts and their names and addresses. The shift to having a large number of independently managed networks or so called Local Area Networks (LANs) meant that having a single table of hosts was no longer feasible and the Domain Name System (DNS) was established. A domain name is the letters or words that visitors must type in to come to your website. The DNS permitted the conversion of a numeric host address (i.e. 215.72.87.66) to a simpler, easier to remember name address (e.g.www.prospekt.org). The Birth of the Web Browser In October of 1994, Mosaic Communications Corporation (renamed “Netscape Communications” on 11 November 1994) introduced the first public version of their browser, “Mosaic NetScape”. A browser is a software program which reads the computer language (Hyper Text Markup Language – HTML) used to code information on the Web and allows you to view documents on the Web. This was one of the first web browsers to be freely distributed across the Internet. How does email work? Let’s say you are sending mail to (user name @domain name). When you have finished composing your email, your mailer (email software) performs a gethostbyname system call to look up the IP address of the remote host (aol.com). The IP address (INTERNET PROTOCOL address) is an assigned number, which identifies a host in an Internet. It has three parts: network, optional subnet number and host number. Your system queries an Internet name server to find the address of aol.com. Your mailer opens a virtual circuit over the Internet to “joy’s” mailer. It communicates with the remote mailer by using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). If all goes well, the mail is usually delivered within a few seconds, even if the recipient’s machine is on the other side of the world. If the Remote site is down, your mailer will keep trying every hour or so, usually for a couple of days. If the site still can’t be reached, the mail will be returned to you as “undeliverable message”. People and organizations without fulltime Internet connections may also use the Post Office Protocol (POP). Vocabulary department of defense – министерство обороны to withstand – выдержать, противостоять freeway – автострада высшего класса host – хост (сетевой узел, использующий протоколы tcp\ip host address – ведущий адрес scale – масштаб, размер subnet – подсеть query – запрос server – сервер mailer – почтальон (программа доставки электронной почты адресату) email software – программа для электронной почты down – не работающий, не функционирующий (о компьютере) undeliverable message – недоставленное сообщение Task 2. Answer the questions.
Who owns the World Wide Web (WWW)? The answer is – NOBODY! How can that be? – you could ask. This concept is a bit difficult to grasp unless you understand the structure of the Internet and its component parts, including the WWW. We have called the Internet “The Information Superhighway” and that is still the most accurate analogy. The Internet is a network of independently-owned and operated interconnecting communication pipelines, just as the system of roads and bridges is a network of independently-owned and operated thoroughfares. From dirt roads to gravel roads to two lane paved roads to the largest multi-lane superhighways. Each road and each bridge was built by an independent entity and continues to be owned and controlled by that entity, including sale or other transfer of interest. Anyone can connect to an interstate highway, if the price is right. The beauty of the system, however, is that anyone can drive on any of these roads, usually for free. Once you get on one road in the system, you can use it to access any number of other roads, to go anywhere on the network you choose. All you need is a vehicle – a car or a computer with a modem and software. The Internet works the same way. Some parts of the Internet were installed and now maintained by government agencies, some by universities, some by private businesses, some by individuals. Each new connection to the Internet is achieved by acquiring permission to connect to someone who is already connected. It can be as simple as an individual signing up for a dial-up access account through an ISP, or as complicated as a new ISP establishing a high-speed data connection to a major backbone, with dozens of pieces of computer hardware to regulate and route the traffic. Once you’re on, you’re on. You can go anywhere. The WWW is merely a subset of information published on the Internet. The only thing distinguishing information on the Web from other types of information on the Internet is the format in which the information is published. Web documents are published in Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML). In order to put up a web page of your own, whether individual or business, you need to get access to the WWW by either renting space on an existing commercial Web server or by putting up your own Web server and paying for a connection to someone else’s data pipeline. Either way, you’ll own a piece of the WWW yourself! Vocabulary pipeline – канал (связи, снабжения, коммуникации) thoroughfare – транспортная магистраль entity – организация for free – бесплатно to sign up – подписаться на услуги провайдера dial-up access – наборный доступ (по телефону) user account – учетная запись пользователя (пароль и имя пользователя) subset – подмножество web page – cтраница или ряд страниц, хранимые в сети web server – web-сервер (компьютер, предоставляющий доступ к службам и страницам www ) to put up – организовывать, устраивать Task 2. Answer the questions
Task 3. Complete the following sentences, using the words given below.
Subset, computer, entity, for free, network. |
