Экология. НОВ.2019_Сборник_контрольных_работ_для_заочников_ФЗО_1. Технологический университет
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Контрольная работа № 3Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 38.03.04 Государственное и муниципальное управлениеПрочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. THE ORIGINS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT — AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM Local government in New York has evolved over centuries of experience that Empire State residents have had in dealing with the land and its resources. The governmental forms created by the people reflect functional concerns, a fear of concentrated governmental power and a sustained dedication to basic ideas of representative government. Although we often speak of three “levels” of government, the United States Constitution mentions only two: the federal government and the state governments. The federal system, however, implicitly includes the idea that the states, in the exercise of powers reserved to them by the United States Constitution, would provide for local governments in ways that would take into account local diversities and needs. To the extent that the states have made such provisions in the form of state constitutional grants of home-rule power to the local units, such as in New York, local governments have become, in fact as well as in theory, a third level of the federal system. “Before the first Roman soldier stepped on the shore of England…” are the words which open a “History of the County Law” in the 1950 edition of McKinney’s County Law of the State of New York. The origins of local government in New York State may be traced to that moment in ancient history. A historian of county government will find, for example, that the familiar office of sheriff existed in England over one thousand years ago — as did the reeve (tax collector) of the shire or “shire-reeve.” Of course, long before the early European settlers began to plan their particular forms of governmental organization in New York State, the Iroquois Confederacy existed as a relatively sophisticated system of government. The Iroquois Confederacy included extensive intergovernmental cooperation and operated effectively from the mouth of the Mohawk River to the Genesee River. The Iroquois had found it advantageous to substitute intertribal warfare and strife for a cooperative arrangement in which each of the six tribes carried out assigned functions and duties on behalf of all. The federal arrangement in the United States Constitution was patterned after the Iroquois Confederacy. The familiar patterns of local government in New York today, however, stem largely from the colonial period. (New York State. Department of State. URL: https://www.dos.ny.gov/) Письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзац. Найдите абзац, где выражается основная идея текста. Вариант 2 для направления подготовки 38.03.04 Государственное и муниципальное управлениеПрочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN NEW YORK Established by the Dutch, the first local governments in New York began as little more than adjuncts to a furtrading enterprise. Under a charter from the government of the Netherlands, the Dutch West India Company ruled the colony of New Netherland from 1609 until the British seized it in 1664. At first the Dutch concentrated almost wholly on commerce and trade, particularly the fur trade. As early as 1614 and 1615, they established trading posts at Fort Nassau, near the present Albany, and on Manhattan Island. Serious efforts to colonize began in 1624, when New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic. Beginning in 1629 the Dutch established feudal manors, called “patroonships,” to expedite the effort of permanent settlement. That system bestowed vast land grants upon individual “patroons,” who were expected to populate their holdings with settlers who would cultivate the lands on their behalf. The Dutch rulers of New Netherland initially did not draw a sharp line between their overall colonial or provincial government and that of their major settlement, which was called New Amsterdam. It was not until 1646 that the Dutch West India Company granted what appears to have been certain municipal privileges to the “Village of Breuckelen” — lineal ancestor of the present day Brooklyn — located across the East River from New Amsterdam. Fort Orange, which later became the City of Albany, obtained similar municipal privileges in 1662. In 1653, the “Merchants and Elders of the Community of New Amsterdam” won the right to establish what was called “a city government.” This was the birth of the municipality which would later become New York City. The Dutch colonial period lasted for more than 50 years. In 1664, during hostilities leading up to the second Anglo-Dutch War, Peter Stuyvesant, the last Dutch governor, surrendered New Netherland to James II of England, who came to be known as James, Duke of York. The British easily adapted the governments previously established by the Dutch to their own patterns and then further modified them to meet the needs of colonial New Yorkers. Pressed to name a single source for the present pattern of local government in New York, a historian can cite a number of dates and places and can argue that each has validity. However, the most prominent single event in the development of contemporary forms of local government in colonial New York was the “Convention” of delegates, which took place in 1665 at Hempstead, in what is now Nassau County. Its purpose was to propose laws for the colony which had only the year before passed from Dutch to British rule. The laws proposed by these delegates were adopted for the most part and came to be called the Duke of York’s laws. They recognized the existence of 17 towns and created one county, called Yorkshire. Thus, the beginnings of town and county government in New York reflected colonial policies of the English government, certain Dutch patterns, and British colonial experience. At an historic “General Assembly of Freeholders” convened in 1683 by Governor Thomas Dongan, participants passed a charter outlining the principles by which the colony ought to be governed. Known as the Charter of Liberties and Privileges, its principles were drawn from the Magna Carta and closely resembled our modern constitutions. Among other important actions, the Assembly divided the province of New York into 12 counties. The county became the basis of representation in the Colonial Assembly and also the unit of administration for the system of courts that was established at the same time. The charter was signed by the Duke of York and then vetoed by him five months later when he ascended to the throne as King James II. He abandoned the throne in 1688, and in 1691, a new assembly, elected under Governor Henry Sloughter, passed new statutes reasserting the principles contained in the original charter. (New York State. Department of State. URL: https://www.dos.ny.gov/) Письменно переведите 2 и 3 абзац. Найдите абзац, где выражается основная идея текста. |