Экология. НОВ.2019_Сборник_контрольных_работ_для_заочников_ФЗО_1. Технологический университет
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Вариант 1 для направления подготовки 09.03.02 Информационные системы и технологииПрочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. THE EVOLVING ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIZATIONS: A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE Most organizations in all sectors of industry, commerce, not‐for‐profit, and government are now fundamentally dependent on their information systems (IS) and information technology (IT). In industries such as telecommunications, media, entertainment, gambling and financial services, where the product is already, or is being increasingly, digitized, the very existence of an organization depends on the effective application of IS/IT. With the commercialization of the Internet, the use of technology has become the expected way of conducting many aspects of business and some businesses exist purely online. Governments and public administrations have launched many digital services. The ubiquity of mobile devices and new forms of social media are raising consumer demands for immediacy of access and speed of response. The increasing pervasiveness of smart connected devices and ‘things’ of all kinds is opening up opportunities for new products and services, further operational efficiencies and new types of businesses and business models. While organizations want to develop a more ‘strategic’ approach to harnessing and exploiting IS/IT, most have arrived at their current situation as a result of many short‐term, ‘tactical’ decisions. Many would no doubt like to rethink their investments, or even begin again with a ‘clean sheet’, but unfortunately have a ‘legacy’ resulting from a less than strategic approach to IS/IT in the past; many organizations including banks, insurance companies and public administrations still depend on systems first developed over 30 years ago. Even investments that were once seen as ‘strategic’ eventually become part of a costly and complex legacy. Learning from previous experience – the successes and failures of the past – is perhaps one of the most important aspects of strategic management. Much of the learning about the capability of IT is experiential, and organizations tend to learn to manage IS/IT by doing, not appreciating the challenges until they have faced them. However, few organizations are likely to have been exposed to the whole range of IS/IT experiences; nor is it likely that those experiences have been evaluated objectively. This chapter provides an overview and appraisal of the general evolution of IS/IT in organizations, from which lessons can be learned for its future strategic management. This evolution is considered from a number of viewpoints, using a variety of models, some of which are further developed and used later in the book, when considering the particular approaches required in thinking and planning strategically for IS/IT investments. A number of forces affect the pace and effectiveness of progress in using IS/IT and in delivering operational and strategic benefits. The relative importance of each factor varies over time, and will also vary from one organization to another. These factors include: ◆ the capabilities of the technology and the applications that are feasible; ◆ the economics of acquiring, deploying and maintaining the technology: applications, services and infrastructure; ◆ the skills and abilities available, either in‐house or from external sources, to design and implement the applications; ◆ the skills and abilities within the organization to use the applications and information; ◆ the capability to manage any organizational changes accompanying technology deployments; ◆ the pressures on the particular organization or its industry to improve performance or adapt to changing circumstances, such as a new regulatory environment or ‘digital disruption’. This list is not meant to be exhaustive and could be expressed in other terms – but it is in a deliberate sequence of increasing ‘stress’, as the complexity and criticality of management decision making becomes more strategic. Most assessments of the evolution of IS/IT in organizations tend to focus on one or two aspects of its development, such as organizational, applications, management of technology or planning, but in this chapter these various perspectives will be brought together, as much as possible. (English for Computer Science Students: учеб. пособие / Сост. Т. В. Смирнова, М. В. Юдельсон; науч. ред. Н. А. Дударева) II. Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзац. III. Найдите абзац, где выражается основная идея текста. |