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OIL OUTPUTOld ways of the oil outputDevelopment of the oil industry knows 4 ways of extracting oil. Oil industry is too old to remember itself. It ‘s been existing since ancient times. 1. The first known way of extracting oil was that of getting oil from a water surface. This way was used in ancient time in Sicily. In Russia such an oil extraction was done by Priadunov in 1745. In 1858 on p. Cheleken oil was collected out of water trenches. Water from the lake went away into the trenches. The trenches had a wood block-up that let the water flow only onto the bottom of the trenches and oil appeared on the surface. 2. The second way consisted in developing lime-stone or sand-stone and in extracting oil out of them. This way was described by F. Ariosto in 15 century. In Italy such grounds were put to pieces and warmed in the boilers. Then oil was put into sacks and pressed out. In France in 1819 oiled lime-stone or sand-stone was developed in the mine way with help of adits. The adit was about 1km long. The output was put into a tan-vat filled with hot water. After stirring on the surface there appeared oil that was collected with a bucket. In 1833-45 on the shore of the Azov sea sand containing oil was extracted. This sand was put into pits with an inclined bottom and watered. Oil watered out of the sand was collected with a bunch of grass from the water surface. 3. The third way was extracting oil out of the draw-well. The depth of the draw-wells was 27 m, walls of them were stoned or strengthened with wood . In 1825 in Baku 4126 tons of oil were extracted out of 120 draw-wells. The fourth way is a modern way of extraction. Almost all the oil in the world is extracted with help of wells fixed with steel high-pressured pipes. To lift oil, gas and water onto the earth surface the wells have hermetic systems of lifting pipes, mechanisms and blocked fittings. Welled extraction has been widely used since 1860. Oil extraction may be divided into 3 stages. The first stage is lifting oil through a bed up to faces of the well. This stage is called a working of the oil fields. The second stage is lifting oil from the well faces up to their mouth on the surface. This is called an exploitation of the oil wells. The third stage consists of collecting oil, an adjoining gas and water from the surface, separating them and removing water out of the oil, processing a bed water (before pumping it into the bed or for throwing it away into the industry sewerage), pumping water into the bed through the water injection wells and collecting adjoining gas. Accomplishing process of oil output by means of wells and technological equipment is called an exploitation of the oil mines. Vocabulary trench – канава sandstone - песчаник limestone – известняк ground – грунт sewerage – канализация block up - запруживать face - забой bed – пласт draw well - колодец mouth – устье adit – штольня water injection wells – нагнетательные скважины ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ:
1. What was the first way of extracting oil? 2. When was the first way used in Russia? 3. What was the second way of extracting oil? 4. How was oiled lime-stone or sand-stone developed in France? 5. What was the third way of extracting oil? 6. What was a draw-well like? 7. What is the forth way of extracting oil? Темы для устного изложения Higher Education in Great Britain Pupils going on to higher education or professional training usually take “A” level examinations in two or three subjects. Universities accept students mainly on the basis of their “A” level results, although they may interview them as well. In 1971 the Open University was started, where these formal qualifications are not necessary. Nearly a quarter of all adult part-time students follow its degree courses on radio and television. There are forty-seven universities in Britain and thirty former polytechnics (now also universities), plus 350 colleges and institutes of higher education (some of which train teachers). Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer, including medicine, architecture and foreign languages (where courses include a year abroad). They lead in most cases to a Bachelor's degree in Arts or Science. There are various postgraduate degrees, including Master and Doctor of Philosophy. The last two are awarded for research in arts or sciences. Degrees are awarded either by the institution itself, or by the Council for National Academic Awards, particularly in vocational areas. Students of law, architecture and some other professions can take qualifications awarded by their own professional bodies instead of degrees. At present, students who have been accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a grant from their local authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may cover living expenses. Parents with higher incomes are expected to make a contribution. Until 1990 the grant did not have to be paid back, but now a system of loans has been introduced. The most famous universities are Oxford and Cambridge, called “Oxbridge”. They are famous for their academic excellence. Vocabulary higher education - высшее образование to go on to higher education - продолжить образование в вузе professional training - профессиональная подготовка to take one's “A” level examinations - сдавать экзамены продвинутого уровня to accept students - принимать студентов to interview smb. - провести собеседование с кем-либо the Open University - открытый университет formal qualifications - формальные результаты an adult student - взрослый студент a part-time student - студент-заочник или вечерник to follow a degree course - проходить курс, ведущий к получению степени a former polytechnic - бывший политехнический институт an undergraduate course - курс для студентов to take … years - занимать … лет full-time study - дневное обучение Bachelor's degree - степень бакалавра a postgraduate degree - ученая степень Master of Philosophy - магистр гуманитарных наук to be awarded for smth. - присуждаться за что-либо research in Arts or Sciences - исследования в области гуманитарных или естественных наук the Council for National Academic - Национальный совет по Awards - присуждению ученых степеней a vocational area - область профессионального обучения to take qualifications - сдавать экзамены a professional body - профессиональный орган to receive a grant - получать стипендию a local authority - местный орган власти to cover the cost of smth. - покрывать расходы на что-либо living expenses - стоимость проживания to make a contribution - возместить часть расходов to pay smth. back - возвратить что-либо to introduce a system of loans - ввести систему займов to be famous for - быть известным academic excellence - великолепное качество обучения ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарем. Изложите кратко основное содержание текста на английском языке. 2. Вопросы к тексту: 1. What is necessary to go on to higher education? 2. What types of higher educational establishments are there in the UK? 3. What courses of study are offered by higher education establishments? 4. What is the procedure of awarding degrees? 5. What are the conditions of receiving grants? 6. What are the Oxbridge universities famous for? American Universities and Colleges Higher education in the United States includes educational programmes which usually require for admission 12 years of elementary and secondary schooling. It is carried on under a number of forms. The most common type of higher education is the college. It requires for admission graduation from a standard secondary school; its four-year curriculum leads to the bachelor's degree in arts and sciences. The American college is known by various titles such as me college of liberal arts, the college of arts and sciences, the college of literature, science and arts. The college may be the central unit around which the university is organized, or it may be a separate corporate entity, independent from the University. The university in the United States is an educational institution comprising a college of liberal arts and sciences, a professional school leading to a professional degree and a graduate college (school). A graduate college provides programmes for study and research beyond the levels of the bachelor's and first professional degree. The word “university”, however, is also used in a broader sense, for almost any type of educational institution offering instruction beyond the level of the secondary school. Thus in the United States there is some confusion in the use of the terms “college” and “university”. Some institutions that are in fact colleges of liberal arts have been incorporated in the universities. Some institutions incorporated in colleges are in fact universities with graduate and professional schools. In addition to colleges and universities there is a large number of professional schools, separate from universities. They provide preparation in one or more professional fields, such as law, music or theology. Junior colleges or professional schools do not offer the full four-year curriculum leading to a degree. An institute of technology is a degree-granting institution that specializes in science and technology; some of them have graduate study. An institution offering programs of technological study only at the junior college level is known as a technical institution. The colleges in the United States differ greatly in size – they may include from 100 to 5 000 students and more. Most of the larger institutions fall into the category of universities, the largest being University of California, State University of New York, New York University, Columbia University and others. Vocabulary higher education - высшее образование an educational program - образовательная программа to require for admission - требовать при поступлении elementary and secondary schooling - начальное и среднее образование to be carried on - осуществляться graduation from a standard secondary school - окончание средней школы a curriculum - программа to lead to smth. - приводить к чему-либо to be the central unit - быть центральным звеном a separate corporate entity - отдельная составная единица an educational institution - образовательное учреждение to comprise smth. - включать что-либо (в состав) a college of liberal arts and sciences - колледж свободных искусств и наук a professional school - профессиональный колледж a professional degree - профессиональная степень a graduate college (school) - аспирантура to provide a program for - предоставлять программу beyond the level of smth. - выше уровня чего-либо to offer instruction - давать образование to be incorporated in a university - быть включенным в университет to be separate from a university - быть независимым от университета to provide preparation in - давать подготовку в a professional field - профессиональной области a junior college - первая ступень колледжа an institute of technology - технический институт a degree-granting institution - учебное заведение, присваивающее степень a technical institution - технический колледж to include smth. - включать что-либо (в состав) to fall into the category of - попадать в определенную категорию ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь приведенным словарем. Изложите кратко основное содержание текста на английском языке. 2. Вопросы к тексту: 1. What do higher education institutions in the USA require for admission? 2. What degree does a college lead to? 3. What sense is the word “college” used in? 4. What kind of educational institution is the University? 5. What sense is the word “university” used in? 6. What kind of preparation do professional schools provide? 7. What is an institute of technology? 8. What is the size of colleges and universities in America? Итоговый тест за 2-й семестр 1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый буквой "у", отличается от остальных? 1) busy, 2) city, 3) pity, 4) mummy, 5) reply, 6) sunny, 7) any, 8) early. 2. Выберите правильное местоимение: 1) ... has lived in this house for years. a) nowhere b) no one c) nothing 2) You can read ... book by this author. They are all interesting. a) some b) any c) no 3) ... time I see her she speaks about her dog. a) every b) any c) some 3. Укажите правильный вариант: 1) I want to know... a) ... how old she is. b) ... how old is she. 2) She asks... a) ... is there a cinema nearby. b) ... if there is a cinema nearby. 4. Употребите определения перед существительными, соблюдая правильный порядок слов: 1) a) a lady b) nice c) old 2)a) a man b) young c) good-looking 5. Поставьте наречия в нужное место: 1) I get up very early in the morning (never). 2) I help my mother about the house (always). 3) He goes to school by the Metro (often). 6. Выберите правильный модальный глагол: 1) The sky is dark. It ... rain soon. a) may b) should c) has to 2) The lights are on. They ... be at home. a) may b) must c) are to 3) You ... to come here again. a) must b) should c) have 7. Выберите правильный вариант: 1) Our class in English will take place in room .... a) the first b) one 2) We leave for London on ... of January. a) the tenth b) ten 3) My watch is... minutes fast. a) the fifth b) five 8. Исключите слово, отличающееся от остальных: 1) seven, 2) eleven, 3) a hundred, 4) eighteen, 5) second, 6) seventy, 7) twenty-five, 8) three. 9. Выберите правильную форму глагола: 1) If I... the letter tomorrow, I'll phone you. a) receive b) shall receive 2) She said she... to see us at the weekend. a) will come b) would come 3) She ... school this year. a) has finished b) had finished 10. Выберите правильную форму глагола: 1) The letter... yesterday. a) wrote b) was written 2) The postman ... the letter yesterday. a) brought b) was brought 3) The children ... to the Zoo tomorrow. a) will take b) will be taken 11. Выберите правильный вариант: 1) ... is raining. a) it b) there 2) ... is a garden near a house. a) it b) there 3) What is ... ? a) it b) there 4) Is ... a library in your school? a) it b) there 12. Выберите правильный предлог: 1) I'm looking... my textbook which I left here. a) at b) for 2) It's getting dark, will you turn ... the light, please. a) on b) off 3) I saw him playing football... that time. a) at b) in 13. Подберите пары синонимов: 1) to come in a) to visit 2) to be a success b) to discover 3) to answer c) to make progress 4) to come to see e) to enter 5) to find out d) to astonish 6) to surprise f) to reply 14. Выберите правильный вариант: 1) The shortest month of the year is .... a) January b) February c) March 2) The school year begins in .... a) January b) June c) September 3) April comes before.... a) March b) May c) June 15. Какие из высказываний являются правильными? 1) Winter follows spring. 2) The “Forsyte Saga” was written by Galsworthy. 3) The British flag is called Union Jack. 4) New York is the capital of the USA. 5) Portugal is situated in Latin America. 6) Swedish is spoken in Switzerland. 16. Укажите, о каком времени года идет речь: The sky is bright. The sun gets warmer. It hardly ever rains. The air is fresh. Green leaves appear on the trees and some flowers break into blossom. The nature awakens after a long sleep. 17. Назовите страну, о которой идет речь: It is situated in Western Europe. It borders on France. The head of the country is the King. Picasso was born in this country. 18. Укажите, какое слово отличается от остальных: 1) writer, 2) builder, 3) teacher, 4) worker, 5) driver, 6) pilot, 7) lawyer, 8) painter, 9) dancer, 10) singer. 19. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопрос - What nationality was the man taken for a typical Englishman? Like any other country Britain has its manners and customs as well as reputation. Foreigners often say that in English trains people never speak to each other. But this of course is not true. Not long ago 1 was travelling to London. In my compartment there were many passengers and they talked to each other almost all the time. They told each other where they lived, where they were going and, of course, talked about the weather. As soon as the train started a little girl sitting by the window, called out: " We're off'. I found out that she was going to her aunt's in Chiswick It's somewhere near the Thames but I don't know exactly where. “Shall we be passing anywhere near it?” “Chiswick? That's easy to find. You can get to it on the Tube. I'll show you where to go when we arrive”, I told her. “Goodness, how fast the train is going!” said an old lady. “Do they go so fast in snowy weather and at night?” Her neighbour smiled, took out a book and began to read. Here was a typical Englishman: during the whole journey he didn't say a single word. But as we arrived in London, he got up and turning to the lady he said with a strong accent: “Excuse me. I do not understand English. I am from Poland.” |