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PETROLEUM ORIGIN AND CONDITIONS OF BEDDINGStudying genetic nature of petroleum may be divided into several stages. The first stage goes back to the Middle Ages. It was a pre-scientific stage. In 1546 Agricola supposed petroleum and bituminous coal to have mineral origin; the latter originated from petroleum’s thickening and hardening. The second stage is that of scientific guesses. It begins with Lomonosov’s research work named “About Underground” in 1763. Lomonosov stated that petroleum and bituminous coal have one and the same organic origin. The third stage is connected with an appearance and development of the petroleum industry. In this stage different hypothesises about the organic and mineral origin of petroleum were offered. The fourth stage is marked with geological and geo-chemical researches made to determine the petroleum origin. In 1932 there was published the classical work “Studying about petroleum” by Gubkin. This work played a great role in determining the petroleum origin and forming it’s beds. Then there was a number of researches that proved a hypothesis about the petroleum organic origin. Petroleum is in the earth entrails in a form of accumulations. The accumulations have a different volume that may be from several cubic millimeters to several milliard cubic millimeters. Beds of the petroleum accumulations having a mass of several thousand tons and more are very important for petroleum industry. Petroleum beds in different depths of the earth entrails. These depths may reach 6 – 7 km, although petroleum accumulations turn into gas ones in the depths of 4.5 –5 km. A maximum number of petroleum beds is in the internal of 0.5 – 3 km, and the greatest beds are in the interval of 0.8 – 2.4 km. Vocabulary beds - залежи origin - происхождение earth entrails - недра accumulation - скопление bituminous coal - каменный уголь mineral - неорганический ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. 2. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. How many stages were there in the petroleum studying? 2. When was the first stage? 3. Had the petroleum an organic origin according to Agricola? 4. When did the second stage begin? 5. What origin does petroleum have according to Lomonosov? 6. What is the third stage connected with? 7. What is the fourth stage marked with? 8. Who played an important role in determining the petroleum origin? 9. Where does petroleum lie? 10. What is a volume of petroleum accumulations? 11. In what depths do petroleum beds turn into gas ones? OIL – FIELD GEOGRATHYThere are about 30.000 oil-fields known in the world; 15 – 20 % of them are gas and oil fields. A lot of oil fields are in the offshore sea zones. 5% of the exploited oil fields give about 85% of the world extraction of oil. Oil-fields are exposed on all the continents (except Antarctica) and on considerable adjoining water areas. In Russia oil – fields were found at the 19 century in the district of Grozny, in the Krasnodarsky region and the Timano-Pechorsky one and on Sakhalin. In 1941- 1945 there were found and put to exploitation oil-fields in the Volga – Ural district and in the Stavropol territory. Then in 1950-s one of the greatest oil-field in the world (the West Siberian one ) was exposed. In 1960-s oil-fields were found in the Near and Middle East, in the North and West of Africa, in the South and East of Asia and in Australia. The USA has about 13.000 small oil-fields, the greater ones are in Alaska, Texas and California. Large oil fields are also in the South America and Canada. In the West Europe there are oil-fields in the area of the North sea ( on shelves of the Great Britain, Norway and Denmark). Vocabulary oil field - месторождение нефти; in the area - в районе; to be exposed - быть обнаруженым; extraction - добыча; to put to exploitation - запустить в эксплуатацию ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
PROSPECTORThe aim of the oil prospector is to find out oil districts, estimate them in the geological and economical way and prepare these oil fields for exploitation. Oil prospector is done with help of geological, geo-physical, geo-chemical and drilling works in a consecutive order. In Russia oil prospector is divided into two stages. The first stage is searching. The second one is prospecting. The first stage includes district geological and geophysical works, preparation of the oil areas for a deep searching drilling and oil field search. District works consist in making geological survey, air- magnetic and gravimeter ones, geo-chemical water test, seismic prospector, drilling the bearing and parametric wells. The aim of the second stage is a preparation of the oil fields for working. The stage consists in determining an oil composition, capacity, oil and gas saturation, physical and chemical properties and a bore -efficiency. After prospecting industry oil reserves are calculated and then a conclusion about putting the oil fields into exploitation is made. The aim of the works is to give a quantitative estimation of the oil fields and to determine the first turn districts to go on searching. The main estimation of the prospector is a cost of one ton of the prospected oil. Vocabulary prospector - разведка exploitation - разработка working - разработка reserves - запасы saturation - насыщение well - буровая скважина survey - съемка bearing - опорный composition - состав ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст. 2. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What is an aim of the oil prospector? 2. How is the oil prospector done with? 3. How many stages are there in the oil prospector? 4. What works does the first stage include? 5. What do district works consist in? 6. What is an aim of the second stage? 7. What does the second stage consist in? 8. What must be done after prospecting? |