Англ.яз. для 1 курса. Тесты за семестр выполняются по желанию студента для самоконтроля
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ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст и назовите этапы в развитии науки о теплоте и энергии. 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний: принцип объединения; количественная наука; масштаб промышленных операций; принимая во внимание идею; требовалось время для плавления; с равномерным движением; переменная нагрузка; основной вклад; крупное обобщение; принцип взаимозаменяемости; преобразования угля в мощность; паровая машина; не уменьшается и не возрастает; количество работы; данной конструкции; КПД. 3. Закончите предложения: 1. The study of heat began ... . 2. Heat is connected with ... . 3. The first ideas of heat were important in .... 4. The idea of temperature first came from ... . 5. Dr. Black, the first researcher of heat found that ... . 6. He called it ... . 7. He also noticed latent heat that is ... . 8. One of the greatest generalizations and contributions of the 19th century was ... . 9. The first law of thermodynamics provides ... . 10. The second law of thermodynamics limits ... . 11. All human activity depends greatly on ... . 4. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. When did the first speculations about heat begin? 2. Why was heat so important for humanity? 3. What were the early conceptions about heat? 4. What practical experiences supported these ideas? 5. What human activities demanded the development of heat as a quantitative science? 6. What experimental observations enabled Dr. Black to establish specific heat and latent heat? 7. How was this discovery proved in practice? 8. Why was the doctrine of the conservation of energy one of the great generalizations and contributions into the physics of the nineteenth century? 9. What does the first law of thermodynamics state? 10. What human activities depend on energy? 5. Подумайте и скажите: 1. “Prometheus stole fire and brought it to people”. Why was it so important? 2. The first conceptions of heat were primitive but helpful. Why? 3. Great discoveries in the field came from experimental practice and not vice versa. Why? 4. Heat and energy. What interrelation is there between them? 5. Industrial processes and heat. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM The first new science to arise after the end of the Newtonian period was electricity, in part because it was almost the only aspect of physical science to which Newton himself had not devoted his attention and where his great prestige did not frighten off lesser investigators. Electricity had had a long and legendary past. The phenomena of electrostatics and magnetism were known to ancient men as early as 600 B.C. The ancient Greek philosophers thought magnetic and electric forces to be of common origin. Science of magnetism, however, only began when its power could be used to good purpose, as in the compass. In its early stages however, magnetism didn't seem to promise any profitable application. It was a philosophic toy and lay a little outside the interests of the time, which were turned so largely to mechanics and the vacuum. Some experiments with electricity were made in the early eighteenth century. One of them was made by the English amateur Stephen Gray, that led him in 1729 to a discovery of the transmission of electricity. Franklin, in remote Philadelphia heard of experiments with electricity, and sent for some electrical apparatus. Having studied the problem Franklin came to the conclusion that electricity is a kind of immaterial fluid existing in all bodies, undetectable as long as they were saturated with it. If some was added they became positively charged, if some was removed – negatively. Replacing the fluid by electrons and changing the sign of the charge, – for +, for it is a negatively charged body that has an excess of electrons, Franklin's explanation becomes the modern theory of electric charge. This simplification was Franklin's serious contribution to electrical theory, but what really impressed the world was his understanding the analogy between electric spark of the laboratory and the lightning which he snatched from the sky with his kite (воздушный змей) and showed that it was electricity. From this he, in his practical way, immediately drew the conclusion that it would be possible to prevent the damage due to lightning by the lightning conductor which he tried out in 1753. With this invention electrical science became for the first time of practical use. Despite all these advances electricity and magnetism remained mysterious and their quantitative study could not begin until some method could be found of measuring them. This was the work of Coulomb in 1785. He established that the forces between magnetic poles as well as those between charges of electricity obeyed the same laws as those of gravity, that is, a force proportional inversely to the distance. These experiments enabled the whole apparatus of Newtonian mechanics to be applied to electricity, but with this difference: that in electricity repulsive as well as attractive forces to be found. The multiple analogies between electricity and magnetism made physicists think that there must be some connection between them but it was one very difficult to find. It was not until 1820 that through- another accident at the lecture table. Oersted in Copenhagen found that the electric current deflected a compass needle. He thus joined together, once and for all, the sciences of electricity and magnetism. One immediate consequence was the invention of the electromagnet, then the electric telegraph and the electric motor. Vocabulary accident - (несчастный) случай to arise (arose, arisen) - возникать, появляться charge - заряд conclusion - (умо)заключение, вывод conductor - проводник; громоотвод connection - связь; соединение damage - вред, повреждение, убыток, ущерб to deflect - отклоняться, преломляться despite - несмотря на to detect - открывать, обнаруживать; детектировать to devote - посвящать (себя) чему-л. due to - благодаря excess - избыток, излишек fluid - жидкость; жидкая среда to frighten – пугать gravity - сила тяжести, тяготение invention - изобретение to investigate - исследовать; расследовать needle - игла; стрелка (магнитного компаса) negative - отрицательный to obey - повиноваться, подчиняться, слушаться pole - полюс profitable - прибыльный, выгодный, доходный purpose - намерение, цель remote - отдаленный, дальний; уединенный remove - убирать, уносить; снимать; устранять, удалять replace - заменять, замещать; вернуть; восстановить repulsive - отталкивающий to saturate - насыщать spark - искра, вспышка stage - фаза, стадия, период, этап toy - игрушка, забава; безделушка to try - пробовать; испытывать to understand (understood) - понимать; подразумевать ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст и скажите, какую лепту внес каждый из упомянутых ученых в развитие науки об электромагнетизме. 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний. имели общее происхождение; на ранних ступенях развития; вне интересов; сорвал с неба; избыток электронов; предотвратить ущерб, наносимый молнией; молниеотвод; несмотря на все успехи; подчиняются тем же законам; объединил раз и навсегда; стрелка компаса 3. Закончите предложения информацией из текста или по своему усмотрению. 1. After the Newtonian period scientific interests mainly turned to ... . 2. In the early 18th century Stephen Gray discovered ... . 3. Soon after that Franklin discovered that all bodies are saturated with ... . 4. With the excess of this fluid a body becomes ... . 5. The first practical invention in the field of electricity was Franklin's ... . 6. Scientific studies of electricity could begin only with Coulomb's discovery ... . 7. The difference between the force of gravitation and those of electromagnetism is ... . 8. The multiple analogies between electricity and magnetism made scientists think that ... . 4. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What could you say about long and legendary past of electricity? 2. When did magnetism and electricity appear as a science? 3. Why did electricity attract little attention during the Newtonian period? 4. Why was Stephen Gray's discovery of electricity transmission important for science? 5. How did Franklin explain electrically charged bodies? 6. Could you draw the analogy between his explanation and the modem theory of electric charge? 7. What natural electrical phenomenon did Franklin explain and how did he use it in practice? 8. Why did electricity and magnetism still remain mysterious even after Franklin's discovery? 9. What discovery did Coulomb make? 10. Why was his discovery of great importance? 11. What did Oersted accidentally find? 12. Why was this discovery of great importance? 13. What inventions followed all these discoveries? 5. Подумайте и скажите о: 1. Early stages of electricity and magnetism. 2. The first steps in explaining electrical phenomena. 3. The first applications of electricity and magnetism in practice. 4. The contributions of the first discoverers into this branch of physics. 5. The Earth's magnetism. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Oersted's discovery of the compass deflection by the electric current had great theoretical importance. In the hands of Ampere, Gauss and Ohm it led to the understanding of the magnetic fields produced by currents and the way they flowed through conductors. Electricity could now become a quantitative science and take over all the mathematical apparatus of mechanics. Nevertheless, in one important and puzzling respect the new laws differed from those of Newton. All the forces between .bodies, that he considered, acted along the line joining their centres; but here a magnetic pole moved at right angles to the line joining it to the current-carrying wire. This was the first break from the simple scalar field theory, and opened the way to a more inclusive vector theory, where direction as well as distance counted. It was these physical discoveries that were to give a new impetus to mathematics. Before the full interaction of electricity could be understood still one more decisive step had to be taken. It had been shown how electric currents produced magnetism; it remained to show how magnetism could produce electric currents. This discovery, though it had to wait for another ten years, was not, like Oersted's, accidental. It was the result of a deliberately planned research by Faraday. In 1831, in his fortieth year, Faraday showed that the relation between magnetism and electricity was dynamic and not static – that a magnet had to be moved near an electric conductor for the current to arise. This most important observation showed that not only was magnetism equivalent to electricity in motion, but also, conversely, electricity was magnetism in motion. Thus both sets of phenomena could only be discussed in the new joint science of electromagnetism. Faraday's discovery was also of much greater practical importance than Oersted's, because it meant that it was possible to generate electric currents by mechanical action, and conversely that it was possible to operate machinery by electric currents. Essentially, the whole of the heavy electrical industry was in Faraday's discovery. However, Faraday himself had little inclination to move in the direction of practical application. He was concerned, as his note-books show, with a long-range project of discovering the interrelations between all the “forces” that were known to the physics of his time-electricity, magnetism, heat, and light – and by a series of ingenious experiments he was in fact able to succeed in establishing every one of these, and to discover in the process many other effects the full explanation of which has had to wait till our time. The formal translation of Faraday's qualitative intuitions into precise and quantitative mathematical equations required the genius of Clerk Maxwell, who summarized in a brief but informative form the whole of electromagnetic theory. Vocabulary angle - угол break (from) - отрыв; уход to carry - нести, носить; везти to count - считать;. полагать, считать current – электрический ток genius - гений, гениальная личность impetus - толчок, стимул, импульс inclination - наклонность, наклон inclusive - включающий в себя ingenious - изобретательный, искусный; остроумный interaction - взаимодействие to produce - производить, вырабатывать puzzle - загадка, головоломка; to require - приказывать, требовать to summarize - суммировать, подводить итог wire – проволока, провод ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст и скажите о научном вкладе в развитие электромагнетизма каждого из упомянутых в тексте ученых. 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний: тем не менее; под прямыми углами (перпендикулярно), первый уход от; новый стимул; еще один решающий шаг; тщательно спланированные исследования; остроумные (изобретательные) эксперименты; не имел большой склонности к; проект с дальним прицелом; в одном важном и озадачивающем отношении; векторная теория с учетом не только расстояния, но и направления тоже; множества явлений; новая объединенная наука. 3. Опираясь на текст, подтвердите или опровергните следующие утверждения. 1. Oersted made electricity a quantitative science. 2. Newtonian mathematical apparatus of mechanics could unlimitedly be applied to electromagnetism. 3. By hisexperiments Faraday showed complete identity of magnetism and electricity, though the relation between them was dynamic and not static. 4. Faraday laid the foundation of heavy electrical industry theoretically as well as in practice. 5. It was Faraday who realized the idea of joining all forces of nature together. 6. Maxwell gave a comprehensive mathematical explanation of electromagnetism. 4. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. How could you explain the importance of Oersted's accidental discovery of the relationship between electricity and magnetism? 2. Who of the great minds among physicists working in the field could you name? 3. What are their merits? 4. Who was the first to apply the Newtonian mathematical apparatus of mechanics to electricity? 5. Did this mathematical apparatus work well in electricity and magnetism (if yes, why, if no, why not)? 6. What new aspect in the relations between electricity and magnetism did Faraday discover? 7. Why was Faraday's discovery so important for practical applications in industry? 8. Why was Faraday not inclined to devote all his attention to the development of electrical industry? 9. If it were you to choose, would you prefer to apply the discovery to practical needs, or to make further researches in the theoretical field? 10. Through whose efforts and when did the two branches electricity and magnetism become a joint science called electromagnetism? 5. Подумайте и скажите о: 1. Hans Christian Oersted's accidental discovery. 2. Ohm's law. 3. Ampere's explanation of magnetism. 4. Faraday’s deliberately planned research and his ingenious experiments. 5. Maxwell's merits in the field. ТЕКСТЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ PERSONAL COMPUTER The first IBM PC was developed using existing available electrical components. With IBM's badge on the box it became the standard machine for large corporations to purchase. When IBM were looking for an operating system, they went initially to Digital Research, who were market leaders in command-based operating systems (these are operating systems in which the users type in commands to perform a function). When the collaboration between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates, then 25 years old, to write their operating system. Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS/DOS, the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research have continued to develop their operating system, DR/DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better product than Microsoft's. The original IBM PC had a minimum of 16K of memory, but this could be upgraded to 512K if necessary, and ran with a processor speed of 4.77MHz. Ten years later, in 1991, IBM were making PCs with 16Mb of memory, expandable to 64Mb, running with a processor speed of 33MHz. The cost of buying the hardware has come down considerably as the machines have become commodity items. Many computers in people's homes are just used to play computer games. The widespread availability of computers has in all probability changed the world for ever. The microchip technology which made the PC possible has put chips not only into computers, but also into washing-machines and cars. Some books may never be published in paper form, but may only be made available as part of public databases. Networks of computers are already being used to make information available on a world-wide scale. Vocabulary available - имеющийся в наличии to develop - разрабатывать digital - цифровой hardware - аппаратная часть game - игра memory - память network - сеть research - исследование to upgrade - модернизировать user – пользователь ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарем. 2. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. In what way was the first IBM PC developed? 2. DR/DOS is an acronym. What does it stand for? 3. Since the invention of the IBM PC many of its features have been improved. Which of the following features does the text not mention in this respect? a) memory b) speed c) size d) cost 4. Give three examples from the text of how the availability of computers has ‘in all probability changed the world forever’. 5. In what other ways are computers used at home or outside work? 6. If you already have a PC, how do you use it? (If not, how would you use one?) 3. Просмотрите текст и найдите синонимы: 1 international 3 buy 2 first 4 improved General features of operating systems An operating system is a master control program, which controls the functions of the computer system as a whole and the running of application programs. All computers do not use the same operating systems. It is therefore important to assess the operating system used on a particular model before initial commitment because some software is only designed to run under the control of specific operating systems. Some operating systems are adopted as ‘industry standards’ and these are the ones, which should be evaluated because they normally have a good software base. The reason for this is that software houses are willing to expand resources on the development of application packages for machines functioning under the control of an operating system which is widely used. The cost of software is likely to be lower in such circumstances as the development costs are spread over a greater number of users, both actual and potential. Mainframe computers usually process several application programs concurrently, switching from one to the other, for the purpose of increasing processing productivity. This is known as multiprogramming (multitasking in the context of microcomputers), which requires a powerful operating system incorporating work scheduling facilities to control the switching between programs In multi-user environments an operating system is required to control terminal operations on a shared access basis as only one user can access the system at any moment of time. The operating system allocates control to each terminal in turn. An operating system is stored on disk and has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM) where it must reside throughout processing so that commands are instantly available. The operating system commands may exceed the internal memory capacity of the computer in which case only that portion of the OS which is frequently used is retained internally, other modules being read in from disk as required. Many microcomputers function under the control of a disk operating system known as DOS. Vocabulary application -применение assess - оценивать circumstance - обстоятельство commitment - обязательство to design - проектировать productivity - производительность purpose - цель, назначение reason - причина require - требовать software - программное обеспечение processing - обработка ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарём. 2. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What is an operating system and what is its purpose? 2. Where is an operating system stored and how is it transferred to internal memory? 3. List some of the tasks typically performed by an operating system. 4. Why is it important to assess the operating system on a computer before buying it? 5. What is multiprogramming? 7. Why is an operating system used in multi-user environments? 3. Закончите фразы данными словами: execute, monitor, format, diagnose. 1 ……………. input and output devices. 2 ……………. the status of hardware devices. 3 ……………. hardware interrupts. 4 ……………. new disks. 5 ……………. disk directories. 6 ……………. disk reading and writing operations. 7 ……………. disk errors. 8 …………… disk commands relating to the deletion, copying, renaming, and dumping of files. Computer networks Computer networks link computers by communication lines and software protocols, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably. Traditionally, networks have been split between wide area networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). A WAN is a network connected over long-distance telephone lines, and a LAN is a localized network usually in one building or a group of buildings close together. The distinction, however, is becoming blurred. It is now possible to connect up LANs remotely over telephone links so that they look as though they are a single LAN. Originally, networks were used to provide terminal access to another computer and to transfer files between computers. Today, networks carry e-mail, provide access to public databases and bulletin boards, and are beginning to be used for distributed systems. Networks also allow users in one locality to share expensive resources, such as printers and disk-systems. Distributed computer systems are built using networked computers that co-operate to perform tasks. In this environment each part of the networked system does what it is best at. The high-quality bit-mapped graphics screen of a personal computer or workstation provides a good user interface. The mainframe, on the other hand, can handle large numbers of queries and return the results to the users. In a distributed environment, a user might use his PC to make a query against a central database. The PC passes the query, written in a special language (e.g. Structured Query Language – SQL), to the mainframe, which then parses the query, returning to the user only the data requested. The user might then use his PC to draw graphs based on the data. By passing back to the user's PC only the specific information requested, network traffic is reduced, if the whole file were transmitted, the PC would then have to perform the query itself, reducing the efficiency of both network and PC. In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs were set up in laboratories and offices around the world. During the early part of this decade, synchronous orbit satellites lowered the price of long-distance telephone calls, enabling computer data and television signals to be distributed more cheaply around the world. Since then. fibre-optic cable has been installed on a large scale, enabling vast amounts of data to be transmitted at a very high speed using light signals. The impact of fibre optics will be considerably to reduce the price of network access. Global communication and computer networks will become more and more a part of professional and personal lives as the price of microcomputers and network access drops. At the same time, distributed computer networks should improve our work environments and technical abilities. Vocabulary access - доступ to connect - соединять to distribute - распределять to link - связывать to perform - выполнять quality- качество to reduce - сокращать reliable - надежный task - задание, задача network – сеть improve – улучшать price – цена ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарем. 2. Совместите слова с их определениями: 1. protocol a) analyse the syntax of a string of input symbols 2. bulletin board b) a teleconferencing system allowing users to read messages left by other users 3. user interface c) agreement governing the procedures used to exchange information between co-operating computers 4. make a query d) means of communication between a human user and a computer system 5. parse e) taking place at exactly the same time as something else 6. synchronous f) request a search 3. Найдите в тексте синонимы: 1) unclear; 2) place; 3) carry out; 4) cost; 5) world-wide. 4. Найдите в тексте антонимы: 1) disparate; 2) conflict, v; 3) preventing; 4) tiny; 5) increase. ТЕКСТЫ МЕХАНИКО -ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ What do mechanical engineers study? In the freshman and sophomore years, the mechanical engineering curriculum emphasizes mathematics, chemistry, physics, and basics engineering science. Juniors and seniors take courses in thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, dynamics and control, materials and manufacturing, and systems and design. In addition, seniors choose electives in areas of specialization such as turbo machinery, acoustics, power plant engineering, energy conservation, computer-aided design, materials processes, controls, and composites. Because of the diversity of a mechanical engineer's responsibilities, the curriculum also includes both required and elective courses in English, the social sciences, and the humanities. This broad-based preparation serves the needs of students who enter the profession immediately after graduation as well those who pursue graduate study. The engineer typifies the twentieth century. He is making the vast contribution in design, engineering and promotion. In the organization and direction of large-scale enterprises we need his analytical frame of mind. We need his imagination. He may be designing the product itself; inventing new products; testing the product, its components, and the materials in it; analyzing its performance and making a mathematical analysis. He may be engaged in the development of the new product, making drawings and specifications. He may be concerning himself with the development of a new production process, or the adaptation of a current process to a new product. He may be utilizing his engineering know-how in determining the best processes and equipment for the mass production of high-quality products. He may be the project engineer in charge of the design and installation of a highly automatic conveyer system for handling different kinds of parts between various assembly stations. He may be working on designing and developing tools, dies, jigs, assembly fixtures, welding fixtures for the production of an automotive body. In the 20th century the engineer has at his command many new sources of power. He works much to develop better materials especially new alloys for special purposes. He wants to make machinery automatic. Vocabulary Freshman - первокурсник (амер.) Sophomore - студент; второкурсник (амер.) Curriculum - учебный план heat-transfer - теплопередача elective - факультативный diversity - разнообразие responsibility - обязанности to pursue - продолжать to design - конструировать to develop - развивать to invent - изобретать to test - испытывать to handle - управлять to make drawings - делать чертежи assembly station - сборочный участок tool - инструмент die - штамп; матрица jig - узел fixture – крепление ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст и скажите по-русски: - о специфике машиностроения на современном этапе; - о роли инженера и его основных функциях; - о деятельности инженера: a) в лаборатории; b) на производстве; c) в конструкторском бюро. 2. Догадайтесь о значении следующих интернациональных слов: contribution, organization, direction, analytical, to test, component, to analyze, analysis, specification, adaptation, project, conveyer, assembly, station, command, special. 3. Завершите предложения, подобрав соответствующие окончание в правом столбце:
4. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What subjects does the curriculum for junior students include? 2. Can seniors chouse any electives? 3. Does the mechanical engineer have the diversity of responsibilities? 4. Is this broad-based preparation necessary? 5. Whose needs does such preparation serve? What is mechanical engineering? Mechanical engineering Encompasses the generation, conversion, transmission, and utilization of mechanical and thermal energy and includes the design, construction, and operation of all kinds of mechanical and thermal devices and systems. Of all the engineering disciplines, mechanical engineering offers the greatest breadth, flexibility, and individuality. Indeed, a mechanical engineering education is an ideal preparation for working and living in a technological world. Mechanical engineering emerged as a new field during the industrial Revolution, when the invention of the steam engine revolutionized manufacturing and transportation. As society has grown increasingly dependent upon technology the theoretical and practical knowledge base of the profession has expanded dramatically. Today there is scarcely any area of everyday life that has not been affected by mechanical engineering. The future of the profession has never been more promising. For students with a keen interest in science and mathematics and desire to apply their knowledge to new and existing products and processes, mechanical engineering offers exciting career opportunities. Mechanical engineering has been recognized as a separate branch of engineering since the formation of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain in 1847. The development of the textile machinery, steam engines, machine-tools, pumping machinery, turbines and locomotives of that time made such a diversity interest for civilian engineers that these and allied subjects were called mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering deals with the design, construction and operation of machines and devices of all kinds, and with research and sciences upon which these depend. Among these machines are prime movers such as engines and turbines using air, gas, steam and water as operating media; pumping machines and other hydraulic apparatus; steam boilers, heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating equipment, transportation structures used in aviation; automotive engineering, railroads and ships, machine-tools, special machines for industry and for construction of buildings, railroads and harbors. In fact, mechanical engineering enters into the work of all engineers whose machines are to be developed for the processes of specialists of the other branches of engineering. To understand better the extent of the activities and interests of mechanical engineers, the following lists of the professional divisions and technical committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) are given: Professional divisions; applied mechanics, aviation, fuel, graphic arts (printing), heat transfer, hydraulics, industrial instruments and regulators, management, materials handling, metals engineering, oil and gas power, process industries, production engineering, railroad, rubber and plastics, textiles, wood industries. Vocabulary to encompass - заключать, включать utilization - использование flexibility - гибкость to emerge - появляться to expand - расширяться promising - перспективный keen interest - живой интерес exciting - захватывающий opportunity - возможность to recognize - признавать machine – tool - станок steam engine - паровой двигатель allied - смежный to deal with - иметь дело с media - среда boiler - котёл extent - степень division - раздел; отдел applied - прикладный fuel - топливо handling - транспортировка rubber - резина; каучук wood - дерево; лес ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст и определите, какое событие, связанное с утверждением машиностроения как отдельная отрасль техники упомянуто в тексте. 2. Заполните схему, используя информацию текста.  3. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. When was mechanical engineering recognized as a separate branch of engineering? 2. What does mechanical engineering deal with? 3. What are these machines? 4. What is necessary to understand better the extend of the activities and interests of mechanical engineers? 5. What are professional divisions? What do mechanical engineers do? Because of the breadth of their preparation, mechanical engineers enjoy many professional options. Graduates of the mechanical engineering program work in a variety of industries: Aerospace Heavy machinery Automobile Metal forming Chemical Mining Communications Oceanographic Computers Petroleum Electric utilities Rubber and glass Electronics Textile Wherever mechanical engineers work, they usually specialize in one or more areas. Some conduct research, advancing engineering knowledge by experimenting with materials and processes. Others apply research data in the development of new or improved products. Some mechanical engineers concentrate on design, using practical as well as theoretical knowledge to specify parts and materials for a new device. Those who specialize in manufacturing analyze methods and equipment to find the most efficient productions techniques. When processes are unusually complex, mechanical engineers may head operations departments that assure the optimal functioning of a system. Mechanical engineers often combine their technical knowledge and their human relations skills to move into marketing and sales or to assume positions in management. Mechanical engineering also provides a useful background for other professions, and some graduates choose careers in medicine, law, education, government, or business. Demand for qualified mechanical engineers is high. Mechanical engineers have a wide range of job opportunities. They may be management, sales, development, research, or design or production engineers in industries such as food, steel, chemicals and heavy and light engineering. They also can work in service industries such as transport and gas, water and electricity. Mechanical engineers are vital to the running of plants. Without them production would be impossible. Each plant is likely to be different. Some are large, some are small and most are complex. The main operational objectives of safety, efficiency and profitability are common to them all and demand a range of technical and personal skills from the engineers. Mechanical engineers are concerned with machines, mechanisms and energy conversion. Mechanical equipment is at the core of the plants. Each plant is different from the next: the machines are particular to the process involved in making the end product and mechanical engineers are involved in their design, building and operation. They are at the forefront of technology: pressing the limits of material capability, developing new materials of construction, specifying complex machines and doing all of this with the most sophisticated design techniques. Mechanical engineers' jobs are demanding and exciting. Their skills, technical and managerial, are used to the fullest. In plant operation the job is to keep the plant running and stimulate the team to make better use of equipment to improve performance. Mechanical engineers are at the core of production: they manage plant and equipment, they manage people. In fact, they manage our future. Vocabulary breadth - широта option - право выбора to advance - ускорять; продвигать device - устройство; прибор to assure - обеспечивать, гарантировать to assume - предполагать useful - полезный demand - потребность a wide range of - широкий ряд vital - важный, существенный objective - цель profitability - прибыльность to be at the core of - занимать ключевые положения at the forefront - на переднем плане to push the limits of … capability - расширять возможности sophisticated - сверхсложный to be likely - вероятно opportunity - возможность impossible - невозможный skill - мастерство to be concerned with - быть связанным с … ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ: 1. Прочтите текст и скажите, какими факторами определяется значимость роли инженера механика в производстве. 2. Опираясь на информацию текста, перечислите сферы деятельности инженера-механика. 3. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. Do mechanical engineers have professional options? 2. Where do the graduates work? 3. How many areas do they usually specialize in? 4. What do mechanical engineers concentrate on? 5. May they head operations departments? 6. What do mechanical engineers often combine? 7. What careers may graduates choose? 8. What opportunities have mechanical engineers? 9. What industries can they work? 10. What are mechanical engineers vital for? 11. What are they concerned with? 12. What is the core of the plants? 13. Is each plant different from the next? ТЕКСТЫ АВТОТРАНСПОРТНОЙ |