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AUSTRALIA1. Australia is an island the size of Europe, which knows every type of climate and almost every kind of foliage. Its birds and animals are strange, unlikely dreams. Its dark-skinned aboriginal inhabitants hunted and ate the kangaroo, the koala bears, the exotic birds. They dreamed their dreams, told their tales around the camp-fires and lived the Stone Age existence that had been theirs for thousands of years. 2. In 1788 there came to this country twelve hundred English convicts and guards who arrived to form the colony of Port Jackson (now Sydney). The population rose rapidly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Now Australia is strongly promoted as a multi-cultural society and has become home to a wide variety of citizens from numerous ethnic backgrounds. 3. Australia’s size offers an enormous diversity of climate to suit all tastes: from cool and moist to hot and tropical, with regions in between enjoying a warm temperate climate. 4. Canberra is Australia’s National Capital. When Australian States federated in 1901, it was decided to build an entirely new city so that the Federal Government could have complete control over its own seat and also be removed from the influence of any of the State capitals. 5. The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1st January 1901. Before this date, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania were separate self-governing colonies. The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. 2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 3, 4. 3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. The professor told us about experimenting and the necessity of observing facts. 2. The energy of anything is its power for doing work. 3. We can’t understand your making this experiment without consulting anybody. 4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. If the scientist took great interest in growing new crystals, he (will start, would start) a new experiment. 2. If the scientist wants to grow new crystals, he (will find, would find) new methods of work. 3. If growing new crystals (were, had been) very important for this branch of industry, the scientists would have made that experiment. 5. Переведите упражнения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен: 1. We said that in Australia there were many strange animals. 2. I knew that it would be very difficult to get to that place. 3. She said that she had visited Australia two years before. Вариант 2 1. Прочтите текст и ответьте устно на следующие вопросы: 1. What is the territory and the population of Russia? 2. What kind of country is Russia? RUSSIA 1. Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies an area of 17 million square kilometres. Russia is washed by three oceans and twelve seas and borders on fourteen countries. 2. The population of the country is about 150 million people. Russia is a constitutional republic with President as Head of State. It is one of the leading powers in the world. 3. The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are situated in the North and the climate here is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental and in the South it is subtropical. 4. If you look at the map of Russia you will see the highest mountains in the Caucasus and the Altai, the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, many rivers and large lakes. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and it has the purest water on earth. 5. Russia is a highly developed industrial country. Russia is very rich in natural resources such as oil, coal, gas, gold, diamonds and others. It has the largest oil and gas resources, concentrated in Siberia and Far East. It produces cars, machinery, chemicals, textile and many other items. 6. In 1957 our country successfully launched the world's first satellite. The first manned spaceship “Vostok” piloted by Yuri Gagarin, the citizen of Russia, was launched on April 12, 1961. It opened a new era in the history of mankind. 2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 5, 6. 3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. Flying from Moscow to Magadan takes eight hours. 2. I am proud of being a citizen of Russia. 3. I enjoyed travelling through Russia last summer. 4. Выберите требуемую по смыслу форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. If I have time I (go, will go) to the Tretyakov Gallery. 2. If I were you I (will go, would go) to the Tretyakov Gallery tomorrow. 3. If he (studied, had studied) hard he would have entered Moscow University. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен: 1. She told me that she had many friends in Moscow. 2. The teacher asked the students who had been to the Tretyakov Gallery. 3. He said that he would go to Lake Baikal the following week. 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастные обороты: 1. The Volga flowing into the Caspian Sea is the biggest river in Europe. 2. Russia is a land of a great number of rivers, some of them being among the longest in the world. 3. Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the largest water route in Europe. Вариант 3 1. Прочтите текст и ответьте устно на следующие вопросы: 1. How many states does the USA include? 2. What does the Congress consist of? THE USA 1. The United States of America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South. 2. The USA covers the area of about 3,000,000 square miles. The population of the country is 250 million people. 3. The climate of the country is varied. One can find high mountains and prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, valleys and deserts because the country occupies nearly half of the continent. 4. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The main branches of industry are electronic, electrical, metallurgical, textile, chemical and many others. The largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and others. 5. The USA is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is headed by the President and the Congress, consisting of Senate and the House of Representatives. 2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 4, 5. 3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. Fishing and fishing canning are important industries along the Pacific Ocean beach. 2. The Congress is responsible for making laws. 3. My illness prevented me from attending last night's concert at Lincoln Centre. 4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. If you (go, will go) to America, you will see a lot of monuments and museums. 2. If I were you, I (would go, would have gone) to Washington by plane. 3. If he had stayed in New York a little longer, he (would have visited, would visit) many interesting places. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен: 1. She said that the delegation had arrived in New York the day before. 2. The teacher asked the students what that word meant. 3. He told me that he would study English in the USA. 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастные обороты: 1. Being a light metal aluminium is widely used in electric engineering industry. 2. Metals are good conductors of electricity, copper and aluminium being the best. 3. Connecting an ammeter to a circuit one can measure electrical current. Вариант 4 1. Прочтите текст и ответьте устно на следующие вопросы: 1. What is the population of Great Britain? 2. What region is called “Black Country”? GREAT BRITAIN 1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The area of the UK is 244,000 sq. km and its population is 57 million people. 2. Great Britain has a maritime climate. British winters are mild. Summers are cold and rainy. Fogs often occur in autumn and in winter. 3. Most people live in cities and towns. Great Britain is a country of numerous cities. Birmingham is one of the largest cities in the country. It is well known for its high-quality steels, cars, aircraft, machinery and electrical engineering equipment. 4. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is a great producer of coal and steel. Great Britain has shipbuilding, machine-building, automobile industry, chemicals, textiles and others. The industries are concentrated in the central part of the country. This is the so-called “Black Country”. South-eastern England has less rain, more sun and more fertile soil. This part of the country is an old commercial and agricultural region and is called “Green England” for its fields. 5. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 4. 3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. We did not know of their going to Great Britain. 2. My friend was proud of being a student of Oxford University. 3. After graduating from university he got an interesting job in Glasgow. 4. Выберите требуемую по смыслу форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. If I go to London I (will call, would call) you up. 2. If he had money he (would go, would have gone) to Great Britain. 3. If he (were not busy, had not been busy) last week, he would have attended the conference. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен: 1. I knew that she had gone to Great Britain two weeks before. 2. We asked her what places of interest she would visit in London. 3. She answered that she was a student of London University. 6. Найдите причастные обороты и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. Being a highly developed industrial country Great Britain exports motor-cars, aircraft, electric apparatus and other items. 2. There are about 1000 monuments inside the Westminster Abbey, commemorating the lives of famous poets and statesmen. 3. There are many rivers in Great Britain, the Severn being the longest in the country. Вариант 5 1. Прочтите текст и ответьте устно на следующие вопросы: 1. What is the area of Canada? 2. What are the official languages in Canada? CANADA 1. Canada occupies a great part of the North American Continent. The area is about 9 million square kilometres and it is the second largest country in the world. 2. Most of Northern Canada has sub arctic and arctic climate. Long cold winters last 8-11 months and summers are very short. But in the South the climate is temperate. 3. There are many lakes in Canada. The biggest of them are the Great Lakes which are on the US-Canada border. Niagara Falls attract a lot of tourists from all over the world. 4. Canada is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. It is a world leader in the production of nickel, asbestos and other minerals. Canada has an ideal climate for growing wheat and barley. It is among the world's leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat. 5. The population of Canada is 24 million people. English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights. Canada is a federation of ten provinces and two northern territories. Ottawa is the capital of Canada with the population of 800,000 people. 2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 4, 5. 3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. Visiting Niagara Falls made a great impression on us. 2. We heard of his planning to travel to Canada. 3. Many farmers in Canada are engaged in growing wheat. 4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. If the weather is fine, we (will go, would go) to Niagara Falls. 2. If I went to Canada, I (will visit, would visit) its numerous National Parks. 3. If he (knew, had known) about your plans, he would have joined you. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен: 1. The student said that he had visited Canada two months before. 2. The teacher asked the students what Canada's political status was. 3. Everyone knew that Canada had two official languages. 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия: 1. Standing on the shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is the largest city in Canada. 2. Toronto has a lot of fine modern buildings, City Hall being the most famous. 3. At night the Parliament Building is illuminated by thousands of lights, creating a view of a fairy-tale palace. тексты для устного перевода тексты энергетической И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ HEAT AND ENERGY. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY The study of heat and its transformations was one of great intellectual, and even greater technical and economic, importance for the development of modern civilization. Originally, it was merely observations of Nature, of feelings of warmth and cold, of the operations of cooking, of the changes of the weather. There had been plenty of early speculations about heat. It was clearly connected with both life and fire. Aristotle, especially in his meteorology, fixed the doctrine of the qualities of hot and cold, which, with wet and dry, determined the canonical four elements of fire (hot, dry), water (cold, wet), air (hot, wet), and earth (cold, dry). This doctrine, a fusion of chemistry and physics, was particularly important in medicine and seemed to be supported by the experience of chills and fevers. Indeed it is from medicine that came the first elementary ideas of heat measurement, the idea of temperature. However, heat began to become a quantitative science with the gradual expansion and increase in scale of the industrial operations. Dr. Black was the originator of the new view of heat. His approach was a medical-physical one. He found different substances to be heated to different degrees by the same amount of what he called the “matter of heat” establishing the heat capacity or specific heat of different substances. He also noticed that snow and ice took time to melt-that is absorb heat without getting hotter-and that the heat must be hidden or latent in melted water. The first practical application of the discovery of latent heat was to be made by a young Glasgow instrument maker, James Watt in improving the model of engine. Taking into account Black's idea of latent heat. Watt made an engine capable of driving machinery at steady speed even against very variable loads. One of the great generalizations and the major contribution into physics of the nineteenth century was the doctrine of the conservation of energy, as a cosmic principle of the interchangeability of different forms of energy. The idea came from the study of the conversion of coal to power that had already been achieved in practice by steam-engine. It was given more and more mathematical form and emerged as the science of thermodynamics, the first law of which provided the principle of unification by showing that the forces of Nature previously considered separate such as material movement, sound, heat, light, electricity, and magnetism were all measurable in the same units, those of energy, the quantity of which in the universe neither increased nor decreased. The conservation of energy was a magnificent extension of Newton's principle of conservation of motion, like it, contained in itself no conception of progressive change. However, the change did indeed follow from the second law, which limited the amount of work that could be got from each ton of coal by an engine of given design. The efficiency of engines at that time seldom rose to as much as five per cent. The principle of the conservation of energy, of which mechanical work, electricity, and heat were only different forms, was the greatest physical discovery of the middle of the nineteenth century. It brought many sciences together. Energy became the universal gold standard of changes in the universe. A fixed rate of exchange between different forms of energy was established - between the calories of heat, the foot-pounds of work, and the kilowatt-hours of electricity. The whole of human activity – industry, transport, lighting, ultimately food and life itself-was seen to depend on this one common term: energy. Vocabulary application - применение, употребление approach - приближение; подход; подступ capacity - способность; мощность, производительность; coal - каменный уголь conservation - сохранение to contain - содержать в себе, вмещать design - проект, план, чертеж, конструкция discovery - открытие drive (drove, driven) - двигать, приводить в движение efficiency – коэффициент полезного действия, производительность to emerge - появляться; вставать, возникать engine - машина, двигатель, мотор; локомотив fever - жар, лихорадка food - пища, питание, еда fusion - слияние; сплав generalization - обобщение heat - теплота; жар, жара to hide (hid, hidden) - прятать, скрывать load - нагрузка magnificent - великолепный; величественный; изумительный major - большой; главный power - сила, мощность; энергия, производительность to provide - обеспечивать; предусматривать steam - пар substance - вещество ton – тонна |